Tale of the Doomed Prince

The "Tale of the Doomed Prince" is an ancient Egyptian story, dating to the 18th Dynasty, written in hieratic text, which survived partially on the verso of Papyrus Harris 500 currently housed in the British Museum. The papyrus was burned in an explosion; because of this damage the conclusion of the story is missing. Some scholars speculate that the missing ending was mostly likely a happy one and that the tale could be more aptly named "The Prince who was Threatened by Three Fates" or the like. ^[1]

There are dozens of translations of this story from a wide variety of scholars. The translations by Miriam Lichtheim and William Kelly Simpson from the 1970s are both widely accepted versions.

Synopsis

The story goes as follows: The king of Egypt was very sad that a son had not yet been born to him. The king prays to the gods, and that night his wife conceives a child. When the king's son is born the seven Hathors (goddesses, who pronounce the fate of each child at birth) foretell that he will die either by crocodile, snake or dog. His father, afraid for his son's safety, builds his son an isolated palace in the mountains, so as to keep him away from danger.

One day the prince sees from his palace a man with a dog. He asks his father for a dog. The king warily gives the prince a dog, not wishing his son to be unhappy. When the prince grows up, he decides to face his doom, travelling abroad to Nahrin. There he meets a group of young men competing for the heart of the princess. The prince succeeds in winning the heart of a princess by jumping (possibly flying) to the window of the room where the princess is locked up. The prince did not tell the king the truth about himself, but said he was the son of a charioteer, and explained that he had had to leave home because of his new stepmother. Eventually the king agrees to let the prince-in-disguise marry his daughter, after seeing the merits of the young man.

After marrying the princess he tells her of his three dooms, and of his prince-hood. She urges him to kill the dog, but the prince cannot bear to kill the dog he has raised from a puppy. His wife watches over him dutifully, and stops a snake from biting the prince in his sleep. Thus, one of the prince's fates is defeated. Some time after that the prince goes for a walk with his dog. The dog begins speaking (the dog possibly bites the prince), and tells the prince he is meant to be killed by the dog. Fleeing from the dog, he runs to a lake where he is seized by a crocodile who, instead of killing him, carries him back to the old wise man and his wife.

Significance

This story is an example of an Egyptian folktale. It shows the existence of written and oral traditions in ancient Egyptian culture.

The story also emphasizes the importance of the concept of fate to the Egyptian society: the idea of personal fate, destiny or doom surely played an integral role in people's lives.

The tale also highlights the perception of bravery and heroism: the prince performs a feat of daring heroism to rescue and marry the princess. In addition, something can be seen in this story of the relationship between husband and wife: the husband is honest with his wife, and the wife protects her husband.

Another important point is the fact that the prince leaves Egypt and goes abroad to seek his fortune. It details aspects of the prince's life once he leaves his homeland.

Motifs

Some of its motifs reappear in later European fairy tales:

• The birth of a child is long delayed (cf. "Sleeping Beauty")
• Death is foretold at birth (cf. "Sleeping Beauty", "The Youth who was Doomed to be Hanged", ^[2] "The Two Kings' Children" ^[3] )
• The attempt to prevent doom by measures of isolation from the natural environment (cf. "Sleeping Beauty")
• Three is the number of the dangers/tasks awaiting the protagonist
• Death of the mother, replaced by a stepmother who hates the protagonist(s) (cf. "Snowwhite", "Hansel and Gretel", "Cinderella")
• Leaving home to seek one's destiny/fortune
• Hiding one's true identity (cf. "Snow White", "Little Red Riding Hood"; ^[4] Donkeyskin , "Iron John")
• Freeing a princess locked up in a high tower (cf. "Rapunzel" ^[5] )
• Competing with rivals and potential suitors to the princess in an engagement challenge, namely, jumping very high to reach the top of a tower (cf. "The Princess on the Glass Hill", ^{[6] [7]} "Iron John")
• Talking animals (cf. The Princess and the Frog ; ATU tale types ATU 554, "The Grateful Animals")
• A person/animal setting (often unpalatable) conditions for helping the protagonist (cf. The Princess and the Frog, "Rumpelstiltskin")
• Cheating death, the ability to overcome doom

Fate goddesses

The Seven Hathors are goddesses that appear at the prince's birth to decree his fate. These characters may appear analogous to the Moirai or Parcae of Graeco-Roman mythology, ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]} or to the Norns of Norse mythology. ^[12]

Inevitability of fate

Since the tale ends on an ambiguous note, some versions and translations of the story conclude with the death of the prince, as if to keep with the idea of inevitability of fate or the futility of trying to escape it. ^{[13] [14]} Under this lens, the tale is close to Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index tale type ATU 930, "The Prophecy that Poor boy shall marry rich girl". One example is Indian tale The King Who Would Be Stronger Than Fate: the king tries to dispose of his predestined future son-in-law, but his actions only serve to ensure that such fate will come to pass. ^[15]

In folkloristics, the tale is classified as ATU 934A, "The Predestined Death". ^{[16] [17]}

Avoidance of fate

Once again, due to the unknown precise ending of the story, and also to the general direction of the traits (the dog's hesitance, the death of the snake, the crocodile's offer of help) one very likely conclusion of the tale is the general avoidance of the prince's gruesome fate and the more positive ending of having him avoid death by those creatures, eventually being free of his doomed fate.

Versions

• Bristol Museums. 'The Snake, the Crocodile, and the Dog.' https://www.bristolmuseums.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Story-The-Snake-the-Crocodile-the-Dog-ancient-Egypt.pdf
• Carew, Neil. 'The Doomed Prince.' https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/imageserver/periodicals/P29pZD1OWkdSQVAxOTA1MDQyOS4xLjQxJmdldHBkZj10cnVl
• Fleming, R. M. 'The Doomed Prince.'  Fairytalez.com.https://fairytalez.com/the-doomed-prince/
• History of Egypt podcast. 'New Kingdom Part 2 (Episode 90-138). Mini Episode: The Doomed Prince'. https://www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com/the-doomed-prince/
• Lichtheim, Miriiam. Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume II: The New Kingdom, 200-203. University of California Press, 1976.
• Maspero, Gaston. 'Le Prince prédestiné'. Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt. Edited and with an introduction by Hasan El-Shamy. Oxford University Press/ABC-CLIO. 2002. ^[18]
• Peet, T. Eric (1925). "The Legend of the Capture of Joppa and the Story of the Foredoomed Prince. Being a Translation of the Verso of Papyrus Harris 500". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 11 (3/4): 225–29. doi:10.2307/3854145. JSTOR   3854145. Accessed 6 Sept. 2024.
• W. M. Flinders Petrie, ed. (1913) [1895]. Egyptian Tales Translated from the Papyri. Second Series: XVIIIth to XIXth Dynasty (second ed.). pp. 13–27.
• Ritner, Robert K.; Simpson, William Kelly; Tobin, Vincent A.; Wente, Edward F. (2003). "The Tale of the Doomed Prince". In William Kelly Simpson (ed.). The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry. Yale University Press. pp. 75–79. ISBN   978-0-300-09920-1. JSTOR   j.ctt5vm2m5.12.
• Tyldesley, Joyce; Heath, Julian (2005). "The Prince, The Dog, The Snake and the Crocodile". Stories from Ancient Egypt. Oxbow Books. pp. 65–77. doi:10.2307/j.ctvh1dnrw.13.

Adaptations

Literature

Andrew Lang adapted the story as The Prince and the Three Fates for his work The Brown Fairy Book . ^[19]

Manniche, Lise. The Prince Who Knew His Fate: An Ancient Egyptian Story. British Museum Publications, 1981.

Storynory. 'The Doomed Prince.' https://www.storynory.com/the-doomed-prince/

The Egyptian story was the inspiration for the 1992 Amelia Peabody mystery by Elizabeth Peters, The Snake, the Crocodile, and the Dog . ^[20]

References

1. Lichtheim, op.cit., p.200
2. Anderson, op.cit., p.122
3. Grimm, Jacob, Wilhelm Grimm, JACK ZIPES, and ANDREA DEZSÖ. "THE CHILDREN OF THE TWO KINGS." In The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm: The Complete First Edition, 369-77. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014. doi : 10.2307/j.ctt6wq18v.121.
4. Anderson, op.cit., p. 122.
5. Anderson, op.cit., p. 121.
6. Maspero, Gaston & El-Shamy, Hasan. Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2002. pp. XXXIV-XXXV (Introduction). ISBN   1-57607-639-3.
7. Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. pp. 274-275 and footnote nr. 430. ISBN   0-520-03537-2.
8. W. M. Flinders Petrie, ed. (1913) [1895]. Egyptian Tales Translated from the Papyri. Second Series: XVIIIth to XIXth Dynasty (second ed.). pp. 29–31.
9. Fahmy, Mohamed. Umbilicus and Umbilical Cord. Springer International Publishing. 2018. p. 29. ISBN   978-3-319-62383-2
10. Géza Róheim (1948). "The Thread of Life". In: The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 17:4, 471-486. doi : 10.1080/21674086.1948.11925736
11. Greenbaum, Dorian Gieseler. "3 Twists of Fate: Daimon, Fortune and Astrology in Egypt and the Near East". In: 3 Twists of Fate: Daimon, Fortune and Astrology in Egypt and the Near East. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2016. doi : 10.1163/9789004306219_005
12. Sherman, Josepha (ed.). Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore. Volumes One-Three. London and New York: Routledge. 2015 [2008]. p. 161. ISBN   978-0-7656-8047-1
13. Radulović, Nemanja (2012). "Belief Legends About Fate -The Genre Issues". In: Karanovic, Zoja; de Blécourt, Willem (eds.) Belief Narrative Genres. pp. 95-100. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet, International Society for Folk Narrative Research.
14. Racėnaitė, Radvilė. “Structural-Semantic Analysis and Some Peculiarities of Lithuanian Novelle Tales.” Folklore-electronic Journal of Folklore 36 (2007): 101-112. doi : 10.7592/FEJF2007.36.racenaite
15. Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 139-140.
16. Maspero, Gaston. Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt. Edited and with an introduction by Hasan El-Shamy. Oxford University Press/ABC-CLIO. 2002. p. xii. ISBN   0-19-517335-X
17. Horálek, K. (1974). "Folk Poetry: History And Typology". In Arthur S. Abramson (ed.). Linguistics and Adjacent Arts and Sciences: Part 2. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 741–808 [781]. doi:10.1515/9783110821659-004. ISBN   978-3-11-082165-9. Type AT 934A Predestined death more often occurs as a localized legend. This type is also represented by the Old Egyptian fairy tale about a prince to whom the goddesses of fate (Hathors) foretold that his death would be caused by a crocodile, a snake, or a dog. The conclusion of this tale has not been preserved. According to the modern parallels (tales about triple death), one might speculate that the Old Egyptian tale also ended tragically and consequently that it was a legend rather than a fairy tale.
18. Maspero, Sir Gaston Camille Charles. Les contes populaires de l'Égypte ancienne. Paris: Guilmoto. 1900. pp. 168-179.
19. Lang, Andrew (1904). The brown fairy book. London; New York: Longmans, Green. pp. 233–244.
20. Peters, Elizabeth (2007). The Snake, the Crocodile, and the Dog. United Kingdom: Robinson. ISBN   9781845295554.

Bibliography

• Anderson, Graham. ‘Rapunzel (AT Type 310)’ 121–122. Fairytale in the Ancient World, Routledge 2000. ISBN 0-415-23702-5
• Biase-Dyson, Camilla Di (2013). "Characterisation in The Doomed Prince". Foreigners and Egyptians in the Late Egyptian Stories. Brill. pp. 121–191. doi:10.1163/9789004251304_004. ISBN   978-90-04-25088-8.
• Cox, Alys. "Knowledge and Power in Ancient Egyptian Tales: Narratology and the story of The Doomed Prince." International Congress for Young Egyptologists. Vol. 25. 2012. https://www.dropbox.com/s/fu2s1srgwgju37v/Cult_and_Belief_in_Ancient_Egypt_Proceed.pdf?dl=0
• Fisher, Loren R. ‘The Enchanted Prince.’ 31–42. Tales from Ancient Egypt: The Birth of Stories. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010.
• Lichtheim, Marion.  Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol.2. University of California Press,1976. 200–203.
• Mackenzie, Donald. Chapter 23, ‘Tale of the Doomed Prince’. Egyptian Myth and Legend: With Historical Narrative, Notes on Race Problems, Comparative Beliefs, etc. Gresham Publishing, 1907.  https://earth-history.com/egypt/egyptian-myth-and-legend/1008-eml23
• Maspero, Gaston. Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt. Edited and with an introduction by Hasan El-Shamy. Oxford University Press/ABC-CLIO. 2002. p. xii 
• Pehal, Martin. "Ancient Egyptian Mythological Narratives. Structural Interpretation of the Tale of Two Brothers, Tale of the Doomed Prince, the Astarte Papyrus, the Osirian Cycle and the Anat Myth." Thesis. Charles University, 2015.
• Petrie, W. M. Flinders. 'Close of the XVIIIth Dynasty: The Doomed Prince'. Zecharia Sitchin Index: A Comprehensive Index to the Earth Chronicles. https://zsitchinindex.wordpress.com/ancient-texts/egyptian-tales/the-doomed-prince/
• Posener, George. "On the Tale of the Doomed Prince." The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 39 (1953): 107. doi : 10.2307/3855317.
• Sherman, Josepha. ‘The Doomed Prince’ 123–124. Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore. Sharpe Reference, 2008.
• Simpson, William Kelly ed., The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry.  Yale University Press, 2003, 75–79. 
• Tales from the Enchanted Forest. ‘The Doomed Prince: Dog Days.‘ https://talesfromtheenchantedforest.com/2022/04/12/the-doomed-prince-and-the-three-fates/
• Thornton, Amara.  ‘The Venerable Miss Harris.’ https://www.readingroomnotes.com/home/the-venerable-miss-harris

Further reading

• Biase-Dyson, Camilla Di. (2013). "Characterisation in The Doomed Prince". Foreigners and Egyptians in the Late Egyptian Stories. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 121–191. doi:10.1163/9789004251304_004. ISBN   978-90-04-25088-8.
• Bleeker, C. J. "Die Idee Des Schicksals in Der Altägyptischen Religion." Numen 2, no. 1/2 (1955): 28–46. doi:10.2307/3269454.
• Bottigheimer, Ruth B. "Egyptian, Greek, and Roman Magic Tales." Magic Tales and Fairy Tale Magic: From Ancient Egypt to the Italian Renaissance Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014: 11–31.  https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137380883_2
• El-Shamy, Hasan M. Folktales of Egypt. University of Chicago Press, 2010.
• El-Shamy, Hasan. ‘Egyptian Tales.’ 289–291.  The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales & Fairy Tales, Volume One: A-F edited by Donald Haase.  Greenwood Press, 2008.
• Eyre, Christopher J. "The Evil Stepmother and the Rights of a Second Wife." The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 93 (2007): 223–43. JSTOR   40345839.
• Eyre, Chris. On Fate, Crocodiles and the Judgement of the Dead: Some Mythological Allusions in Egyptian Literature, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur Vol. 4 (1976): 104–114, accessed October 5, 2010, JSTOR   25150002.
• Field, Asha Chauhan. "Goddesses Gone Wild: The Seven Hathors in the New Kingdom." In Current Research in Egyptology 2011: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Symposium, edited by Gawad Heba Abd El, Andrews Nathalie, Correas-Amador Maria, Tamorri Veronica, and Taylor James, 48–54. Oxford; Oakville: Oxbow Books, 2012. JSTOR   j.ctvh1dk68.9.
• Gosline, Sheldon. (1999). Orthographic Notes on the "Tale of the Doomed Prince". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 126. pp. 111–116. doi:10.1524/zaes.1999.126.2.111.
• Greenbaum, Dorian Gieseler. "Chapter 3: Twists of Fate: Daimon, Fortune and Astrology in Egypt and the Near East", The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology edited by Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum, 77–115. Brill, 2016. doi:10.1163/9789004306219_005
• Hollis, Susan Tower. "Late Egyptian Literary Tales." In Re-Wiring The Ancient Novel, 2 Volume Set: Volume 1: Greek Novels, Volume 2: Roman Novels and Other Important Texts, edited by Cueva Edmund, Harrison Stephen, Mason Hugh, Owens William, and Schwartz Saundra, 279–96. Luxembourg: Barkhuis, 2018. JSTOR   j.ctvggx289.40.
• Morillas, Bellido & María, José. (2009). Dos visiones Hispano-medievales de un cuento del Egipto faraónico: variaciones de Abū Ḥāmid Al-Garnāṭī y Juan Ruiz de Alcalá, Arcipreste de Hita, sobre El príncipe predestinado. 71. doi:10.3989/revliteratura.2009.v71.i141.83.
• Siat, Kelee Michelle. ‘Meteors, Jewels, Life and Death: Fairy Tales of Ancient Egypt.'
• Spalinger, Anthony. (2007). Transformations in Egyptian Folktales. In: Revue d'Égyptologie, 58. pp. 137-156. doi:10.2143/RE.58.0.2028220.
• Vidal, Jordi. (2012). Summaries on the Young Idrimi. Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 26. doi:10.1080/09018328.2012.704213.
• Wiedemann, Alfred, Volksmund, Band VI. Alfred Wiedemann Altaegyptische Sagen und Maerchen", Deutsche Verlagsaktiengesellschaft Leipzig, 1906, pp. 78 – 85
• Xella, Paolo. "La figure du «Prince prédestiné» au Proche-Orient ancien: destin des puissants et volonté des dieux". In: Pouvoir, divination et prédestination dans le monde antique. Besançon: Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 1999. pp. 159–173. (Collection « ISTA », 717) https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_1999_act_717_1_1571

External links

• , a translation of the complete German text by Alfred Wiedemann, The Doomed Prince
• , a photograph of the papyrus containing the tale of The Doomed Prince
• , website containing information about The Doomed Prince
• , website through the University of Munchen providing more information