The Blob (Pacific Ocean)

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The Blob is an anomalous body having sea surface temperature much above normal, seen here in a graphic of April 2014 by the NOAA. The Blob NOAA April 2014.jpg
The Blob is an anomalous body having sea surface temperature much above normal, seen here in a graphic of April 2014 by the NOAA.

The Blob is a large mass of relatively warm water in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of North America that was first detected in late 2013 and continued to spread throughout 2014 and 2015. [1] [2] It is an example of a marine heatwave. [3] Sea surface temperatures indicated that the Blob persisted into 2016, [4] but it was initially thought to have dissipated later that year.

Contents

By September 2016, the Blob resurfaced and made itself known to meteorologists. [5] The warm water mass was unusual for open ocean conditions and was considered to have played a role in the formation of the unusual weather conditions experienced along the Pacific coast of North America during the same time period. [1] The warm waters of the Blob were nutrient-poor and adversely affected marine life. [6]

In 2019 another scare was caused by a weaker form of the effect referred as "The Blob 2.0" [7] and in 2021 the appearance of "The Southern Blob" at south of the equator near New Zealand has caused a major effect in South America, particularly Chile and Argentina. [8] [9]

Origin

The Blob was first detected in October 2013 [10] and early 2014 by Nicholas Bond and his colleagues at the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean of the University of Washington. It was detected when a large circular body of seawater did not cool as expected and remained much warmer than the average normal temperatures for that location and season. [11]

Bond, then the state climatologist for Washington, coined the term the Blob, with the term first appearing in an article in the monthly newsletter of the Office of the Washington State Climatologist for June 2014. [12]

Description

The three "blobs" of warm water can be seen off the North American coast, ranging from Alaska to Mexico, seen in this graphic dated 1 September 2014. 276D5E8400000578-3033598-A blob of warm water 2 000 miles across is sitting in the Pacifi-a-96 1428666569391.jpg
The three "blobs" of warm water can be seen off the North American coast, ranging from Alaska to Mexico, seen in this graphic dated 1 September 2014.

Initially the Blob was reported as being 500 miles (800 km) wide and 300 feet (91 m) deep. [1] It later expanded and reached a size of 1,000 miles (1,600 km) long, 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide, and 300 feet (91 m) deep in June 2014 when the term the Blob was coined. [12] [13] [14] The Blob now hugged the coast of North America from Mexico to Alaska and beyond, stretching more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km), and formed three distinct patches: the first, off the coast of Canada, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, a region known to oceanographers as the Coastal Upwelling Domain; [15] [16] the second in the Bering Sea off the coast of Alaska; and the third and smallest off the coast of southern California and Mexico. [11] [17]

In February 2014, the temperature of the Blob was around 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) warmer than what was usual for the time of year. [13] [18] A NOAA scientist noted in September 2014 that, based on ocean temperature records, the North Pacific Ocean had not previously experienced temperatures so warm since climatologists began taking measurements. [14]

In 2015 the atmospheric ridge causing the Blob finally disappeared. The Blob vanished shortly after in 2016. However, in its wake are many species that will take a long time to recover. [19] Although the Blob is gone for now, scientists predict that similar marine heat waves are becoming more common due to the Earth's warming climate. [19] Residual heat from the first blob in addition to warmer temperatures in 2019 lead to a second Blob scare. However, it was quelled by a series of storms that cooled the rising temperatures. [20]

Cause

The immediate cause of the phenomenon was the lower than normal rates of heat loss from the sea to the atmosphere, compounded with lower than usual water circulation resulting in a static upper layer of water. Both of these are attributed to a static high pressure region in the atmosphere, termed the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, which was formed in the spring of 2014. [21] [22] The lack of air movement impacted the wind-forced currents and the wind-generated stirring of surface waters. These in turn influenced the weather in the American Pacific Northwest from the winter of 2013–2014 onward and may have been associated with the unusually hot summer experienced in the continental American Pacific Northwest in 2014. [18]

The reason for the phenomenon remains unclear, but it is speculated to partially be human caused climate change. Some experts consider that the wedge of warm water portends a cyclical change with the surface waters of the mid-latitude Pacific Ocean flipping from a cold phase to a warm phase in a cycle known as the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). [1] This poorly-understood change happens at irregular intervals of years or decades. During a warm phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during the cool phase, these changes reverse. [23] Scientists believe a cold phase started in the late 1990s and the arrival of the Blob may have been the start of the next warm phase. The PDO phases may also be related to the likelihood of El Nino events. [1]

The implementation of China's clean air action plan in 2013 may have inadvertently contributed to the Blob, by removing pollution that had blocked and scattered heat from the Sun. [24] However, experts stress that this was one of many factors, including, notably, greenhouse gas emissions. [25]

NASA climatologist William Patzert predicts that if the PDO is at work here, there will be widespread climatological consequences and southern California and the American south may be in for a period of high precipitation with an increase in the rate of global warming. Another climatologist, Matt Newman of the University of Colorado, does not think the Blob fits the pattern of a shift in the PDO. He believes the unusually warm water is due to the persistent area of high pressure stationary over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Dan Cayan of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography is unsure about the ultimate cause of the phenomenon, but states "there's no doubt that this anomaly in sea surface temperature is very meaningful". [1]

Effects

Ecosystem disruption

Sea surface temperature anomalies are a physical indicator which adversely affect the zooplankton (mainly copepods) in the northeast Pacific Ocean and specifically in the Coastal Upwelling Domain. Warm waters are much less nutrient-rich than the cold upwelling waters which were normal until recently off the Pacific coast. [26] This resulted in reduced phytoplankton productivity with knock-on effects on the zooplankton which fed on it and the higher levels of the food chain. [18] [27] Species lower in the food web that prefer colder waters, which tend to be fattier, were replaced by warmer water species of lower nutritional value. [28]

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle predicted reduced catches of coho and Chinook salmon, a major contributing factor being the raised temperatures of seawater in the Blob. [26] Salmon catches dropped as the fish migrated away having found low levels of zooplankton. [11] [29]

Thousands of sea lion pups have starved in California which lead to forced beachings. [30] Thousands of Cassin's auklets in Oregon have starved due to lack of food. [30] [18]

Animals that favored warm southern waters were spotted as far north as Alaska, examples being the warm water thresher sharks (Alopias spp) and ocean sunfish (Mola mola). [14] [30] In the spring of 2016, acres of Velella velella were reported in the waters south of the Copper River Delta. [31]

The discovery of a skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), primarily a fish of warm tropical waters, off Copper River, in Alaska, 200 miles (320 km) north of the previous geographic limit, and a dead sooty storm-petrel (Oceanodroma tristrami), a species native to Northern Asia and Hawaii, along with a few brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) in the Farallon Islands of California, besides other such records, has led marine biologists to worry that the food web across the Pacific is in danger of disruption. [30]

Biologists from the University of Queensland observed the first-ever mass bleaching event for Hawaiian coral reefs in 2014, and attributed it to the blob. [32]

Weather and seasons

Research from the University of Washington found positive temperature anomalies in the northeast Pacific Ocean (upper ~100 m, greater than 2.5 °C, with temperatures at the coast below normal) for the winter period of 2013–2014. Heat loss from the ocean during the winter was suppressed. During spring and summer 2014 the warmer sea surface temperature anomalies reached coastal waters. The anomaly may have had a significant effect on the unusually warm summer of 2014, with record high temperatures over parts of land in the Pacific Northwest. Offshore sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the northeast Pacific for the month of February were the greatest at least since the 1980s, possibly as early as 1900. Additionally they found anomalous sea surface pressure SSP, with a peak magnitude approaching 10 hPa, a record high value for the years of 1949–2014. [18]

Canadian senior climatologist David Phillips noted in May 2015 about the coming winter season, "If that blob continues, if it stays warm ... and then you add to that El Nino, it may complement each other and then it may be the year winter is cancelled." [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bering Sea</span> Sea of the northern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Alaska and Russia

The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean. It forms, along with the Bering Strait, the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth: Eurasia and the Americas. It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves. The Bering Sea is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish-born Russian navigator, who, in 1728, was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upwelling</span> Oceanographic phenomenon of wind-driven motion of ocean water

Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water from deep water towards the ocean surface. It replaces the warmer and usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The nutrient-rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton. The biomass of phytoplankton and the presence of cool water in those regions allow upwelling zones to be identified by cool sea surface temperatures (SST) and high concentrations of chlorophyll a.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</span> Climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Those variations have an irregular pattern but do have some semblance of cycles. The occurrence of ENSO is not predictable. It affects the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics, and has links (teleconnections) to higher-latitude regions of the world. The warming phase of the sea surface temperature is known as "El Niño" and the cooling phase as "La Niña". The Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric oscillation, which is coupled with the sea temperature change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean current</span> Directional mass flow of oceanic water

An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. Ocean currents move both horizontally, on scales that can span entire oceans, as well as vertically, with vertical currents playing an important role in the movement of nutrients and gases, such as carbon dioxide, between the surface and the deep ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean gyre</span> Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents

In oceanography, a gyre is any large system of circulating ocean surface currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect; planetary vorticity, horizontal friction and vertical friction determine the circulatory patterns from the wind stress curl (torque).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuroshio Current</span> North flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean

The Kuroshio Current, also known as the Black Current or Japan Current is a north-flowing, warm ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean basin. It was named for the deep blue appearance of its waters. Similar to the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, the Kuroshio is a powerful western boundary current that transports warm equatorial water poleward and forms the western limb of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Off the East Coast of Japan, it merges with the Oyashio Current to form the North Pacific Current.

<i>Chionoecetes</i> Genus of crabs

Chionoecetes is a genus of crabs that live in the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific decadal oscillation</span> Recurring pattern of climate variability

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin. The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N. Over the past century, the amplitude of this climate pattern has varied irregularly at interannual-to-interdecadal time scales. There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean. This climate pattern also affects coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from Alaska to California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coho salmon</span> Species of fish

The coho salmon is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family and one of the five Pacific salmon species. Coho salmon are also known as silver salmon and is often sold as medium red salmon. The scientific species name is based on the Russian common name kizhuch (кижуч).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alaska Current</span> Warm-water current flowing nortwards along the coast of British Columbia and the Alaska Panhandle

The Alaska Current is a southwestern shallow warm-water current alongside the west coast of the North American continent beginning at about 48-50°N. The Alaska Current produces large clockwise eddies at two sites: west of the Haida Gwaii and west of Sitka, Alaska.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bigeye tuna</span> Species of fish

The bigeye tuna is a species of true tuna of the genus Thunnus, belonging to the wider mackerel family Scombridae. In Hawaiian, it is one of two species known as ʻahi, the other being the yellowfin tuna. Bigeye tuna are found in the open waters of all tropical and temperate oceans, but not in the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean</span> Body of salt water covering most of Earth

The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth. In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided. The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere and is thereby essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of climate change on oceans</span>

There are many effects of climate change on oceans. One of the main ones is an increase in ocean temperatures. More frequent marine heatwaves are linked to this. The rising temperature contributes to a rise in sea levels due to melting ice sheets. Other effects on oceans include sea ice decline, reducing pH values and oxygen levels, as well as increased ocean stratification. All this can lead to changes of ocean currents, for example a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The main root cause of these changes are the emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities, mainly burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide and methane are examples of greenhouse gases. The additional greenhouse effect leads to ocean warming because the ocean takes up most of the additional heat in the climate system. The ocean also absorbs some of the extra carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere. This causes the pH value of the seawater to drop. Scientists estimate that the ocean absorbs about 25% of all human-caused CO2 emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge</span> Extremely persistent anticyclone over the Pacific Ocean

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haida Eddies</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997–98 El Niño event</span> 1997–98 ENSO event

The 1997–1998 El Niño was regarded as one of the most powerful El Niño–Southern Oscillation events in recorded history, resulting in widespread droughts, flooding and other natural disasters across the globe. It caused an estimated 16% of the world's reef systems to die, and temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C (0.45 °F) associated with El Niño events. The costs of the event were considerable, leading to global economic losses of US$5.7 trillion within five years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cold blob</span> Cold temperature anomaly North Atlantic surface waters

The cold blob in the North Atlantic describes a cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) which is part of the thermohaline circulation, possibly related to global warming-induced melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine heatwave</span> Unusually warm temperature event in the ocean

A marine heatwave is a period of abnormally high sea surface temperatures compared to the typical temperatures in the past for a particular season and region. Marine heatwaves are caused by a variety of drivers. These include shorter term weather events such as fronts, intraseasonal events, annual, and decadal (10-year) modes like El Niño events, and human-caused climate change. Marine heatwaves affect ecosystems in the oceans. For example, marine heatwaves can lead to severe biodiversity changes such as coral bleaching, sea star wasting disease, harmful algal blooms, and mass mortality of benthic communities. Unlike heatwaves on land, marine heatwaves can extend over vast areas, persist for weeks to months or even years, and occur at subsurface levels.

Ocean dynamical thermostat is a physical mechanism through which changes in the mean radiative forcing influence the gradients of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean and the strength of the Walker circulation. Increased radiative forcing (warming) is more effective in the western Pacific than in the eastern where the upwelling of cold water masses damps the temperature change. This increases the east-west temperature gradient and strengthens the Walker circulation. Decreased radiative forcing (cooling) has the opposite effect.

The Northern Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) is a newer recognized climate index used to describe and pair changes in salinity and nutrients, not previously well correlated to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). First described in 2008 by Di Lorenzo et al. the NPGO index reflects changes in wind stress along the California Current System, allowing it to more easily couple with local upwelling trends. Named to reflect the changes in the branches of the North Pacific gyres circulation, the NPGO could be argued to represent the oceanic expression of the atmospheric variability of the North Pacific Oscillation.

References

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  2. ↑ NASA Earth Observatory (16 February 2016). "The Demise of the Warm Blob" . Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  3. ↑ Holser, Rachel R.; Keates, Theresa R.; Costa, Daniel P.; Edwards, Christopher A. (July 2022). "Extent and Magnitude of Subsurface Anomalies During the Northeast Pacific Blob as Measured by Animal-Borne Sensors". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 127 (7). Bibcode:2022JGRC..12718356H. doi: 10.1029/2021JC018356 . S2CID   250301287.
  4. ↑ Thoman, Rick (19 May 2016). "The Blob Lives: Update from Rick Thoman". Alaska Ocean Observing System. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
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  6. ↑ Innis, Michelle (10 April 2016). "Climate-Related Death of Coral Around World Alarms Scientists". The New York Times.
  7. ↑ Amaya, Dillon J.; Miller, Arthur J.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Kosaka, Yu (20 April 2020). "Physical drivers of the summer 2019 North Pacific marine heatwave". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 1903. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.1903A. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15820-w. PMC   7171163 . PMID   32313028.
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  12. 1 2 Bond, Nicholas (3 June 2014). "The Blob: Warm Water off the Coast of the PNW and What it May Mean for Our Summer Weather – A message from the State Climatologist" (PDF). Monthly Newsletter. Office of the Washington State Climatologist: 2–4. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  13. 1 2 "'Warm blob' in Pacific Ocean linked to weird weather across the US". ScienceDaily. 9 April 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 Milstein, Michael (September 2014). "Unusual North Pacific warmth jostles marine food chain". Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
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  16. ↑ Leising, Andrew W.; Schroeder, Isaac D.; Bograd, Steven J.; Abell, Jeffrey; Durazo, Reginaldo; Gaxiola-Castro, Gilberto; Bjorkstedt, Eric P.; Field, John; Sakuma, Keith; Robertson, Roxanne R.; Goericke, Ralf; Peterson, William T.; Brodeur, Ric; Barceló, Caren; Auth, Toby D.; Daly, Elizabeth A.; Suryan, Robert M.; Gladics, Amanda J.; Porquez, Jessica M.; McClatchie, Sam; Weber, Edward D.; Watson, William; Santora, Jarrod A.; Sydeman, William J.; Melin, Sharon R.; Chavez, Francisco P.; Golightly, Richard T.; Schneider, Stephanie R.; Fisher, Jennifer; Morgan, Cheryl; Bradley, Russell; Warybok, Peter (2015). "State of the California Current 2014-15: Impacts of the Warm-Water "Blob"". California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports. 56: 31–68. hdl: 1957/58482 .
  17. ↑ Peterson, William; Fisher, Jennifer; Peterson, Jay; Morgan, Cheryl; Burke, Brian; Fresh, Kurt (1 December 2014). "Applied Fisheries Oceanography: Ecosystem Indicators of Ocean Conditions Inform Fisheries Management in the California Current". Oceanography. 27 (4): 80–89. doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2014.88 .
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  19. 1 2 Naranjo, Laura (2 November 2018). "The blob | Earthdata". earthdata.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  20. ↑ Mapes, Lynda (19 February 2020). "Feared return of 'The Blob' fizzles as storms churn, chill Pacific Ocean". seattletimes.
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  22. ↑ Hu, Zeng-Zhen; Kumar, Arun; Jha, Bhaskar; Zhu, Jieshun; Huang, Bohua (January 2017). "Persistence and Predictions of the Remarkable Warm Anomaly in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean during 2014–16". Journal of Climate. 30 (2): 689–702. Bibcode:2017JCli...30..689H. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0348.1 .
  23. ↑ Mantua, Nathan J.; Hare, Steven R.; Zhang, Yuan; Wallace, John M.; Francis, Robert C. (1997). "A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 78 (6): 1069–1079. Bibcode:1997BAMS...78.1069M. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2 .
  24. ↑ Wang, Hai; Zheng, Xiao-Tong; Cai, Wenju; Han, Zi-Wen; Xie, Shang-Ping; Kang, Sarah M.; Geng, Yu-Fan; Liu, Fukai; Wang, Chuan-Yang; Wu, Yue; Xiang, Baoqiang; Zhou, Lei (21 May 2024). "Atmosphere teleconnections from abatement of China aerosol emissions exacerbate Northeast Pacific warm blob events". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (21). Bibcode:2024PNAS..12113797W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2313797121. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   11126963 . PMID   38709948.
  25. ↑ Allen, Michael. "Birthing the Blob". Hakai Magazine. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  26. 1 2 "Forecast of Adult Returns for Coho salmon and Chinook Salmon (2014–2016)". Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  27. ↑ Gewin, Virginia (27 August 2015). "North Pacific 'blob' stirs up fisheries management". Nature News. 524 (7566): 396. Bibcode:2015Natur.524..396G. doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18218 . PMID   26310744.
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  29. ↑ Cheung, William W. L.; Frölicher, Thomas L. (21 April 2020). "Marine heatwaves exacerbate climate change impacts for fisheries in the northeast Pacific". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 6678. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6678C. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63650-z . PMC   7174322 . PMID   32317685.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Welch, Craig (11 April 2015). "Warming Pacific Makes for Increasingly Weird Ocean Life". National Geographic.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  31. ↑ Janzen, Carol (20 May 2016). "Field Report: Sailors by the Wind Jellies Spotted In the northern portion of the Gulf of Alaska, Just South of the Copper River Delta". Alaska Ocean Observing System. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  32. ↑ "Rapidly warming ocean a threat to Hawaiian coral reefs". The University of Queensland. 2015.
  33. ↑ Parsons, Paul (May 2015). "Will this become 'the year winter is cancelled'?: Alberta forecasters monitor El Nino, Pacific 'blob'". Edmonton Journal.
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