Peace and conflict studies is a social science field that identifies and analyzes violent and nonviolent behaviors as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts,to understand those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition. A variation on this,peace studies,is an interdisciplinary effort aiming at the prevention,de-escalation,and solution of conflicts by peaceful means,based on achieving conflict resolution and dispute resolution at the international and domestic levels based on positive sum,rather than negative sum,solutions.
The concepts of security sector governance and reform generally refer to a process in Western-based international development and democratization to amend the security sector of a state towards good governance and its principles,such as freedom of information and the rule of law. The security sector governance and reform can be part of international development or democratization. The objective of security sector reform (SSR) is to achieve good security sector governance (SSG)—where security actors are effective and accountable to their people. For example,SSR might guide decision-making on what form should the oversight of armed forces take or how transparent will intelligence agencies be according to legislation. Different nomenclature of the same overall framework include security system reform (SSR),security sector reconstruction (SSR) and justice and security sector reform (JSSR).
A fragile state or weak state is a country characterized by weak state capacity or weak state legitimacy leaving citizens vulnerable to a range of shocks. The World Bank,for example,deems a country to be ‘fragile’if it (a) is eligible for assistance from the International Development Association (IDA),(b) has had a UN peacekeeping mission in the last three years,and (c) has received a ‘governance’score of less than 3.2. A more cohesive definition of the fragile state might also note a state's growing inability to maintain a monopoly on force in its declared territory. While a fragile state might still occasionally exercise military authority or sovereignty over its declared territory,its claim grows weaker as the logistical mechanisms through which it exercises power grow weaker.
Peacebuilding is an activity that aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive conflict. It revolves around developing constructive personal,group,and political relationships across ethnic,religious,class,national,and racial boundaries. The process includes violence prevention;conflict management,resolution,or transformation;and post-conflict reconciliation or trauma healing before,during,and after any given case of violence.
DCAF-;Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance is an intergovernmental foundation-based think tank that provides research and project support to states and international actors in improving security sector governance and reform.
Alan Claude Doss is a British international civil servant who has spent his entire professional life in the service of the United Nations,working on peacekeeping,development and humanitarian assignments in Africa,Asia and Europe as well as at United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
Chris Mahony is a former rugby union player for the Auckland Air New Zealand Cup team,playing fullback centre or wing. He played for Oxford University where he has completed a Masters in African Studies and a DPhil in Politics.
swisspeace - the Swiss Peace Foundation is a practice and research institute located in Basel,Switzerland promoting effective peacebuilding. Partnerships with local and international actors form the basis of its work. Together with its partner organizations,swisspeace manages strategies and interventions to reduce violence and promote peace in conflict-affected contexts.
Kristian Berg Harpviken is a Norwegian sociologist and researcher,and since 2009 director of the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Harpviken is foremost known for his competence on Afghanistan,where he has travelled extensively and conducted multiple field works since he first engaged with the country in 1989.
Alma Abdul-Hadi Jadallah,is a social scientist,internationally recognized mediator,facilitator and trainer,as well as a scholar-practitioner and educator with close to twenty years of experience in the field of conflict analysis and resolution,research and applied practice,peacebuilding,conflict prevention,and transformation. Since 2005,she has been the President and Managing Director of Kommon Denominator Inc.,a private consulting firm.
Environmental peacebuilding examines and advocates environmental protection and cooperation as a factor in creating more peaceful relations. Peacebuilding is both the theory and practice of identifying the conditions that can lead to a sustainable peace between past,current or potential future adversaries. At the most basic level,warfare devastates ecosystems and the livelihoods of those who depend on natural resources,and the anarchy of conflict situations leads to the uncontrolled,destructive exploitation of natural resources. Preventing these impacts allows for an easier movement to a sustainable peace. From a more positive perspective,environmental cooperation can be one of the places where hostile parties can sustain a dialogue,and sustainable development is a prerequisite for a sustainable peace.
The Center on International Cooperation(CIC) is a non-profit research center and think tank based at New York University. For over two decades,CIC has been a leader in applied policy that links politics,security,justice,development,and humanitarian crises,It was founded in 1996 by Dr. Shepard Forman.
Promoting recovery from conflict is not limited to simply a humanitarian,security or development issue and often involves a combination of all three. Stabilization of fragile states is an approach and a process regarding the fragility and security of said states. Hence,stabilization is an essential concept in relation to fragile and failed states,where basic institutions and services are lacking and where conflict is an influential factor. OECD uses the term from fragility to resilient to describe the process of stabilization.
Rahul Chandran is the first Executive Director of the Global Alliance for Humanitarian Innovation. GAHI was a major outcome of the World Humanitarian Summit. He was previously a thought leader on United Nations reform,working across the fields of development,conflict and security,widely known for his work on resilience,statebuilding and humanitarian change.
Interpeace is an international organization for peacebuilding which advances sustainable peace in two mutually reinforcing ways:(1) strengthening the capacities of societies to manage conflict themselves in non-violent and non-coercive ways;and (2) assisting the international community,particularly the United Nations,to be more effective in supporting peacebuilding. Interpeace tailors its practical approach and peacebuilding policies to each society and ensures that the work is locally owned and driven. Together with in-country partners and teams,Interpeace jointly develops peacebuilding programmes and helps establish processes of change that connect local communities,civil society,government and the international community. The organisation has worked in more than 20 countries in Africa,the Middle East,Europe,Asia and Latin America.
Hizkias Assefa is a conflict mediator known widely in Africa for his non-aligned work as a consultant who has mediated in most major conflict situations in sub-Saharan Africa in the past 20 years,as well as in a dozen countries elsewhere. He is also a professor of conflict studies. Of Ethiopian origin,he is based in Nairobi,Kenya. He was one of the founding faculty members in 1994 of the Conflict Transformation Program at Eastern Mennonite University.
Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh is an Iranian-American researcher,university lecturer,and United Nations consultant in peacebuilding,conflict resolution,counter-terrorism,and radicalization,best known for her work in "Human Security" and for contributions in the republics of Central Asia and Afghanistan,as cited by the New York Times and other publications as well as hundreds of scholarly publications. Currently,she is a lecturer at Sciences Po,researcher,and consultant to the United Nations.
Thomas Greminger is a Swiss diplomat. He served as Secretary-General for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) from July 2017 to July 2020. Since May 2021,he has been the Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP). He is a general staff officer in the Swiss army.
Florian Krampe is a German/Swedish political scientist and international relations scholar at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).[2] He is best known for his work on climate-related security risks,Environmental Peacebuilding,and the governance of natural resources after armed conflict. He also serves as Affiliated Researcher at the Research School for International Water Cooperation at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University. Between 2020 and 2022 Krampe was cross appointed Specially Appointed Professor at the Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability at Hiroshima University,Japan.
Anne Nkirote Kubai is an associate professor of World Christianity and interreligious studies. She is a researcher at the School of Historical and Contemporary Studies,Södertörn University,Sweden. She researches on conflict and peace building,religion,genocide,transitional justice,sexual and gender-based violence and psychosocial studies. She is a professor extraordinarius at the Institute of Gender Studies at the University of South Africa (UNISA).
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