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Cao Cao,courtesy name Mengde,was a Chinese statesman,warlord,and poet who rose to power during the end of the Han dynasty,ultimately taking effective control of the Han central government. He laid the foundation for what was to become the state of Cao Wei (220–265),established by his son and successor Cao Pi,who ended the Eastern Han dynasty and inaugurated the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). Beginning in his own lifetime,a corpus of legends developed around Cao Cao which built upon his talent,his cruelty,and his perceived eccentricities.
Zhang Liao,courtesy name Wenyuan,was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He served briefly in the state of Cao Wei,founded by Cao Cao's successor Cao Pi,in the early Three Kingdoms period before his death. Formerly a subordinate of other warlords such as Ding Yuan,Dong Zhuo and LüBu,Zhang Liao joined Cao Cao around 198 after LüBu's downfall at the Battle of Xiapi. Since then,he participated in many of Cao Cao's military campaigns,including those against Yuan Shao's heirs and the Wuhuan tribes from 201 to 207. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in 214–215,in which he successfully defended Hefei from the forces of the warlord Sun Quan.
Zhang He,courtesy name Junyi,was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei under its first two rulers,Cao Pi and Cao Rui,during the Three Kingdoms period until his death.
Xu Huang,courtesy name Gongming,was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He later served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period under the first two rulers,Cao Pi and Cao Rui,before his death at the start of Cao Rui's reign. Xu Huang is best noted for breaking the siege at the Battle of Fancheng in 219 by routing the enemy commander Guan Yu on the field.
Xiahou Yuan,courtesy name Miaocai,was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He is known for his exploits in western China in the 210s,during which he defeated Cao Cao's rivals Ma Chao and Han Sui in Liang Province and the surrounding areas,and forced several Di and Qiang tribal peoples into submission. He was killed in action at the Battle of Mount Dingjun while defending Hanzhong Commandery from attacks by a rival warlord Liu Bei. Xiahou Yuan's death was highly dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms,in which he was slain by Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong during a surprise raid.
Cao Ren,courtesy name Zixiao,was a military general serving during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China under the warlord Cao Cao,who was also his older second cousin. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei –founded by Cao Cao's son and successor,Cao Pi –during the Three Kingdoms period. He played a significant part in assisting Cao Cao in the civil wars leading to the end of the Han dynasty. He was appointed as the Grand Marshal (大司馬) when Cao Pi ascended the throne,and was also credited by the latter for the establishment of Wei. However,Cao Ren was also once derided as a mediocre commander by Zhu Huan,a general from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu.
Guo Jia,courtesy name Fengxiao,was an adviser to the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Throughout his 11 years of service,Guo Jia aided Cao Cao greatly with his brilliance and foresight,and his strategies were instrumental to Cao Cao's triumphs over rival warlords such as LüBu and Yuan Shao. For example,four years before Cao Cao's decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu,Guo Jia already foresaw that Cao Cao would win when he pointed out ten advantages Cao Cao had over Yuan Shao.
Cao Chun,courtesy name Zihe,was a military officer serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was a younger second cousin of Cao Cao,and is best known for leading the "Tiger and Leopard Cavalry" (虎豹騎),an elite mounted unit,in several battles against Cao Cao's rivals,including Yuan Tan,Tadun and Liu Bei. His elder brother,Cao Ren,also served as a military officer under Cao Cao.
Yu Jin,courtesy name Wenze,was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He joined Cao Cao in 192 around the start of the civil wars leading to the collapse of the dynasty,and fought in many of the campaigns which established the warlord's position as a central figure in that period. In 219,Yu Jin was tasked with leading forces to relief Cao Cao's general Cao Ren,who was being besieged in Fancheng by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu,but his armies were destroyed in a flood due to heavy rains. Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu and became a prisoner-of-war,but was transferred to the custody of another warlord,Sun Quan,after Sun Quan's forces captured Guan Yu's bases in late 219. Sun Quan treated Yu Jin like a guest and in 221 sent him back to the state of Cao Wei,which was founded in late 220 by Cao Cao's successor,Cao Pi,who ended the Eastern Han dynasty. Cao Pi pardoned Yu Jin and restored him to the position of a general. However,Yu Jin died later that year in regret after visiting Cao Cao's tomb,where he saw illustrations of the Battle of Fancheng depicting his surrender to Guan Yu.
Xiahou Shang,courtesy name Boren,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a distant younger relative of Xiahou Yuan and a close friend of Cao Pi,the first emperor of the Cao Wei state.
The Wuhuan were a Proto-Mongolic or para-Mongolic nomadic people who inhabited northern China,in what is now the provinces of Hebei,Liaoning,Shanxi,the municipality of Beijing and the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia.
Yuan Shang,courtesy name Xianfu,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was the third son and successor of the warlord Yuan Shao. In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms,Yuan Shang was described as "strong but arrogant",and he was his father's favourite son.
Huan Jie,courtesy name Boxu,was a Chinese official who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and served under the warlord Cao Cao. After the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty,he briefly served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period.
Yan Rou was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty.
Zhang Miao,courtesy name Mengzhuo,was a Chinese politician and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Xin Ping,courtesy name Zhongzhi,was a Chinese official who served under the warlords Han Fu,Yuan Shao and Yuan Tan during the late Eastern Han dynasty.
Qiuliju was a leader of the Wuhuan tribes in Liaoxi Commandery during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He had about 5,000 tribal clans under his rule.
The Battle of White Wolf Mountain was fought in 207 in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China,preceding the Three Kingdoms period. The battle took place in northern China,beyond the frontiers of the ruling Eastern Han dynasty. It was fought between the warlord Cao Cao and the nomadic Wuhuan tribes,who were allied with Cao Cao's rivals Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi. The victory attained by Cao Cao dashed the hopes of a Wuhuan dominion,and the Wuhuan eventually became weakened,lost importance,and were gradually absorbed into the Han population or the Xianbei tribes.
Xing Yong,courtesy name Zi'ang,was a government official of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty.
Shi Huan,courtesy name Gongliu,gained a reputation for valour and loyalty comparable to Han Hao. Shi Huan served the Eastern Han dynasty warlord Cao Cao from early on and was a trusted figure who helped supervise officials.
References
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).