| Tamna Prefectures | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 耽羅摠管府 | ||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 탐라총관부 | ||||||
| Hanja | 耽羅摠管府 | ||||||
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The Tamna Prefectures were administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty established after the Sambyeolcho Rebellion and before 1275 in modern-day Jeju Province. [1]
After the Sambyeolcho Rebellion was crushed by the Yuan authorities,'department for matters regarding conquered country of tamna (耽羅國招討司)' was established in 1273.The exact establishment of the prefecture is unknown,however it is generally thought to be some time before 1275 based on the records of its first darugachi sent to the region in 1275. In 1277,the first stable to raise the horses to meet the need for the Yuan dynasty were established and 160 horses were brought to the region for the project. [2] The prefecture was established after the 'department to comfort the country of tamna (耽羅國安撫司)' was established in 1284,and in 1300,'prefecture for tamna county' (탐라군민총관부) was established. [1] In 1301,the region became a Manho (萬戶,equivalent to ten mingghan) [2] [3] until 1356.
The Kofun period is an era in the history of Japan from about 300 to 538 AD,following the Yayoi period. The Kofun and the subsequent Asuka periods are sometimes collectively called the Yamato period. This period is the earliest era of recorded history in Japan,but studies depend heavily on archaeology since the chronology of historical sources tends to be distorted. The word kofun is Japanese for the type of burial mound dating from this era.
The Sambyeolcho Rebellion (1270–1273) was a Korean rebellion against the Goryeo dynasty that happened at the last stage of the Mongol invasions of Korea. It was suppressed by Goryeo and the Yuan dynasty. After the rebellion,Goryeo became a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.
Goryeo was a Korean kingdom founded in 918,during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period,that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae,who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea. The name "Korea" is derived from the name of Goryeo,also spelled Koryŏ,which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo. According to Korean historians,it was during the Goryeo period that the individual identities of Goguryeo,Baekje,and Silla were successfully merged into a single entity that became the basis of modern-day 'Korean' identity.
Jeju Province,officially Jeju Special Self-Governing Province,is one of the nine provinces of South Korea. The province comprises Jeju Island,formerly transliterated as Cheju or Cheju Do,the country's largest island. It was previously known as Quelpart to Europeans and during the Japanese occupation as Saishū. The island lies in the Korea Strait,southwest of South Jeolla Province,of which it was a part before it became a separate province in 1946. Its capital is Jeju City and it is home to South Korea's tallest mountain,Hallasan.
Samhan or the Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the three kingdoms of Goguryeo,Baekje,and Silla. Goguryeo was later known as Goryeo,from which the modern name Korea is derived. The Three Kingdoms period is defined as being from 57 BC to 668 AD. The "Korean Three Kingdoms" contributed to what would become Korea;and the Goguryeo,Baekje and Silla peoples became what we know as the Korean people.
Gongmin of Goryeo,also known by his Mongolian name,Bayan Temür.,was 31st ruler of Goryeo from 1351 to 1374. He was the second son of King Chungsuk.
Tamna,or Tamna-guk,was a state based on Jeju Island from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon dynasty in 1404,following a long period of being a tributary state or autonomous administrative region of various Korean kingdoms. The Go (Jeju) clan is the family name of the Grand Duke,that ruled West Tamna over 400 years. The Moon (Nampyeong) clan is the family name of the Grand Prince,that ruled East Tamna for 400 years. The Kingdom of Tamna is also sometimes known as Tangna (탕나),Seomna (섬나),and Tammora. All of these names mean "island country".
The grand chancellor,also translated as counselor-in-chief,chancellor,chief councillor,chief minister,imperial chancellor,lieutenant chancellor and prime minister,was the highest-ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government. The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history,and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly,even during a particular dynasty. During the Six Dynasties period,the term denoted a number of power-holders serving as chief administrators,including zhongshun jian,zhongshu ling,shizhong,shangshu ling and puye.
A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. There were seven major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives,the last campaign made Goryeo a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty for approximately 80 years. The Yuan dynasty would exact wealth and tributes from the Goryeo kings. Despite submission to the Yuan dynasty,internal struggles among Goryeo royalty and rebellions against Yuan rule would continue,the most famous being the Sambyeolcho Rebellion. A greater amount of "stubborn resistance" was put up by Korea and Song Dynasty towards the Mongol invasions than many others in Eurasia who were swiftly crushed by the Mongols at a lightning pace.
The Jimi system or Jimifuzhou was an autonomous administrative and political organization system used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It should not to be confused with the tributary system. The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of Shiji quoted by Sima Zhen from a book of Eastern Han era,which implied to a man directing a horse or ox by the use of rein. Jimi administrative divisions were used primarily during the Tang dynasty from the 650s until the 740s. It was subsequently used in the Song,Mongol Yuan,Ming dynasties under other names such as the Tusi system until around 1726,when a new civil order under the Qing government was established.
Semu is the name of a caste established by the Yuan dynasty. The 31 Semu categories referred to people who came from Central and West Asia. They had come to serve the Yuan dynasty by enfranchising under the dominant Mongol caste. The Semu were not a self-defined and homogeneous ethnic group per se,but one of the four castes of the Yuan dynasty:the Mongols,Semu,the "Han" and the Southerners. Among the Semu were Buddhist Turpan Uyghurs,Tanguts and Tibetans;Nestorian Christian tribes like the Ongud;Alans;Muslim Central Asian Persian and Turkic peoples including the Khwarazmians and Karakhanids;West Asian Arab,Jewish,Christians and other minor groups who are from even further west.
Tusi,often translated as "headmen" or "chieftains",were hereditary tribal leaders recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan,Ming,and Qing dynasties of China,and the Later Lêand Nguyễn dynasties of Vietnam. They ruled certain ethnic minorities in southwest China and the Indochinese peninsula nominally on behalf of the central government. This arrangement is known as the Tusi System or the Native Chieftain System. It should not to be confused with the Chinese tributary system or the Jimi system.
The Red Turban invasions of Goryeo occurred in the 14th century,when the Red Turban Rebellion spread to Goryeo on the Korean Peninsula. The Red Turban rebels,originating in the Zhejiang area,were opposed to the Yuan dynasty of China and the Mongolian plateau. After gaining control of Liaodong,the Red Turbans invaded Goryeo in 1359 and 1360.
Goryeo under Mongol rule refers to the rule of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty over the Korean Peninsula from about 1270 to 1356. After the Mongol invasions of Korea and the capitulation of the Korean Goryeo dynasty in the 13th century,Goryeo became a semi-autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. It has been referred to as a "son-in-law kingdom in the Mongol empire." The ruling line of Goryeo,the House of Wang,was permitted to rule Korea as a vassal of the Yuan,which established the Zhengdong Province in Korea. Members of the Goryeo royal family were taken to Dadu,and typically married to spouses from the Yuan imperial house. As a result,princes who became monarchs of Goryeo during this period were effectively imperial sons in-law (khuregen). Yuan overlordship ended in the 1350s when the Yuan dynasty itself started to crumble and King Gongmin of Goryeo began to push the Yuan garrisons back.
Samseong mythology is a mythology originated in the Tamna,present-day Jeju island,which is different from Dangun mythology in Korean peninsula. There are following descriptions in Yeong Ju Ji,Goryeosa,Nasanok. Also in Goryeosa,Nasanok,and Tamnaraji,Byeoknangguk was explained as Japan and a girl who come from that country.
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Mu'ege was a Nasu Yi chiefdom in modern Guizhou that existed from 300 to 1698. Since 1279,Mu'ege was conquered by the Yuan dynasty and became Chiefdom of Shuixi under the Chinese tusi system.
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Yan (燕國) was a Chinese kingdom that existed from July 237 to September 238 CE in the Liaodong Peninsula during what is known as the Three Kingdoms period. Its predecessor was an independent regime ruled by Gongsun Du and his son Gongsun Kang from 190 to 237. Though it only claimed independence in 237,historians such as Wang Zhongshu and Hou Tao consider it to be a de facto independent regime from when Gongsun Du established his rule in Liaodong in 190. Although it existed during the Three Kingdoms period,it is not counted as one of the eponymous three kingdoms:Cao Wei,Shu Han,and Eastern Wu. Nevertheless,writers such as Kang Youwei consider it to be a "fourth country".