Surgisphere

Last updated
Surgisphere
Company type Private
Industry Healthcare analytics
Founded2008 [1]
Headquarters
Palatine, Illinois
,
US [2]
Key people
 Sapan Desai (CEO and founder)
Number of employees
11
Website surgisphere.com [ dead link ]

Surgisphere is an American healthcare analytics company established in 2008 by Sapan Desai. Originally a textbook marketing company, it came under scrutiny in May 2020 after it provided large datasets of COVID-19 patients that were subsequently found to be unreliable. The questionable data were used in studies published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine in May 2020, suggesting that COVID-19 patients on hydroxychloroquine had a "significantly higher risk of death". In light of these studies, the World Health Organization decided to temporarily halt global trials of the drug hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. After the studies were retracted, the WHO trials were resumed and then discontinued shortly after.

Contents

History

Surgisphere was established in 2008 [1] by Sapan Desai, then a medical resident, to market medical textbooks to medical students. Fake five-star reviews on Amazon from accounts impersonating actual physicians were found. [3] Desai became a vascular surgeon and worked at Northwest Community Hospital. [4] [5] [6]

Surgisphere had three subsidiaries: Surgical Outcomes Collaborative, Vascular Outcomes and Quartz Clinical. [5] From 2010 to 2013 it published an online medical journal, the Journal of Surgical Radiology. [2] [5] It ceased publication despite having claimed to accrue 50,000 subscribers because Desai "ran out of time". [3]

In June 2020 Desai's spokesperson said Surgisphere had 11 employees and had been compiling a global hospital records database since 2008. [7] In its promotional material and press releases, Surgisphere claimed to have a cloud-based healthcare data analytics platform and to be "leveraging... its global research network and advanced machine learning" using decision tree analysis. [8]

After the retractions of two studies in June 2020, company social media accounts were deleted, [9] and on 15 June 2020, the company website was taken offline. [10]

COVID-19 misconduct

Diagnostic tool

Starting in March 2020, Surgisphere promoted a "rapid diagnostic tool" for COVID-19, which it said was in use by over 1000 hospitals. [11] [12] The African Federation for Emergency Medicine (AFEM) had promoted the COVID-19 Severity Scoring Tool for use in 26 countries and some institutions had started validation studies. On 5 June 2020, following the scandal about the Lancet and NEJM articles, AFEM recommended that the tool no longer be used. [13]

Ivermectin preprint

In April 2020, Desai et al. published a paper based on purported Surgisphere data which suggested ivermectin reduced COVID-19 mortality. [14] It was described as a "retrospective matched-control study of coronavirus patients using a real-time hospitalization database". It was published as a preprint but was retracted at the end of May. [15] [16] [17] Several Latin American government health organizations recommended ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment based, in part, on this preprint; these recommendations were later denounced by the Pan American Health Organization. [17] [18]

Lancet and NEJM articles

Surgisphere provided dubious data used for studies of COVID-19 that were published in The Lancet [19] and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in May 2020. [20] [21] The Lancet study claimed that the dataset of hospital records showed that patients taking hydroxychloroquine were more likely to die in hospital, and prompted the World Health Organization to halt global trials of the drug to treat COVID-19. [4] [14] [22] The NEJM study claimed that hospital data records showed that COVID-19 patients were not harmed by treatment with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers. [20] [23] [24]

The dataset from the alleged 1200 hospitals had many errors, including the listing of an Asian hospital as being in Australia, and no indications of how Surgisphere could collect the data, and was widely criticised. [25] [26] [27] [4] As a result, on 28 May over 200 researchers and doctors from various countries published "An open letter to Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, regarding Mehra et al", stating "Both the numbers of cases and deaths, and the detailed data collection, seem unlikely." [28] Science Magazine said critics had "pointed out many red flags in the Lancet paper, including the astonishing number of patients involved and details about their demographics and prescribed dosing that seem implausible." [14] [20] One of the signatories, Adrian Hernandez of the Duke Clinical Research Institute, said "the biggest thing that raised a red flag was that there was such a large database across more than 600 hospitals, and no one had really known about its existence". [29]

On 3 June 2020, The Lancet and the NEJM released online "expressions of concern" about the published studies, [30] [31] and on 4 June the Lancet paper was retracted by Mehra, Ruschitzka, and Amit Patel, all authors except Desai. In their retraction, the three wrote Surgisphere had not transferred "the full dataset, client contracts, and the full ISO audit report to their servers for analysis as such transfer would violate client agreements and confidentiality requirements", preventing reviewers from conducting an independent and private peer review. The three authors said:

"We can never forget the responsibility we have as researchers to scrupulously ensure that we rely on data sources that adhere to our high standards. Based on this development, we can no longer vouch for the veracity of the primary data sources. Due to this unfortunate development, the authors request that the paper be retracted." [32]

On 4 June, The Lancet retracted the study, [33] [34] as did the NEJM. [35] [16] [36] In the meantime, on 3 June, the WHO resumed its hydroxychloroquine drug trials. [37]

On 6 June 2020, NHS Scotland told the Financial Times that they had "no current or past contractual arrangement" with Surgisphere, nor was the company an approved supplier, nor had it ever had access to data, despite Surgisphere stating it had "collaborated" with the NHS. Surgisphere's website had a picture of Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, an NHS hospital in Glasgow. [38]

On 7 June 2020, fellow author Amit Patel's position with the University of Utah was terminated over the journal retractions. Patel is Desai's brother-in-law. [39]

Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, called the paper "a fabrication" and "a monumental fraud". Eric Rubin, editor-in-chief of NEJM, said "We shouldn’t have published this". [40]

General legitimacy

A July 2020 article in New York Times described an employee extracting data manually to create a spreadsheet for Surgisphere's QuartzClinical. She was "surprised" by claims of a massive data store, stating she knew of only a single hospital that had signed a contract with the company; the May 1 paper in NEJM claimed to use data from 169 hospitals across the globe, and the May 22 paper in The Lancet . [41]

A parallel investigation by the British newspaper The Guardian revealed that several of Surgisphere's employees had little or no scientific background; one employee appeared to be a science fiction author while another, listed as a marketing executive, was an adult model. The Guardian also found that Surgisphere's LinkedIn page has fewer than 100 followers and in late May 2020 listed only six employees. It also found that the company had almost no online presence and that its Twitter account had made no posts from October 2017 to March 2020. [20]

Elisabeth Bik et al. analyzed one of Desai's early first author papers and found apparent evidence of image manipulation. [42] [43]

Related Research Articles

Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research. It is violation of scientific integrity: violation of the scientific method and of research ethics in science, including in the design, conduct, and reporting of research.

<i>The Lancet</i> Peer-reviewed general medical journal

The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It is also one of the world's highest-impact academic journals. It was founded in England in 1823.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Horton (editor)</span> British medical editor

Richard Charles Horton is editor-in-chief of The Lancet, a United Kingdom–based medical journal. He is an honorary professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University College London, and the University of Oslo.

In academic publishing, a retraction is a mechanism by which a published paper in an academic journal is flagged for being seriously flawed to the extent that their results and conclusions can no longer be relied upon. Retracted articles are not removed from the published literature but marked as retracted. In some cases it may be necessary to remove an article from publication, such as when the article is clearly defamatory, violates personal privacy, is the subject of a court order, or might pose a serious health risk to the general public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxychloroquine</span> Antimalarial medication

Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.

Jon Sudbø is a Norwegian dentist, physician, and former medical researcher, who was exposed as a scientific fraudster in 2006. Over a period of several years, he fabricated results in the field of oncology which he published in leading medical journals. The article that led to his downfall, which was published in The Lancet, was based on 900 patients Sudbø had fabricated entirely. The editor of The Lancet described this as the biggest scientific fraud conducted by a single researcher ever.

Amit Nilkanth Patel MD, BS, MS is an Indian-American cardiac surgeon and former director of clinical regenerative medicine and tissue engineering at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. He was a tenured professor of surgery-cardiothoracic at the University of Utah until December 2016.

Paolo Macchiarini is a thoracic surgeon and former regenerative medicine researcher who became known for research fraud and manipulative behavior. He was convicted of research-related crimes in Italy and Sweden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Didier Raoult</span> French biology researcher

Didier Raoult is a retired French physician and microbiologist specialising in infectious diseases. He taught about infectious diseases at the Faculty of Medicine of Aix-Marseille University (AMU), and in 1984, created the Rickettsia Unit of the university. From 2008 to 2022, Raoult was the director of the Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes. He gained significant worldwide attention during the COVID-19 pandemic for vocally promoting hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for the disease, despite the lack of evidence for its effectiveness and the subsequent opposition from NIH and WHO to its use for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients.

Mandeep R. Mehra is The William Harvey Distinguished Chair in Advanced Cardiovascular Medicine and a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. He is the medical director of the Brigham Heart and Vascular Center in Boston, Massachusetts, and specializes in advanced heart failure, mechanical circulatory support and cardiac transplantation.

Annarosa Leri is a medical doctor and former associate professor at Harvard University. Along with former professor Piero Anversa, Leri was engaged in biomedical research at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School. Since at least 2003 Anversa and Leri had investigated the ability of the heart to regenerate damaged cells using cardiac stem cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oriol Mitjà</span> Catalan researcher

Oriol Mitjà i Villar is a Catalan-born Spanish researcher and consultant physician in internal medicine and infectious diseases with expertise in poverty-related tropical diseases. He has conducted research at the Lihir Medical Centre in Papua New Guinea since 2010 on new diagnostic and therapeutic tools to eradicate yaws. He was awarded the Princess of Girona Award in the scientific research category. Currently at the Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Mitjà is conducting research on SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and strategies to control the infection at a community level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 drug repurposing research</span> Drug repurposing research related to COVID-19

Drug repositioning is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed. This is one line of scientific research which is being pursued to develop safe and effective COVID-19 treatments. Other research directions include the development of a COVID-19 vaccine and convalescent plasma transfusion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solidarity trial</span> Accelerated multinational clinical trial program to identify therapies against COVID-19

The Solidarity trial for treatments is a multinational Phase III-IV clinical trial organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners to compare four untested treatments for hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 illness. The trial was announced 18 March 2020, and as of 6 August 2021, 12,000 patients in 30 countries had been recruited to participate in the trial.

Sapan Sharankishor Desai is an American physician, and the owner of Surgisphere, originally a textbook marketing company that claimed to provide large sets of medical data on COVID-19 patients. This data and the research using it has been discredited, and two papers Desai co-authored that used this data were retracted after being published in prominent medical journals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RECOVERY Trial</span> Test of existing medicines on COVID-19

The Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy is a large-enrollment clinical trial of possible treatments for people in the United Kingdom admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19 infection. The trial was later expanded to Indonesia, Nepal and Vietnam. The trial has tested ten interventions on adults: eight repurposed drugs, one newly developed drug and convalescent plasma.

Sir Martin Jonathan Landray is a British physician, epidemiologist and data scientist who serves as a Professor of Medicine & Epidemiology at the University of Oxford. Landray designs, conducts and analyses large-scale randomised control trials; including practice-changing international trials that have recruited over 100,000 individuals. Landray previously led the health informatics team that enabled the collection and management of data for the UK Biobank on over half a million people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Early experimental treatment efforts during the start of COVID-19 pandemic

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. Neither drug has been useful to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Administration of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine to COVID-19 patients has been associated with increased mortality and adverse effects, such as QT prolongation. Researchers estimate that off-label use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitals during the first phase of the pandemic caused 17,000 deaths worldwide. The widespread administration of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, either as monotherapies or in conjunction with azithromycin, has been associated with deleterious outcomes, including QT interval prolongation. As of 2024, scientific evidence does not substantiate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, with or without the addition of azithromycin, in the therapeutic management of COVID-19.

The Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC) is a group of physicians and former journalists formed in April 2020 that has advocated for various unapproved, dubious, and ineffective treatments for COVID-19. Their website spoke favorably about the injections, saying Ivermectin should not replace, but "be thought of as complementary bridge to vaccination until the vaccines are made available to all those in need." The group is led by Paul E. Marik and Pierre Kory. Both would later join conservative or right-wing groups promoting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and misinformation.

References

  1. 1 2 "Surgisphere Corp". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  2. 1 2 Offord, Catherine (30 May 2020). "Disputed Hydroxychloroquine Study Brings Scrutiny to Surgisphere". The Scientist. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  3. 1 2 Catherine Offord (2020-05-30). "Disputed Hydroxychloroquine Study Brings Scrutiny to Surgisphere". The Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  4. 1 2 3 Davey, Melissa (28 May 2020). "Questions raised over hydroxychloroquine study which caused WHO to halt trials for Covid-19". Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Todaro, James (29 May 2020). "A Study Out of Thin Air". MedicineUncensored. Retrieved 3 June 2020. Dr. Desai appears to be the founder of Surgisphere, which was formed in 2007. A PubMed search for "Sapan Desai" shows 39 medical publications in the last five years. With the exception of the two very recent COVID-19 papers, the Surgisphere database does not appear to have been used in any of the other 37 publications. Why would the founder of Surgisphere have access to one of the largest repositories of real-time patient data, but not use it until publishing on COVID-19? If we ignore the image of multiple shell corporations enshrouding a hastily organized Surgisphere Corporation and stick to analyzing the COVID-19 data from the Lancet study, the findings are even less reassuring.
  6. ↑ "Dr Sapan Desai, United States of America". World Hospital Congress. Iceberg events. Retrieved 3 June 2020. Sapan Desai, MD, PhD, MBA is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Surgisphere Corporation, a medical education and healthcare data analytics company with hundreds of clients around the world. He has held multiple physician leadership roles in clinical practice, including serving as the Vice Chairman for Research at Southern Illinois University, Director of Quality at Memorial Medical Center, and Director of Performance Improvement at Northwest Community Hospital. Dr. Desai is a certified lean six sigma master black belt, and a certified professional in healthcare quality. He is the recipient of the international grand prize in healthcare quality by the International Hospital Federation in 2015.
  7. ↑ Servick, Kelly; Enserink, Martin (2020-06-05). "The pandemic's first major research scandal erupts". Science. Vol. 368, no. 6495. pp. 1041–1042. doi:10.1126/science.368.6495.1041. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   32499418 . Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  8. ↑ Zaidisays, Al (2020-05-27). "Surgisphere's COVID-19 Tools are Deadly Fraud" . Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  9. ↑ Hopkins, Jared S.; Gold, Russell (11 June 2020). "The Big-Data Mystery Behind Retracted Covid-19 Studies of Hydroxychloroquine, Other Drugs". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  10. ↑ Owermohle, Sarah (16 June 2020). "Hydroxychloroquine is out". Politico. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  11. ↑ Offord, Catherine (30 May 2020). "Disputed Hydroxychloroquine Study Brings Scrutiny to Surgisphere". The Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved 3 June 2020. James Watson, a senior scientist at the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit in Thailand, says he has doubts that any research organization would have been able to obtain such detailed records for so many people in Africa so quickly. He outlined this and concerns about multiple other aspects of the study in the open letter, which includes 17 signatories based at institutions in Africa.
  12. ↑ James Watson [@jwato_watson] (27 May 2020). "As you might expect, it's a different story... conclusion: a prediction tool that is basically just linear regression and estimates age-dependent mortality that conflicts with a very large and reliable (we know where the data came from!) study. Wonderful AI/ML companies..!(6/n)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  13. ↑ Offord, Catherine (7 June 2020). "Surgisphere Fallout Hits African Nonprofit's COVID-19 Efforts". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 Servick, Kelly; Enserink, Martin (2 June 2020). "A mysterious company's coronavirus papers in top medical journals may be unraveling". Science. AAAS. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  15. ↑ Lowe, Derek (11 May 2020). "What's Up With Ivermectin?". science.com. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  16. 1 2 Piller, Charles; Servick, Kelly (4 June 2020). "Two elite medical journals retract coronavirus papers over data integrity questions". Science. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  17. 1 2 "Surgisphere Sows Confusion About Another Unproven COVID-19 Drug". The Scientist Magazine®. 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
  18. ↑ "Lancet, NEJM Retract Surgisphere Studies on COVID-19 Patients". The Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  19. ↑ Mehra, MR; Desai, SS; Ruschitzka, F; Patel, AN (May 2020). "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6. PMC   7255293 . PMID   32450107. Lay source (Retracted, see doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6, PMID   32511943,  Retraction Watch)
  20. 1 2 3 4 Davey, Melissa; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Boseley, Sarah (3 June 2020). "Governments and WHO changed Covid-19 policy based on suspect data from tiny US company". Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  21. ↑ Piller, Charles (2020-06-08). "Who's to blame? These three scientists are at the heart of the Surgisphere COVID-19 scandal". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  22. ↑ "Was the Surgisphere case a one-off, or does it highlight the bigger systemic problem of research fraud?". Transparency International UK. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  23. ↑ "Could the Surgisphere Retractions Debacle Happen Again?". Medscape. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  24. ↑ "Surgisphere Data Used in Two COVID Studies Called Into Question". www.medpagetoday.com. 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  25. ↑ Mehra, M. R.; Desai, S. S.; Ruschitzka, F.; Patel, A. N. (2020). "PubPeer - Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolid..." Lancet. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31180-6. ISSN   0140-6736. PMC   7255293 . PMID   32450107 . Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  26. ↑ Gelman, Andrew (24 May 2020). "Doubts about that article claiming that hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine is killing people « Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science". statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  27. ↑ Gelman, Andrew (25 May 2020). "Hydroxychloroquine update: Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science". statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  28. ↑ James Watson On The Behalf Of 201 Signatories (2020). "An open letter to Mehra et al and The Lancet". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3871094 . Retrieved 5 June 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Roni Caryn Rabin (29 May 2020). "Scientists Question Validity of Major Hydroxychloroquine Study". The New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2020. The experts who wrote The Lancet also criticized the study's methodology and the authors' refusal to identify any of the hospitals that contributed patient data, or to name the countries where they were located. The company that owns the database is Surgisphere, based in Chicago.
  30. ↑ The Lancet Editors (3 June 2020). "Expression of concern: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis". The Lancet. 395 (10240): e102. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31290-3. PMC   7269709 . PMID   32504543.{{cite journal}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  31. ↑ Rubin M.D, Ph.D, Eric J. (2 June 2020). "Expression of Concern: Mehra MR et al. Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (25): 2464. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2020822 . PMC   7269012 . PMID   32484612. S2CID   219174075.
  32. ↑ Mehra MR, Ruschitzka F, Patel AN (June 2020). "Retraction: "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis"". Lancet. 395 (10240): 1820. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6 . PMC   7274621 . PMID   32511943.
  33. ↑ Mehra, Mandeep R.; Ruschitzka, Frank; Patel, Amit N. (4 June 2020). "Retraction: "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis"". The Lancet. 395 (10240): 1820. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6. PMC   7274621 . PMID   32511943.
  34. ↑ Boseley, Sarah; Davey, Melissa (4 June 2020). "Covid-19: Lancet retracts paper that halted hydroxychloroquine trials". The Guardian . Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  35. ↑ Mehra, Mandeep R.; Desai, Sapan S.; Kuy, Sreyram; Henry, Timothy D.; Patel, Amit N. (4 June 2020). "Retraction: Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007621". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (26): 2582. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2021225 . PMC   7274164 . PMID   32501665.
  36. ↑ Hopkins, Jared S.; Gold, Russell (4 June 2020). "Hydroxychloroquine Studies Tied to Data Firm Surgisphere Retracted". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  37. ↑ Mancini, Donato Paolo; Kuchler, Hannah (3 June 2020). "WHO restarts drug trial as doubts grow over clinical data". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  38. ↑ Mure Dickie; Donato Paolo Mancini; Hannah Kuchler (6 June 2020). "Edinburgh disavows Surgisphere claims of co-operation with NHS Scotland". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  39. ↑ Matthew Herper; Kate Sheridan (7 June 2020). "Researcher has faculty appointment terminated after Lancet retraction". STAT. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The University of Utah has "mutually agreed" to terminate the faculty appointment of Amit Patel, who was among the authors of two retracted papers on Covid-19 and who appears to have played a key role in involving a little-known company that has ignited a firestorm of controversy.
  40. ↑ Roni Caryn Rabin (14 June 2020). "The Pandemic Claims New Victims: Prestigious Medical Journals". The New York Times . Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  41. ↑ Ellen Gabler; Roni Caryn Rabin (27 July 2020). "The Doctor Behind the Disputed Covid Data". The New York Times . Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  42. ↑ The Surgisphere Founder and the Melba Toast figure, Science Integrity Digest, June 6, 2020.
  43. ↑ Davey, Melissa; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (2020-06-10). "Surgisphere: mass audit of papers linked to firm behind hydroxychloroquine Lancet study scandal". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
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