Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes. Enterococci are gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs (diplococci) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. Two species are common commensal organisms in the intestines of humans: E. faecalis (90–95%) and E. faecium (5–10%). Rare clusters of infections occur with other species, including E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum, and E. raffinosus.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) refers to a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA is any strain of S. aureus that has developed or acquired a multiple drug resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics are a broad-spectrum group that include some penams and cephems such as the cephalosporins. Strains unable to resist these antibiotics are classified as methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, or MSSA.
Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria that cause disease, including streptococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The main uses are infections of the skin and pneumonia although it may be used for a variety of other infections including drug-resistant tuberculosis. It is used either by injection into a vein or by mouth.
Clindamycin is an antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including bone or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, middle ear infections, and endocarditis. It can also be used to treat acne, and some cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In combination with quinine, it can be used for malaria. It is available by mouth, by injection into a vein, and as a cream to be applied to the skin or in the vagina.
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) are strains of Staphylococcus aureus that have become resistant to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin.
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin. Vancomycin is used if infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is suspected.
Cefuroxime axetil, sold under the brand name Ceftin among others, is a second generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic.
Ceragenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Denver, Colorado that develops prescription therapies based on a platform of proprietary surface active technologies—skin Barrier Repair Technology (BRT) and Cerageninis, a new class of broad spectrum anti-infectives. The company discovers, develops and commercializes anti-infective drugs based on its proprietary class of compounds, Ceragenins. Active against a range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, these agents are being developed as anti-infective medical device coatings and as therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant organisms.
Oritavancin, sold under the brand name Orbactiv among others, is a semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic medication for the treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections. Its chemical structure as a lipoglycopeptide is similar to vancomycin.
Ceftobiprole (Zevtera/Mabelio) is a fifth-generation cephalosporin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia. It is marketed by Basilea Pharmaceutica in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Austria under the trade name Zevtera, in France and Italy under the trade name Mabelio. Like other cephalosporins, ceftobiprole exerts its antibacterial activity by binding to important penicillin-binding proteins and inhibiting their transpeptidase activity which is essential for the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Ceftobiprole has high affinity for penicillin-binding protein 2a of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and retains its activity against strains that express divergent mecA gene homologues. Ceftobiprole also binds to penicillin-binding protein 2b in Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-intermediate), to penicillin-binding protein 2x in Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-resistant), and to penicillin-binding protein 5 in Enterococcus faecalis.
{{Drugbox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 385028149 | image = Dalbavancin_B0.svg | alt = | pronounce = | tradename = Dalvance, Xydalba, Zeven | Drugs.com = Monograph | MedlinePlus = a614036 | licence_CA = | licence_EU = yes | DailyMedID = Dalbavancin | licence_US = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_US = C | pregnancy_US_comment = | pregnancy_category= | dependency_liability = | addiction_liability = | routes_of_administration = Intravenous | class = | ATC_prefix = J01 | ATC_suffix = XA04 | ATC_supplemental = | legal_AU = | legal_AU_comment = | legal_BR = | legal_BR_comment = | legal_CA = | legal_CA_comment = | legal_DE = | legal_DE_comment = | legal_NZ = | legal_NZ_comment = | legal_UK = | legal_UK_comment = | legal_US = Rx-only | legal_US_comment = | legal_EU = Rx-only | legal_EU_comment = | legal_UN = | legal_UN_comment = | legal_status = | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | metabolites = | onset = | elimination_half-life = | duration_of_action = | excretion = | CAS_number_Ref = | CAS_number = 171500-79-1 | PubChem = 16134627 | IUPHAR_ligand = | DrugBank_Ref = | DrugBank = DB06219 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = | ChemSpiderID = 23340937 | UNII_Ref = | UNII = 808UI9MS5K | KEGG_Ref = | KEGG = D03640 | ChEBI_Ref = | ChEBI = 82721 | ChEMBL_Ref = | ChEMBL = 3301669 | NIAID_ChemDB = | PDB_ligand = | synonyms = | IUPAC_name = 2-deoxy-1-O-[(3S,15R,18R,34R,35S,38S,48R,50aR)-5,31-dichloro-38-{[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbamoyl}-6,11,34,40,44-pentahydroxy-42-(α-D-mannopyranosyloxy)-15-(methylamino)-2,16,36,50,51,59-hexaoxo-2,3,16,17,18,19,35,36,37,38,48,49,50,50a-tetradecahydro-1H,15H,34H-20,23:30,33-dietheno-3,18:35,48-bis(iminomethano) 4,8:10,14:25,28:43,47-tetrametheno[1,14,6,22]dioxadiazacyclooctacosino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclohexacosin-56-yl]-2-[(10-methylundecanoyl)amino]-β-D-glucopyranuronic acid | C=88 | H=100 | Cl=2 | N=10 | O=28 | smiles = CC(C)CCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H] O)O | StdInChI_Ref = | StdInChI = 1S/C88H100Cl2N10O28/c1-38(2)13-10-8-6-7-9-11-14-61(106)94-70-73(109)75(111)78(86 121)128-87(70)127-77-58-31-43-32-59(77)124-55-23-19-42(29-50 89)71(107)69-85(119)98-67(80 92-25-12-26-100 5)48-33-44(102)34-57(125-88-76 74 72 60 126-88)62(48)47-28-40(17-22-52 103)65(82 99-69)95-83(117)66(43)96-84(118)68-49-35-46(36-54 63 90)123-56-24-18-41(30-53 104)64(91-3)81(115)93-51(79 97-68)27-39-15-20-45(122-58)21-16-39/h15-24,28-36,38,51,60,64-76,78,87-88,91,101-105,107-112H,6-14,25-27,37H2,1-5H3,(H,92,114)(H,93,115)(H,94,106)(H,95,117)(H,96,118)(H,97,113)(H,98,119)(H,99,116)(H,120,121)/t51-,60-,64-,65-,66-,67+,68+,69+,70-,71-,72-,73-,74+,75+,76+,78+,87-,88+/m1/s1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = | StdInChIKey = IZJRUXNZMRDQJI-SZUNQUCBSA-N }}
Telavancin is a bactericidal lipoglycopeptide for use in MRSA or other Gram-positive infections. Telavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin.
Iclaprim is an antibiotic drug candidate that is active against Gram positive organisms. It is administered intravenously.
Tedizolid, is an oxazolidinone-class antibiotic. Tedizolid phosphate is a phosphate ester prodrug of the active compound tedizolid. It was developed by Cubist Pharmaceuticals, following acquisition of Trius Therapeutics, and is marketed for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.
Ceftaroline fosamil (INN), brand name Teflaro in the US and Zinforo in Europe, is a cephalosporin antibiotic with anti-MRSA activity. Ceftaroline fosamil is a prodrug of ceftaroline. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other Gram-positive bacteria. It retains some activity of later-generation cephalosporins having broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but its effectiveness is relatively much weaker. It is currently being investigated for community-acquired pneumonia and complicated skin and skin structure infection.
Lipoglycopeptides are a class of antibiotic that have lipophilic side-chains linked to glycopeptides. The class includes oritavancin, telavancin and dalbavancin.
Anthracimycin is a polyketide antibiotic discovered in 2013. Anthracimycin is derived from marine actinobacteria. In preliminary laboratory research, it has shown activity against Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, and against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Nemonoxacin is a non-fluorinated quinolone antibiotic undergoing clinical trials. It has the same mechanism of action as fluouroquinolones; it inhibits DNA gyrase, preventing DNA synthesis, gene duplication, and cell division. At the end of 2016, it had reached market in Taiwan, Russia, the Commonwealth Independent States, Turkey, mainland China, and Latin America under the brand name Taigexyn. Nemonoxacin has completed phase 2 trials in the US and has moved on to phase 3 trials. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted nemonoxacin qualified infectious disease product (QIDP) and fast track designations for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) and acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSI).
Omadacycline, sold under the brand name Nuzyra, is a broad spectrum antibiotic medication belonging to the aminomethylcycline subclass of tetracycline antibiotics. In the United States, it was approved in October 2018, for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute skin and skin structure infections.
The antimicrobial spectrum of an antibiotic means the range of microorganisms it can kill or inhibit. Antibiotics can be divided into broad-spectrum antibiotics, extended-spectrum antibiotics and narrow-spectrum antibiotics based on their spectrum of activity. Detailedly, broad-spectrum antibiotics can kill or inhibit a wide range of microorganisms; extended-spectrum antibiotic can kill or inhibit Gram positive bacteria and some Gram negative bacteria; narrow-spectrum antibiotic can only kill or inhibit limited species of bacteria.
