The Living New Deal

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A picture of the Living New Deal's interactive map, highlighting New Deal sites, structures, and works of art. LND interactive map.png
A picture of the Living New Deal's interactive map, highlighting New Deal sites, structures, and works of art.

The Living New Deal is a research project and online public archive documenting the scope and impact of the New Deal on American lives and the national landscape. [1] The project focuses on public works programs, which put millions of unemployed to work, saved families from destitution, and renovated the infrastructure of the United States.

Contents

The WPA built this Community Club House in Cottonwood, Arizona, 1938-1939. Cottonwood AZ Community Bldg.jpg
The WPA built this Community Club House in Cottonwood, Arizona, 1938-1939.

The centerpiece of the Living New Deal is a website that catalogs and maps the location of public works projects and artworks created from 1933 to 1943 under the aegis of the federal government during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. [2]

Purpose

The New Deal was a constellation of economic stimulus policies and social programs enacted to lift America out of the Great Depression, and it touched every state, county, and city, as well as thousands of small towns and reached deep into rural areas with its conservation works. What is more, most New Deal public works - schools, roads, dams, waterworks, hospitals and more - continued to function for decades and tens of thousands still exist today. Yet, there is no national record of what the New Deal built, [3] only bits and pieces found in local and national archives, published sources, and on occasional plaques and markers. This represents an enormous gap in the historic record and a collective failure of memory. The Living New Deal's goal is to uncover every New Deal public works site in all fifty states and build a public archive of photographs, documents, films, and stories from this pivotal period. [4] As of early 2023, the project is nearing 18,000 documented New Deal sites.

This online catalog identifies thousands of New Deal sites and pinpoints them on an interactive map. Sites can be searched by name, city, state, category, and agency. The website and its growing database show the vast imprint the New Deal had across the nation. The Living New Deal website was selected as one of the 10 best new sites on the web for 2014 by Slate Magazine , [5] and has been mentioned in the Boston Globe , [6] Vox , [7] the San Francisco Chronicle , [8] and other news outlets. In November 2022, PBS NewsHour featured a story on the Living New Deal. [9]

Navajo Indians in the Civilian Conservation Corps, Indian Wells, Arizona, 1941. 85,000 American Indians served in the CCC, working on roads, forestry, soil and water conservation, and more. Navajo CCC Indian Wells, Arizona.jpg
Navajo Indians in the Civilian Conservation Corps, Indian Wells, Arizona, 1941. 85,000 American Indians served in the CCC, working on roads, forestry, soil and water conservation, and more.

In addition to the online archive, the Living New Deal works to highlight the legacy of the New Deal by:

Workers in the National Youth Administration, building a Student Union Building at Compton Junior College, Los Angeles, ca. 1939. NYA workers Compton Junior High.jpg
Workers in the National Youth Administration, building a Student Union Building at Compton Junior College, Los Angeles, ca. 1939.

The ultimate aim of the Living New Deal is to educate the general public, civic leaders and politicians about the New Deal and to show that it provides a proven model for reviving the economy in hard times, dealing with unemployment (especially among youth), rebuilding communities all across the country, restoring faith in government and renewing a sense of national purpose. In a time when so many people and places are hurting for good jobs and economic renewal, and the infrastructure of the country is crumbling, the New Deal can serve as a model for good government policy in the present day.

Organization

Portion of Coit Tower mural (San Francisco), by Lucian Labaudt, featuring Eleanor Roosevelt. Created in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, 1934. Coit Tower Mural ER.jpg
Portion of Coit Tower mural (San Francisco), by Lucian Labaudt, featuring Eleanor Roosevelt. Created in the New Deal's Public Works of Art Project, 1934.

The Living New Deal is a California non-profit corporation based in the San Francisco Bay Area and affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of California, Berkeley. The Living New Deal is directed by UCB Professor Emeritus Richard Walker. [16] Its founder and project scholar is Gray Brechin. [17] The core operation is run by a team of a dozen people across the country. Its national advisory and research boards are made up of scholars such as New Deal historians William Leuchtenburg and Ira Katznelson, former Labor Secretary Robert Reich and former Council of Economic Advisors Chair Christina Romer, and members of the Roosevelt family. [18]

The Living New Deal relies on a network of national associates and other volunteers, including historians, teachers, students, artists, history buffs, librarians, journalists, and photographers to document New Deal sites throughout the U.S. They upload their discoveries, such as photographs, historic documents, news articles, and commentary to the Living New Deal's website, for example, the site submission page or via an iOS app. [19] [20] The information is verified by research assistants before being published. The Living New Deal is a crowdsourced project that invites anyone to volunteer and sign up as a research associate.

History

Cascade in the Morcom Amphitheater of Roses, Oakland, California. The garden was completed by the New Deal's Federal Emergency Relief Administration in 1934-1935. Oakland Rose Garden Cascade.jpg
Cascade in the Morcom Amphitheater of Roses, Oakland, California. The garden was completed by the New Deal's Federal Emergency Relief Administration in 1934-1935.

The Living New Deal began as an idea for a book by Gray Brechin in 2002, but the concept quickly proved too ambitious for a single researcher. A research project directed by Richard Walker was launched as the California Living New Deal in 2007, sponsored by the Institute for Research on Labor and Employment [21] at the University of California, Berkeley, and the California Historical Society, with support from the Columbia Foundation. [22]

In 2010, the project moved to the Department of Geography at UC Berkeley and became national in scope. In 2012, the Living New Deal hired its first project manager and began to assemble a part-time staff to complement its volunteers. Over time, the staff has grown, adding a communications director, project historian, development director, and assistant director, as well as a New York City chapter director. The number of national associates increased as well, reaching 55 by 2022, with the help of a volunteer coordinator added to staff in 2019.

The year 2011 was also a turning point for the online presentation of the Living New Deal, with a permanent webmaster added to the staff by 2013. The number of New Deal sites mapped expanded rapidly over the next decade, from 5,000 in 2013 to 17,000 in 2022.

The Living New Deal has undertaken many new projects over the years. It published the first print map and guide to a major city in 2014 (San Francisco), followed by New York City (2017) and Washington, D.C. (2021); a major effort to map New Deal Los Angeles began in 2022. A New York City chapter was launched in 2018 and a teaching project in DC schools in 2022, which led to the a national teaching project in 2023. A project on preserving New Deal art also commenced in 2023.

The Living New Deal website topped a million annual visits by 2018, two million by 2020 and three million by 2022. The volume of traffic and material included in the website led to a complete overhaul of the website, which went public in 2023.

A full narrative history of the Living New Deal project can be found on the website. [23]

New Deal's legacy of public works

A new school in Ceiba, Puerto Rico, constructed by the New Deal's Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, ca. 1938. A new school in Ceiba, Puerto Rico, constructed by the New Deal's Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration.jpg
A new school in Ceiba, Puerto Rico, constructed by the New Deal's Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, ca. 1938.
WPA bridge project, Prince George's County, Maryland, 1936. Townshend Grimes Bridge WPA.jpg
WPA bridge project, Prince George's County, Maryland, 1936.

When President Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, America was in the depths of the Great Depression. The stock market crash of 1929 led the implosion and the downturn continued for over three years as thousands of banks and businesses failed and millions of people lost their life savings, farms, and homes. At its worst, one-quarter of the U.S. workforce was unemployed and national output had fallen by one-third. [24]

PWA-financed Chemistry Building, Howard University, historically-Black college, Washington, D.C., 1936. Howard University Chemistry Building.jpg
PWA-financed Chemistry Building, Howard University, historically-Black college, Washington, D.C., 1936.

To address the economic collapse and resulting human suffering, President Roosevelt declared a "new deal for the American people". [25] Within days of his inauguration, he had launched the New Deal, an innovative constellation of federal programs aimed at restoring financial stability, stabilizing industry and agriculture, increasing relief efforts, and employing millions of desperate workers. [26] The economy began a rapid revival from 1933 to 1942, marred by a sharp recession in 1937. National output recovered to pre-Depression levels just before the outbreak of World War II, which absorbed the last of the mass unemployment of the era. [27]

The New Deal transformed American government and reformed American society in several important respects, such as reining in Wall Street, supporting home ownership, and introducing Social Security. But the visible hallmark of the New Deal was its vast array of public works, which put millions of people back to work and put much-needed funds into the hands of impoverished families and straitened communities. These were much more than "make work" programs, as they are often portrayed; New Deal public works dramatically overhauled the nation's infrastructure, refashioned the American landscape, and modernized cities, towns, and rural areas across the country. [28]

Millions of women were employed in New Deal work programs, in jobs related to historic preservation, museum services, healthcare, sewing, performing arts, food services, music, libraries, and more. WPA Pack Horse Librarians Kentucky.jpg
Millions of women were employed in New Deal work programs, in jobs related to historic preservation, museum services, healthcare, sewing, performing arts, food services, music, libraries, and more.

The most famous of the so-called "alphabet soup" of New Deal public works agencies were the Public Works Administration (PWA), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the Federal Art Project (FAP) within the WPA. But the administration also made huge investments in older agencies, such as the Treasury Department (Post Offices and the Treasury Section of Fine Arts), the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Bureau of Public Roads. Other significant agencies included the Civil Works Administration (CWA), Rural Electrification Administration (REA), National Youth Administration (NYA), Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA), Resettlement/Farm Security Administration (RA/FSA), Soil Conservation Service (SCS), and Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). [29] [30] With the Living New Deal's open-source database and map, the cumulative impact of these public works can be displayed for the first time.

In less than ten years, the New Deal public works programs built and expanded a modern infrastructure that Americans still depend on, but that few are aware of. Every day people use roads, schools, auditoriums, parks, sewers, tunnels, sidewalks, forests, trails, and more without realizing these are the result of an all-out-effort by the Federal government, in alliance with state and local governments, to put people to work during hard times. Some historians have argued that these public works were the foundation for the health and prosperity of the nation for generations afterward. [31]

Because of the swiftness with which the New Deal sprang into action and the huge scale and scope of its efforts, a great many of its accomplishments went unrecorded. Although the New Deal public works agencies built tens of thousands of public buildings—post offices, airports, hospitals, museums, colleges, universities, and government buildings—most of what was created remains unmarked. Moreover, in the post-war years, a concerted effort by the New Deal's critics to erase its memory destroyed many identifying markers on New Deal-era buildings and removed public artwork commissioned by the FAP and Treasury Department. [32] In recent years, supporters of the New Deal have actively campaigned to place new signage on buildings to report their New Deal origins. The Living New Deal's New York City chapter worked for several years with the NYC Parks Department and succeeded in getting new signage on New Deal-funded pools. [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public Works Administration</span> Part of the New Deal of 1933 in the U.S.

The Public Works Administration (PWA), part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to supply employment, stabilize buying power, and help revive the economy. Most of the spending came in two waves, one in 1933–1935 and another in 1938. Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil Works Administration</span> US federal government job-creation program (1933–34)

The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was a short-lived job creation program established by the New Deal during the Great Depression in the United States to rapidly create mostly manual-labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers. The jobs were merely temporary, for the duration of the hard winter of 1933–34. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveiled the CWA on November 8, 1933, and put Harry L. Hopkins in charge of the short-term agency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Works Progress Administration</span> U.S. government program of the 1930s and 1940s

The Works Progress Administration was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. It was set up on May 6, 1935, by presidential order, as a key part of the Second New Deal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timberline Lodge</span> United States historic place

Timberline Lodge is a mountain lodge on the south side of Mount Hood in Clackamas County, Oregon, about 60 miles (97 km) east of Portland. Constructed from 1936 to 1938 by the Works Progress Administration, it was built and furnished by local artisans during the Great Depression. Timberline Lodge was dedicated September 28, 1937, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Writers' Project</span> 1935–1945 U.S. government New Deal program

The Federal Writers' Project (FWP) was a federal government project in the United States created to provide jobs for out-of-work writers and to develop a history and overview of the United States, by state, cities and other jurisdictions. It was launched in 1935 during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal Project Number One or Federal One.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Project Number One</span> Projects under the U.S. WPA New Deal program

Federal Project Number One, also referred to as Federal One, is the collective name for a group of projects under the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program in the United States. Of the $4.88 billion allocated by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, $27 million was approved for the employment of artists, musicians, actors and writers under the WPA's Federal Project Number One. In its prime, Federal Project Number One employed up to 40,000 writers, musicians, artists and actors because, as Secretary of Commerce Harry Hopkins put it, "Hell, they’ve got to eat, too". This project had two main principles: 1) that in time of need the artist, no less than the manual worker, is entitled to employment as an artist at the public expense and 2) that the arts, no less than business, agriculture, and labor, are and should be the immediate concern of the ideal commonwealth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</span> Program that was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was a program established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, building on the Herbert Hoover administration's Emergency Relief and Construction Act. It was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Music Project</span> U.S. New Deal program

The Federal Music Project (FMP) was a part of the New Deal program Federal Project Number One provided by the U.S. federal government which employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression. In addition to performing thousands of concerts, offering music classes, organizing the Composers Forum Laboratory, hosting music festivals and creating 34 new orchestras, employees of the FMP researched American traditional music and folk songs, a practice now called ethnomusicology. In the latter domain the Federal Music Project did notable studies on cowboy, Creole, and what was then termed Negro music. During the Great Depression, many people visited these symphonies to forget about the economic hardship of the time. In 1939, the FMP transitioned to the Works Progress Administration's Music Program, which along with many other WPA projects, was phased out in the midst of World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Art Project</span> New Deal relief program to fund the visual arts

The Federal Art Project (1935–1943) was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the largest of the New Deal art projects. It was created not as a cultural activity, but as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The WPA Federal Art Project established more than 100 community art centers throughout the country, researched and documented American design, commissioned a significant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some 10,000 artists and craft workers during the Great Depression. According to American Heritage, “Something like 400,000 easel paintings, murals, prints, posters, and renderings were produced by WPA artists during the eight years of the project’s existence, virtually free of government pressure to control subject matter, interpretation, or style.”

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Cabinet</span> African American advisors to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

African American federal employees in the executive branch during the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt began to meet informally in an unofficial Federal Council of Negro Affairs to try to influence federal policy on race issues. By mid-1935, there were 45 African Americans working in federal executive departments and New Deal agencies. Referred to as the Black Cabinet, Roosevelt did not officially recognize it as such, nor make appointments to it. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt encouraged the group. Although the term was popularized by Mary McLeod Bethune in 1936, it had earlier been used by African American newspapers to describe key black advisors of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public Works of Art Project</span> American New Deal work-relief project (1933–1934)

The Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) was a New Deal work-relief program that employed professional artists to create sculptures, paintings, crafts and design for public buildings and parks during the Great Depression in the United States. The program operated from December 8, 1933, to May 20, 1934, administered by Edward Bruce under the United States Treasury Department, with funding from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935</span> Act of the United States Congress

The Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed on April 8, 1935, as a part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. It was a large public works program that included the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the National Youth Administration, the Resettlement Administration, the Rural Electrification Administration, and other assistance programs. These programs were called the "second New Deal". The programs gave Americans work, for which the government would pay them. The goal was to help unemployment, pull the country out of the Great Depression, and prevent another depression in the future. This was the first and largest system of public-assistance relief programs in American history, and it led to the largest accumulation of national debt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Section of Painting and Sculpture</span> American New Deal work-relief project (1934–1943)

The Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture was a New Deal art project established on October 16, 1934, and administered by the Procurement Division of the United States Department of the Treasury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Guide Series</span> Local tourism guides by WPA employees

The American Guide Series includes books and pamphlets published from 1937 to 1941 under the auspices of the Federal Writers' Project (FWP), a Depression-era program that was part of the larger Works Progress Administration in the United States. The American Guide Series books were compiled by the FWP, but printed by individual states, and contained detailed histories of each of the then 48 states of the Union with descriptions of every major city and town. The series not only detailed the histories of the 48 states, but provided insight to their cultures as well. In total, the project employed over 6,000 writers. The format was uniform, comprising essays on the state's history and culture, descriptions of its major cities, automobile tours of important attractions, and a portfolio of photographs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Deal</span> Economic programs of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938. Major federal programs and agencies, including the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) and the Social Security Administration (SSA), provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth, and the elderly. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

<i>My Day</i>

My Day was a newspaper column written by First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt (ER) six days a week from December 31, 1935, to September 26, 1962. In her column, Roosevelt discussed issues including civil rights, women's rights, and various current events. This column allowed ER to spread her ideas, thoughts, and perspectives on contemporary events to the American public through local newspapers. Through My Day, Roosevelt became the first First Lady to write a daily newspaper column. Roosevelt also wrote for Ladies Home Journal, McCall's, and published various articles in Vogue and other women's magazines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933</span> US labor law and consumer law

The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the 73rd US Congress to authorize the president to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business opinion of the act had soured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treasury Relief Art Project</span> American New Deal work-relief project (1935–1938)

The Treasury Relief Art Project (TRAP) was a New Deal arts program that commissioned visual artists to provide artistic decoration for existing Federal buildings during the Great Depression in the United States. A project of the United States Department of the Treasury, TRAP was administered by the Section of Painting and Sculpture and funded by the Works Progress Administration, which provided assistants employed through the Federal Art Project. The Treasury Relief Art Project also created murals and sculpture for Public Works Administration housing projects. TRAP was established July 21, 1935, and continued through June 30, 1938.

Michael J. Gallagher born Scranton, PA 1898-died Philadelphia, PA 1965.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Deal artwork</span> U.S. work-relief output (1933–1942)

New Deal artwork is an umbrella term used to describe the creative output organized and funded by the Roosevelt administration's New Deal response to the Great Depression. This work produced between 1933 and 1942 ranges in content and form from Dorothea Lange's photographs for the Farm Security Administration to the Coit Tower murals to the library-etiquette posters from the Federal Art Project to the architecture of the Solomon Courthouse in Nashville, Tennessee. The New Deal sought to "democratize the arts" and is credited with creating a "great body of distinguished work and fostering a national aesthetic."

References

  1. ↑ "California's Living New Deal project". The Guardian. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  2. ↑ The Living New Deal does not currently document the tens of thousands of public service projects sponsored by the WPA (and other New Deal programs), such as sewing rooms, archaeological digs and work on library catalogs, because of their uncertain locations and / or absence of surviving results.
  3. ↑ LeCompte, Celeste. "Works in Progress". The Magazine. Aperiodical. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  4. ↑ Sward, Susan (April 27, 2014). "New Deal: An example for today?". The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  5. ↑ Onion, Rebecca (2014-12-30). "Five More Digital Archives and Historical Exhibits We Loved in 2014". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  6. ↑ Loth, Renée (November 28, 2014). "When public buildings were revered". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  7. ↑ Yglesias, Matthew (October 28, 2014). "See every New Deal project in America, in one map". Vox. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  8. ↑ King, John (September 1, 2008). "Chasing Bay Area artifacts of the New Deal". SFGate. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  9. ↑ "Digital database documents vital infrastructure created by the New Deal". PBS NewsHour . November 14, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  10. ↑ Hansen, Megan (December 16, 2013). "Mill Valley man, grandson of Franklin Delano Roosevelt talks about New Deal". Marin Independent Journal. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  11. ↑ Bouchard, Kelley (March 11, 2010). "Touched by New Deal". Portland Press Herald. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  12. ↑ Pogash, Carol (February 20, 2012). "Berkeley's Artwork Loss Is a Museum's Gain". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  13. ↑ Odcikin, Evren (26 July 2013). "Go on an Adventure with KQED's Let's Get Lost Mobile App". KQED. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  14. ↑ Bergman, Barry (12 May 2015). "New guide aims to help keep New Deal's legacy alive". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "Take a Self-Guided Tour of the New Deal in San Francisco". The Living New Deal. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
    "New York City Map and Guide". The Living New Deal. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
    "New Deal Washington, D.C. – Map and Guide". The Living New Deal. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  16. ↑ "Professor Emeritus Richard A Walker". Department of Geography, UC Berkeley. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  17. ↑ "Gray Brechin". Gray Brechin's official website. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  18. ↑ "Boards". The Living New Deal. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  19. ↑ "Researching New Deal Sites". Living New Deal. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  20. ↑ "The Living New Deal". App Store. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  21. ↑ Institute for Research on Labor and Employment
  22. ↑ support from the Columbia Foundation (now closed)
  23. ↑ History of the Living New Deal project
  24. ↑ Chandler, Lester. 1970, America's Greatest Depression, 1929–1941. New York: Harper and Row; Kindleberger, Charles. 1973. A World in Depression. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  25. ↑ "Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, July 2, 1932." The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara, retrieved March 10, 2023.
  26. ↑ Leuchtenburg, William. 1963. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–40, New York: Harper Torchbooks; Conkin, Paul. 1975. The New Deal, New York: Crowell; Rose, Nancy. 1994. Put to Work: Relief Programs in the Great Depression, New York: Cornerstone Books.
  27. ↑ Romer, Christina. 1992. "What Ended the Great Depression?" Journal of Economic History. 52, no. 4: 757–84; Field, Alexander. 2011. A Great Leap Forward: The 1930s Depression and US Economic Growth, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  28. ↑ Patterson, James. 1969, The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Amenta, Edwin. 2000, Bold Relief: Institutional Politics and the Origins of Modern American Social Policy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Cohen, Lizabeth, 2003,A Consumers' Republic: The Politics Of Mass Consumption In Postwar America, New York Alfred A. Knopf.
  29. ↑ There are histories of almost every agency, e.g.: Lilienthal, David. 1953. TVA: Democracy on the March, New York: Harper; Salmond, John. 1967. The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933–1942: A New Deal Case Study, Durham, NC: Duke University Press; Schwartz, Bonnie Fox. 1984. The Civil Works Administration, 1933–1934: The Business of Emergency Employment in the New Deal, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Radford, Gail. 1996. Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  30. ↑ "New Deal Programs". Living New Deal. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  31. ↑ Leighninger, Robert. 2007. Long Run Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal, Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press; Smith, Jason Scott. 2006. New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  32. ↑ Phillips-Fine, Kim. 2009. Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan, New York: W.W. Norton; Fraser, Steven and Gerstle, Gary (eds), 1989. The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  33. ↑ "New Signage for New York City's Eleven 1936 WPA Swimming Complexes." The New Deal in New York City 1933-1943, retrieved June 18, 2023.
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