Transphobia consists of negative attitudes,feelings,or actions towards transgender people or transness in general. Transphobia can include fear,aversion,hatred,violence or anger towards people who do not conform to social gender expectations. It is often expressed alongside homophobic views and hence is often considered an aspect of homophobia. Transphobia is a type of prejudice and discrimination,similar to racism and sexism,and transgender people of color are often subjected to all three forms of discrimination at once.
Pansexuality is sexual,romantic,or emotional attraction towards people of all genders,or regardless of their sex or gender identity. Pansexual people might refer to themselves as gender-blind,asserting that gender and sex are not determining factors in their romantic or sexual attraction to others.
The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1952,but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research,the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data,the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993,the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association,in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization,which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977,removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.
Sexual identity refers to one's self-perception in terms of romantic or sexual attraction towards others,though not mutually exclusive,and can be different to romantic identity. Sexual identity may also refer to sexual orientation identity,which is when people identify or dis-identify with a sexual orientation or choose not to identify with a sexual orientation. Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation,but they are distinguished,with identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves,behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual,and sexual orientation referring to romantic or sexual attractions toward persons of the opposite sex or gender,the same sex or gender,to both sexes or more than one gender,or to no one.
Robyn Ochs is an American bisexual activist,professional speaker,and workshop leader. Her primary fields of interest are gender,sexuality,identity,and coalition building. She is the editor of the Bisexual Resource Guide,Bi Women Quarterly,and the anthology Getting Bi:Voices of Bisexuals Around the World. Ochs,along with Professor Herukhuti,co-edited the anthology Recognize:The Voices of Bisexual Men.
Homosexuality is a romantic attraction,sexual attraction,or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation,homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional,romantic,and/or sexual attractions" exclusively to people of the same sex or gender. It "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions,related behaviors,and membership in a community of others who share those attractions."
LGBT parenting refers to lesbian,gay,bisexual,and transgender (LGBT) people raising one or more children as parents or foster care parents. This includes:children raised by same-sex couples,children raised by single LGBT parents,and children raised by an opposite-sex couple where at least one partner is LGBT.
The Gevirtz Graduate School of Education is a graduate school at the University of California,Santa Barbara which specializes in the field of education and counseling,clinical and school psychology. It is located in technology-enabled Education Building which has been built in 2009 on the UCSB campus. In 2013,the Gevirtz School was once again named one of the best graduate schools of education in the United States by U.S. News &World Report. In addition to its graduate programs,it also contains the Koegel Autism Center,Hosford Counseling &Psychological Clinic,the Psychology Assessment Center,and the McEnroe Reading &Language Arts Clinic. The Gevirtz School has a pre-K –6 laboratory school,The Harding University Partnership School,in the Santa Barbara Unified School District.
Gay affirmative psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy for non-heterosexual people,specifically gay and lesbian clients,which focuses on client comfort in working towards authenticity and self-acceptance regarding sexual orientation,and does not attempt to "change" them to heterosexual,or to "eliminate or diminish" same-sex "desires and behaviors". The American Psychological Association (APA) offers guidelines and materials for gay affirmative psychotherapy. Affirmative psychotherapy affirms that homosexuality or bisexuality is not a mental disorder,in accordance with global scientific consensus. In fact,embracing and affirming gay identity can be a key component to recovery from other mental illnesses or substance abuse. Clients whose religious beliefs are interpreted as teaching against homosexual behavior may require some other method of integration of their possibly conflicting religious and sexual selves.
Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females,to more than one gender,or to both people of the same gender and different genders. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity,which is also known as pansexuality.
Minority stress describes high levels of stress faced by members of stigmatized minority groups. It may be caused by a number of factors,including poor social support and low socioeconomic status;well understood causes of minority stress are interpersonal prejudice and discrimination. Indeed,numerous scientific studies have shown that when minority individuals experience a high degree of prejudice,this can cause stress responses that accrue over time,eventually leading to poor mental and physical health. Minority stress theory summarizes these scientific studies to explain how difficult social situations lead to chronic stress and poor health among minority individuals.
Shane R. Jimerson is a professor of Counseling,Clinical,and School Psychology in the Gevirtz Graduate School of Education at the University of California,Santa Barbara.
Jane Close Conoley is an American academic administrator who serves as the president of California State University,Long Beach.
LGBT psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals,in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process,parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ+ individuals,as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBT community.
Sexual assault of LGBT people,also known as sexual and gender minorities (SGM), is a form of violence that occurs within the LGBT community. While sexual assault and other forms of interpersonal violence can occur in all forms of relationships,it is found that sexual minorities experience it at rates that are equal to or higher than their heterosexual counterparts. There is a lack of research on this specific problem for the LGBT population as a whole,but there does exist a substantial amount of research on college LGBT students who have experienced sexual assault and sexual harassment.
Brian Mustanski is an American psychologist noted for his research on the health of LGBT youth,HIV and substance use in young gay and bisexual men,and the use of new media and technology for sexual health promotion and HIV prevention. He is a Professor of Medical Social Sciences,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,and Psychology and Director of the Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing at Northwestern University,Chicago,IL.
Sharon Horne is a scientist known for conducting research on LGBTQ issues,mental health and college student development,and international psychology concerns. Horne is Professor of Counseling Psychology and the Director of Training for the American Psychological Association Accredited Counseling Psychology Ph.D. Program at the University of Massachusetts Boston. She is a representative to the APA International Psychology Network for Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transgender and Intersex Issues (IPsyNet),and chaired the policy committee that drafted the IpsyNet Statement and Commitment on LGBTI Concerns.
John E. Pachankis is an American clinical psychologist. He is the Susan Dwight Bliss Professor at the Yale School of Public Health. His research has examined the nature of stigma and its impact on mental health and social functioning. He specifically studies the psychological experiences of LGBT individuals,including processes of identity formation and identity concealment;the cognitive,emotional,and behavioral consequences of stigma-based rejection and exclusion;and affirmative mental health treatments for LGBT populations.
Winn Kelly Brooks was an American researcher and scholar in the field of minority stress theory. She is recognized as a pioneer of the concept of minority stress in sexual minority populations. Brooks completed a Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) and Social Welfare at University of California-Berkeley and published Minority Stress and Lesbian Women in 1981.
