The Cambridge History of Turkey is a four-volume series on the history of the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
The fourth volume was criticized for almost omitting the Armenian genocide, which it did not classify as a genocide, and never mentioning the Assyrian genocide or Greek genocide. [9]
The small seal script is an archaic script style of written Chinese. It developed within the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty (771–256 BC), and was then promulgated across China in order to replace script varieties used in other ancient Chinese states following Qin's wars of unification and establishment of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) under Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China.
Kuchean was a Western member of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct from the ninth century. Once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia, Tocharian B shows an internal chronological development; three linguistic stages have been detected. The oldest stage is attested only in Kucha. There is also the middle ('classicalʼ), and the late stage.
A purported Khazar ruler of the late tenth century CE who ruled over a Khazar successor-state in the Taman region. David is mentioned in a single document dated AM 4746 which contains a reference to "our lord David, Prince of the Khazars, who lives in Taman." The document in question is of uncertain authenticity, as it passed through the hands of Abraham Firkovich, who on occasion forged documents and inscriptions. Dan Shapira expressed certainty that the document is a forgery by Firkovich and his viewpoint was adopted by other scholars who cited him including Michael Toch and Kevin Brook.
The Province of Temeşvar was a first-level administrative unit (eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire. It existed from 1552 to 1716. Provincial administration was centered in Temeşvar from 1552 to 1659, and again from 1693 to 1716. During the 1659-1693 interval, its second capital was Yanova, and within that period, it was also known as the Province of Yanova. The province was located in the Banat region of Central Europe. Besides Banat, it also included southern parts of the Crișana region, north of the Mureș River. Its territory is now divided between Hungary, Romania, and Serbia.
Yujiulü Shelun or Qiudoufa Khagan was khagan of the Rouran from 402 to 410.
Yujiulü Tuhezhen was the ruler of the Rouran from September 444 to 464 with the title of Chu Khagan. He was the son of Yujiulü Wuti.
Yujiulü Yucheng (?–485) was ruler of the Rouran (464–485) with the title of Shouluobuzhen Khagan. He was the first Rouran ruler to adopt Chinese style era name, which was Yongkang. He was the elder son of Yujiulü Tuhezhen.
Yujiulü Doulan (?–492) was khagan of the Rouran (485–492) with the title of Fugudun Khagan. He was the son of Yujiulü Yucheng.
Yujiulü Nagai (?–506) was ruler of the Rouran (492–506) with the title of Houqifudaikuzhe Khagan. He was the second son of Yujiulü Tuhezhen. According to Pengling Wang, his name might be cognate with Middle Mongol Nogai, meaning "dog".
Yujiulü Futu was khagan of the Rouran (506–508) with the title of Tuohan Khagan (佗汗可汗) or Tahan Khagan. He was the first son of Yujiulü Nagai.
Yujiulü Tiefa was the successor to Yujiulü Anagui in the eastern part of Rouran. He was proclaimed khagan by remnants of Rouran in 552. But he ruled only briefly until his death at the hands of Khitans in February 553. He was succeeded by his father Yujiulü Dengzhu, who at first fled to Northern Qi following demise of Yujiulü Anagui. This was only case in Rouran history that a father succeeded his son on the throne.
Azebs, azabs, or azaps, also known as Asappes or Asappi, were irregular soldiers, originally made up of unmarried youths. They were conscripted among reayas and served in various roles in the early Ottoman army. The word azeb either often indicates a light infantry soldier which was called yaya azeb or a marine soldier which was called bahriye (navy) and deniz (sea) azeb. The term was used in the sense of "pirate" or "buccaneer" in Byzantine, Latin, and Italian sources from the 14th to 16th centuries.
András Róna-Tas is a Hungarian historian and linguist.
Mongolia and Turkey have respective embassies in each other's capitals.
The Ottoman decline thesis or Ottoman decline paradigm is an obsolete historical narrative which once played a dominant role in the study of the history of the Ottoman Empire. According to the decline thesis, following a golden age associated with the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire gradually entered into a period of all-encompassing stagnation and decline from which it was never able to recover, lasting until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1923. This thesis was used throughout most of the twentieth century as the basis of both Western and Republican Turkish understanding of Ottoman history. However, by 1978, historians had begun to reexamine the fundamental assumptions of the decline thesis.
The Beilu Yiyu also known as Yiyu is a Ming-era Mongol-Chinese dictionary.
Yujiulü Poluomen was a khagan of Rouran with the title Mioukesheju Khagan. He was a grandson of Yujiulü Nagai and a cousin of Yujiulü Anagui.
Mikhail Grigoryevich Shevelev was a Russian Empire businessman, tea-trader, founder of the Russia Empire's first shipping company and a Sinologist who lived and worked in the Vladivostok region.
Katulph was a Hephthalite aristocrat, who served as the advisor of the Sasanian king (shah) Khosrow I.
Zsuzsa Kakuk is a Hungarian linguist and Turkologist.