The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia,the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe,extending northward into parts of the Arctic;eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent,mounted invasions of Southeast Asia,and conquered the Iranian Plateau;and reached westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.
Khagan or Qaghan is a title of imperial rank in Turkic,Mongolic,and some other languages,equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun.
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids,and known to the Mongols as HülegüUlus. The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hülegü,the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan,inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259.
Ögedei Khan was the second ruler of the Mongol Empire. The third son of Genghis Khan,he continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun.
Möngke Khan was the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire,ruling from 1 July 1251 to 11 August 1259. He was the first Khagan from the Toluid line,and made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire during his reign. Under Möngke,the Mongols conquered Iraq and Syria as well as the kingdom of Dali.
Giyasuddin Muhammad Uzbek Khan,better known as Özbeg (1282–1341),was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde (1313–1341),under whose rule the state reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son Tini Beg. He was the son of Toghrilcha and grandson of Mengu-Timur,who had been khan of the Golden Horde from 1266 to 1280.
Toghon Temür,also known by his temple name as the Emperor Huizong of Yuan,bestowed by the Northern Yuan dynasty,and by his posthumous name as the Emperor Shun of Yuan bestowed by the Ming dynasty,was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty and later the first emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty. Apart from Emperor of China,he is also considered the last Khagan of the Mongol Empire. He was a son of Kusala,known as Emperor Mingzong.
A Borjigin is a member of the Mongol sub-clan that started with Bodonchar Munkhag of the Kiyat clan. Yesugei's descendants were thus said to be Kiyat-Borjigin. The senior Borjigids provided ruling princes for Mongolia and Inner Mongolia until the 20th century. The clan formed the ruling class among the Mongols and some other peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Today,the Borjigid are found in most of Mongolia,Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang,and genetic research has shown that descent from Genghis Khan and Timur is common throughout Central Asia and other regions.
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries,creating history's largest contiguous empire,the Mongol Empire (1206–1368),which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history.
Chungnyeol,personal name Wang Kŏ,was the 25th king of Korea's Goryeo dynasty from 1274 to 1308. He was the son of Wonjong,his predecessor on the throne. Chungnyeol was king during the Mongol Invasions of Japan,reluctantly aiding in the offensives.
A series of campaigns were conducted between 1231 and 1270 by the Mongol Empire against the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. There were seven major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives,the last campaign made most of Goryeo a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty for approximately 80 years. However,rebellion movements existed throughout this time and in 1274,some Goryeo territory existed outside of Mongol control.
Chungseon,born Wang Wŏn,later changed his name to Wang Chang,also known by his Mongolian name Ijir Bukhqa (益知禮普花),was the 26th ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. He reigned in 1298,and again from 1308 to 1313.
The Asud were a military group of Alani origin. The Mongol clan Asud is the plural of As,the Arabic name for the Alans.
This is the timeline of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Temüjin,later Genghis Khan,to the ascension of Kublai Khan as emperor of the Yuan dynasty in 1271,though the title of Khagan continued to be used by the Yuan rulers into the Northern Yuan dynasty,a far less powerful successor entity,until 1634.
Kublai Khan,also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan,was the founder and first emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China. He proclaimed the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271,and ruled Yuan China until his death in 1294.
This article discusses the political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire. Through invasions and conquests the Mongols established a vast empire that included many political divisions,vassals and tributary states. It was the largest contiguous land empire in history. However,after the death of Möngke Khan,the Toluid Civil War and subsequent wars had led to the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. By 1294,the empire had fractured into four autonomous khanates,including the Golden Horde in the northwest,the Chagatai Khanate in the middle,the Ilkhanate in the southwest,and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing,although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan of the empire.
Goryeo under Mongol rule refers to the rule of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty over the Korean Peninsula from about 1270 to 1356. After the Mongol invasions of Korea and the capitulation of the Korean Goryeo dynasty in the 13th century,Goryeo became a semi-autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. It has been referred to as a "son-in-law kingdom in the Mongol Empire." The ruling line of Goryeo,the House of Wang,was permitted to rule Korea as a vassal of the Yuan,which established the Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns in Korea as an extension of Mongol supervision and political power. Members of the Goryeo royal family were taken to Khanbaliq,and typically married to spouses from the Yuan imperial clan,the House of Borjigin. As a result,princes who became monarchs of Goryeo during this period were effectively imperial sons in-law (khuregen). Yuan overlordship ended in the 1350s when the Yuan dynasty itself started to crumble and King Gongmin of Goryeo began to push the Yuan garrisons back.
The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled over large territories in Inner Asia in the 13th and the 14th centuries. The Borjigin rulers of the Yuan came from the Mongolian steppe,and the Mongols under Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty based in Khanbaliq. The Yuan was an imperial dynasty of China that incorporated many aspects of Mongol and Han political and military institutions.
Kaidu,the leader of the Mongol House of Ögedei,fought a war against Kublai Khan and his successor Temür from 1268 to 1301. Kaidu was the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate,while Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty. The Kaidu–Kublai war followed the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294,the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate polities:the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest,the Chagatai Khanate in the middle,the Ilkhanate in the southwest,and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing. Although Temür later made peace with the three western khanates in 1304 after Kaidu's death,the four successor states of the Mongol Empire continued their own separate development and fell at different times.
The Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia was part of the conquest of China by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century. An initial conflict broke out in 1217 when the founder of Eastern Xia,Puxian Wannu,rebelled against the Mongol Empire. However,Wannu shortly afterward submitted to Mongol overlordship. Wannu later broke from the Mongols again,and in 1233 Ögedei Khan sent his son Güyük to conquer the kingdom. Eastern Xia was destroyed and Wannu executed.
