The Phoebus Foundation

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The Phoebus Foundation
Logo Phoebus Foundation.jpg
Founder(s)Fernand Huts
Established2011
HeadKatharina Van Cauteren
Website https://phoebusfoundation.org

The Phoebus Foundation is an art foundation with philanthropic objectives. The foundation acquires works of art, guarantees a professional framework of conservation and management, and looks after the conservation and restoration of the objects. In doing so, it focuses on scientific research. It shares the results of this all with the widest possible audience, through exhibitions, cultural expeditions, symposiums and publications.

Contents

Fernand Huts and Katharina Van Cauteren, photo by Marc Gysens Katharina Van Cauteren & Fernand Huts.jpg
Fernand Huts and Katharina Van Cauteren, photo by Marc Gysens

Vision

The Phoebus Foundation was founded to ensure the future of what started as the private collection of Fernand and Karine Huts and of the family enterprise Katoen Natie. To extract the collection from the industrial and financial risks of the Katoen Natie group of companies, it was placed in an independent legal structure, aimed at the management of its property rights. The Katoen Natie and the Huts family are not beneficiaries of the foundation. Objects from the foundation can never be sold for the benefit of the company and/or the family. The Phoebus Foundation strives to return high quality pieces to Flanders and/or to keep them here. [1]

Anglo-Saxon inspiration

Phoebus Apollo by Jan Boeckhorst, from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation Boeckhorst Phoebus.jpg
Phoebus Apollo by Jan Boeckhorst, from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation

The Anglo-Saxon approach served as inspiration for the founding of the Phoebus Foundation, following the example of cultural foundations such as the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles and the Frick Collection in New York.

Financial support

The Phoebus Foundation and its operations are supported by the companies of the Katoen Natie group and the Indaver group.

Name

'Phoebus' refers to Phoebus Apollo. In ancient mythology, Apollo functioned as the protector and leader of the muses. Together they entertain themselves on Mount Parnassus. Apollo brings inspiration or even divine enlightenment and is the protector of the mythical golden age – a heavenly era in which violence, greed, jealousy and injustice do not yet exist.

Hugo Van der Goes' Madonna with saints from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation, on long-term loan to the Art Institute of Chicago Van der Goes The Phoebus Foundation.jpg
Hugo Van der Goes' Madonna with saints from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation, on long-term loan to the Art Institute of Chicago

Collections

The collection of the Phoebus Foundation consists of nine subcollections.

Art from the Southern Netherlands from the Middle Ages to the Baroque

Painting and sculpture are the focal points of this collection, but there are also manuscripts, prints, drawings, and decorative objects. The emphasis is on art from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, including works by Hugo Van der Goes, Hans Memling, Gerard David, Jan Gossaert, Pieter Bruegel, Maerten de Vos and Michaelina Wautier to Peter Paul Rubens, Antoon Van Dyck and Jacob Jordaens.

Belgian art from 1880 to 1930

Rik Wouters 'The pink avenue' from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation Wouters Phoebus.jpg
Rik Wouters 'The pink avenue' from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation

This collection centers around impressionist and symbolist artists from Sint-Martens-Latem, such as Emile Claus, Gustave Van de Woestyne, Valerius De Saedeleer and George Minne. It also features expressionists Gustave De Smet, Constant Permeke and Frits Van den Berghe, as well as works by Rik Wouters, James Ensor, Jules Schmalzigaug, Edgard Tytgat, Floris and Oscar Jespers, and surrealists such as Magritte and Delvaux.

Modern and contemporary art

The Phoebus Foundation owns works by Wim Delvoye, Marcel Broodthaers, Hans Vandekerckhove, Jan Vanriet and Jan Fabre.

In the park Singelberg, the Phoebus Foundation preserves works by the British artist Sophie Ryder, the Uruguayan Pablo Atchugarry, the Dutch Atelier Van Lieshout, and other artists such as Michaël Aerts, Hubert Minnebo and Wim Delvoye. In 2018, the Phoebus Foundation acquired numerous sculptures from the former Brussels Airport collection, with names such as George Grard, Jean-Michel Folon, Paul Van Hoeydonck, Jef Van Tuerenhout and Panamarenko. [2]

CoBrA

The Phoebus Foundation owns an extensive collection of CoBrA art. The focus is on the early period of the movement, with works by Karel Appel, Alechinsky, Corneille, Jorn, Pedersen and Christian Dotremont.

Textiles from ancient times

This collection consists of fabrics and archaeological objects from ancient Egypt, including from the pharaohs and the Silk Road. The permanent exhibition '3500 years of textile art' is dedicated to this collection in HeadquARTers. The exhibition explores the history of Egypt, with linen cloths, animal mummies, fragments of death books, death masks and the tunic room. The tunic room displays the largest collection of complete tunicas in the world, along with accessories such as hairnets, socks, footwear and jewellery. [3]

World map from Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation Ortelius Phoebus.jpg
World map from Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum from the collection of the Phoebus Foundation

20th-century Latin American art

The Phoebus Foundation possesses an extensive collection of Latin American art. The collection holds masterpieces from – among others – Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, with names such as Torres-Garcia, Gurvich, Alpuy, Berni, Schvartz and Matto. [4]

Topography

This collection holds more than four hundred maps, atlases and cityscapes from the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Highlights include atlases from Mercator, Ortelius, Hondius, Blaeu [5] and Kaerius.

Reynaert de vos

The Phoebus Foundation is the proud owner of more than 350 books about Reynaert de vos, from the early 16th century to today. This collection was exhibited in 2018 in the form of an 'expedition' about the medieval epic. In order to launch this the foundation worked together with Rik Van Daele, secretary-treasurer of the Reynaertgenootschap.

Port heritage

In 2003 Katoen Natie took the initiative to save the historical patrimony of the port companies. This resulted in a considerable collection of port heritage and historical photographs of the port of Antwerp. [6] [7]

Conservation and management

The Phoebus Foundation is devoted to preserving the works of art from its own collection. The pieces are kept in the best possible conditions in air-conditioned art depots of Katoen Natie. The Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp also keeps a part of its collection here. [8]

In the restoration studio of The Phoebus Foundation, artworks are preserved, restored and subjected to scientific research.

Research

The Phoebus Foundation strives for maximum knowledge acquisition on its own objects and on the broader cultural background in which these objects developed or functioned. In order to do so the Phoebus Foundation works together with academics and researchers at home and abroad. Such projects result into large and small exhibitions and/or publications.

The Dymphna altarpiece by Goswin Van der Weyden, formerly on display at the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp Kmska Goswin van der Weyden (1465-1538) - Heilige Dymphnareeks (1504-1505) - 28-02-2010 13-46-10.jpg
The Dymphna altarpiece by Goswin Van der Weyden, formerly on display at the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp
Restoration of a 16th-century triptych of 'Saint Luke painting the Madonna' Restauratie-atelier The Phoebus Foundation 2.jpg
Restoration of a 16th-century triptych of 'Saint Luke painting the Madonna'

Zot van Dymphna is a large-scale research and restoration campaign on the 'Dymphna altarpiece' by Goswen Van der Weyden, the grandson of the famous Rogier. This monumental altar comes from the Norbertine abbey of Tongerlo near Geel and has been part of the collection of the Phoebus Foundation since 2010. [9] The restoration treatment takes place between 2017 and 2020.

Thuis bij Jacob Jordaens is another research project. In 1652 Jacob Jordaens painted a series of ceiling pieces about the love story of Amor and Psyche for his spacious home in Antwerp. These paintings have been recognized as masterpieces by the Flemish Community. [10] For the first time in art history they are being restored and explored extensively.

Exhibitions

The Phoebus Foundation aims to ensure maximal accessibility of the collection to the widest possible audience. Therefore, the chancellery regularly organizes exhibitions:

3500 years of textile art (Enduring)

Since 2011, this permanent exhibition in Antwerp shows fabrics, clothing and archaeological findings from ancient Egypt, Rome and the Silk Road. [11] In collaboration with The Phoebus Foundation and Katoen Natie, an international congress by the name 'Textiles from the Nile Valley' is also organized here every two years. The company also finances the publication of the conference bundles. [12]

OER. The roots of Flanders (March–August 2017)

This exhibition was organized in the Caermers Monastery in Ghent. OER talked about a tipping point in art and cultural history, and took the visitor to the early 20th century. In a separate scenography, works from the collection of The Phoebus Foundation were shown here, alongside masterpieces from Flemish private collections, such as, the collection of Herman De Bode. This collection was acquired almost integrally in 2018 by The Phoebus Foundation.

The Birth of Capitalism: The Golden age of Flanders (June 2016 – January 2017)

This exhibition in the Caermers Monastery in Ghent took the visitor through the five golden centuries of the Southern Netherlands, ending at the Eighty Years' War. This exhibition not only showed pieces from The Phoebus Foundation, but also from The Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp, the MAS, the Royal Library Albert I and the GroeningeMuseum. There were works by Hans Memling, Jan Gossaert and Peter Paul Rubens. [13] This exhibition was not undisputed. Opponents talked about the 'marketing of public cultural activities'. At the opening, they therefore organized a symbolic funeral procession. [14]

VOSSEN: Expedition in the land of Reynaert (May–September 2018)

The large collection of Reynaert the Fox was exhibited in 2018 in the form of an 'expedition' about the medieval animal epic. The expedition takes visitors on a cycling tour of 40 to 60 km through the Flemish Waasland and the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders. During this experience, the visitors get to know the medieval story of Reynaert the Fox in a playful and accessible way. [15]

Daniel Seghers (1590–1661) in the Keizerskapel (August–September 2018)

After the presentation of the triptych with Saint Luke painting the Madonna, The Phoebus Foundation focuses on another piece from its collection: a floral still life by Daniël Seghers (1590–1661). His art was heavily sought-after by the European nobility during the first half of the 17th century. According to the famous poet Constantijn Huyghens, you could almost smell the flowers displayed on the paintings. Today, Daniël Seghers is hardly known to the public. With this new thematic exhibition, the Phoebus Foundation wants to draw attention to this painter. [16]

Lace is More! (May–November 2019)

"Lace is More! offered a historical survey of lace production from the sixteenth century to the present, while also surprising visitors with contemporary lace artworks. A selection of masterpieces from the old master collection combined with textile fragments, contemporary art and haute couture told the unique story of this home-grown Flemish luxury product. Lace is inextricably linked with the history of Flanders. Nowhere in the world do these precious family heirlooms, passed down from generation to generation, have such a unique character as here." [17]

The Bold and the Beautiful (March 2020–April 2021)

"The many portraits in The Phoebus Foundation collection from the Middle Ages to the early modern era formed the ideal starting point from which to tell the fascinating story of portrait art." [18]

From Memling to Rubens: The Golden Age of Flanders (April 2021–November 2021)

"From Memling to Rubens showed Flemish art from the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as you have never seen it before. The exhibition was a journey through three hundred years of cultural history, with breathtaking masterpieces from the collection of The Phoebus Foundation in the leading role. Unknown gems by Hans Memling, Quinten Metsys, Peter Paul Rubens, Jacob Jordaens and Anthony Van Dyck took you to a world full of folly and sin, fascination and ambition. From Memling to Rubens was about dukes and emperors, about rich citizens and poor saints, about art rooms as wine cellars and about Antwerp as Hollywood on the Scheldt." [19]

Crazy about Dymphna: The Story of a Girl Who Drove a Medieval City Mad (April 2021–November 2021)

"Following several years of intensive research, The Phoebus Foundation has embarked on a large-scale conservation project: the magisterial St Dymphna Altar, a masterpiece by Goossen Van der Weyden, grandson of the celebrated Flemish Primitive painter Rogier Van der Weyden. Goossen created the altarpiece for Abbot Antoon Tsgrooten of the Norbertine Abbey in Tongerlo. It tells the tragic story of Dymphna, an Irish princess and patron saint of the mentally ill, who is venerated in the town of Geel, in the Kempen region of Flanders.

In the five hundred years since it was painted, the altarpiece has been cut down, neglected, vandalized, stolen and forgotten. The Phoebus Foundation recently decided to go ahead with a thorough restoration, the results of which can now be presented to the public.

In 2021 the panels were being hosted by Niguliste Museum in Tallinn (Estonia), where an interactive scenography immersed the visitor in the Irish saint’s extraordinary world. Visitors could discover the exceptional stories, forgotten for centuries, that unfolded beneath the layers of dust and dirt, while experiencing the unique history of a monumental altarpiece." [20]

At Home with Jordaens (October 2021–May 2022)

"In cooperation with the Frans Hals Museum, The Phoebus Foundation presents the exhibition At home with Jordaens: the first monographic exhibition of the seventeenth-century Antwerp master Jacob Jordaens in the Netherlands." [21]

Crazy about Dymphna: The Story of a Girl who Drove a Medieval City Mad (April–October 2022)

The Phoebus Foundation returned with their Dymphna exhibition to Geel, where the exhibition was held in St Dymphna's Church. Due to its success, Crazy about Dymphna has been extended by a little bit longer than a month. [22] [23]

Saints, Sinners, Lovers, and Fools: 300 Years of Flemish Masterworks (October 2022–January 2023)

In collaboration with Denver Art Museum, The Phoebus Foundation organized a new exhibition in which their 15th- to 17th-century masterpieces will be presented to a new audience in the U.S., revealing the fascinating world of various artists from the Southern Netherlands. [24] [25]

Loans

In addition to organizing exhibitions, The Phoebus Foundation often gives works on loan to museums at home and abroad. For example, works by the foundation were given on long-term loan to the Antwerp Rubens House, [26] the Museum aan de Stroom (Antwerp), DIVA (Antwerp), the Rockox & Snydershuis (Antwerp), [27] and to the Art Institute in Chicago. The foundation also cooperates with the Antwerp Keizerskapel. [28] The Phoebus Foundation also lends short-term artifacts to temporary exhibitions such as the Teseum in Tongeren.

Coptic textiles in the Teseum in Tongeren

In the second half of 2018 an exhibition of eighty Coptic objects from the Phoebus Foundation took place in the treasury of the Teseum in Tongeren. The exhibition featured craft items such as clothing, fabrics and tools. Furthermore, it showed Coptic texts, pottery and household objects. [29]

Publications

Books

Phoebus Focus

In September 2017, the foundation started publishing a series of scientific publications in which gems from the collection are put in the spotlight. Hereby, for each new publication, art historians who specialize in the theme in question are called upon and can tell the story in a fascinating and accessible way.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob Jordaens</span> Flemish painter (1593–1678)

Jacob (Jacques) Jordaens was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and a designer of tapestries and prints. He was a prolific artist who created biblical, mythological, and allegorical compositions, genre scenes, landscapes, illustrations of Flemish sayings and portraits. After the death of Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, he became the leading Flemish Baroque painter of his time. Unlike those illustrious contemporaries he never travelled abroad to study the Antique and Italian painting and, except for a few short trips to locations elsewhere in the Low Countries, he resided in Antwerp his entire life. He also remained largely indifferent to Rubens and van Dyck's intellectual and courtly aspirations. This attitude was expressed in his art through a lack of idealistic treatment which contrasted with that of these contemporaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alte Pinakothek</span> Art museum in Munich, Germany

The Alte Pinakothek is an art museum located in the Kunstareal area in Munich, Germany. It is one of the oldest galleries in the world and houses a significant collection of Old Master paintings. The name Alte (Old) Pinakothek refers to the time period covered by the collection—from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century. The Neue Pinakothek, re-built in 1981, covers nineteenth-century art, and Pinakothek der Moderne, opened in 2002, exhibits modern art. All three galleries are part of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, an organization of the Free state of Bavaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cornelis de Vos</span> 17th-century Flemish painter

Cornelis de Vos was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and art dealer. He was one of the leading portrait painters in Antwerp and is best known for his sensitive portraits, in particular of children and families. He was also successful in other genres including history, religious and genre painting. He was a regular collaborator with Rubens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flemish painting</span> Painting style from the County of Flanders

Flemish painting flourished from the early 15th century until the 17th century, gradually becoming distinct from the painting of the rest of the Low Countries, especially the modern Netherlands. In the early period, up to about 1520, the painting of the whole area is typically considered as a whole, as Early Netherlandish painting. This was dominated by the Flemish south, but painters from the north were also important. Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, of which Antwerp became the centre, covers the period up to about 1580 or later, by the end of which the north and south Netherlands had become politically separated. Flemish Baroque painting was especially important in the first half of the 17th century, dominated by Rubens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp</span> Art museum in Antwerp, Belgium

The Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp is a museum in Antwerp, Belgium, founded in 1810, that houses a collection of paintings, sculptures and drawings from the fourteenth to the twentieth centuries. This collection is representative of the artistic production and the taste of art enthusiasts in Antwerp, Belgium and the Northern and Southern Netherlands since the 15th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boerentoren</span> Historic high-rise building in Antwerp, Belgium

The Boerentoren is a historic high-rise building in Antwerp, Belgium. Constructed between 1929 and 1932 and originally 87.5 m (287 ft) high, it remained the tallest building and the second-tallest structure in the city until 2019, when the Antwerp Tower surpassed it with a height of 100.7 m (330 ft). At the time of construction, it was the second tallest building in Europe by roof height.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Snayers</span> Flemish painter (1592–1667)

Peter Snayers or Pieter Snayers (1592–1667) was a Flemish painter known for his panoramic battle scenes, depictions of cavalry skirmishes, attacks on villages, coaches and convoys and hunting scenes. He established his reputation mainly through his topographic battle scenes providing a bird's eye view over the battlefield. He further painted large landscapes and portraits of the aristocracy. He was a regular collaborator of local landscape painters and also Rubens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flemish Baroque painting</span> Painting movement

Flemish Baroque painting was a style of painting in the Southern Netherlands during Spanish control in the 16th and 17th centuries. The period roughly begins when the Dutch Republic was split from the Habsburg Spain regions to the south with the Spanish recapturing of Antwerp in 1585 and goes until about 1700, when Spanish Habsburg authority ended with the death of King Charles II. Antwerp, home to the prominent artists Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens, was the artistic nexus, while other notable cities include Brussels and Ghent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Boeckhorst</span> German-born Flemish Baroque painter and draughtsman (c. 1604–1668)

Jan Boeckhorst or Johann Bockhorst was a German-born Flemish Baroque painter and draughtsman who worked most of his career in Antwerp. He was a versatile artist who produced history paintings, genre scenes and portraits in a style influenced by the trio of leading Antwerp painters Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck and Jacob Jordaens. Boeckhorst also worked as a designer of cartoons for tapestries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hendrick de Clerck</span>

Hendrick de Clerck was a Flemish painter active in Brussels during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Stylistically he belongs to the late Mannerist generation of artists preceding Peter Paul Rubens and the Flemish Baroque, and his paintings are very similar to his contemporary Marten de Vos. His exact date of birth is unknown, but in 1594 he is employed as court painter to Archduke Ernest, a position he continued to hold in the service of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella following Ernest's death in 1596.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willem van Herp</span> Flemish painter

Willem van Herp (I) or Willem van Herp the Elder (variations on first name: 'Guilliam', 'Gilliam' and 'Guillaume') (c. 1614 in Antwerp – 1677) was a Flemish Baroque painter specializing in religious paintings and small cabinet paintings of "low-life" genre scenes. He operated a large workshop and through his good connections with Antwerp art dealers helped spread the Flemish Baroque style internationally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katoen Natie</span> Logistics services company

Katoen Natie is an international logistics service provider and port operator. The company is present in 36 countries in five continents and employs about 13,000 people worldwide. In 2009 the company had 154 logistics platforms. Its headquarters are located in Antwerp, Belgium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob Neefs</span>

Jacob Neefs or Jacob Neeffs was a Flemish etcher, engraver and publisher. He worked on publication projects for prominent Flemish artists of his time including Rubens, van Dyck and Jacob Jordaens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacques de l'Ange</span>

Jacques de l'Ange or the Monogrammist JAD was a Flemish painter and draughtsman known for his genre scenes and history paintings executed in a Caravaggesque style. The artist was only rediscovered in the mid-1990s as his work was previously attributed to other Northern Caravaggists and in particular the Utrecht School Caravaggists or Flemish Carravagists.

<i>Saint Martin Dividing his Cloak</i> (van Dyck) Painting by Anthony van Dyck

St Martin Dividing his Cloak is a painting by the Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck dated around 1618, which is an altarpiece in the Sint-Martinuskerk in Zaventem, Belgium. The painting portrays the story of Saint Martin sharing his cloak with a beggar. This early work of van Dyck was painted when he was strongly influenced by Rubens's style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peeter Symons</span>

Peeter Symons or Peeter Simons was a Flemish painter only known for his collaboration with Rubens in 1636 on the commission from the Spanish king Philip IV of Spain to create a series of mythological paintings to decorate the Torre de la Parada, a hunting lodge of the king near Madrid.

Hans Nieuwdorp is a Belgian art historian specialized in late medieval sculpture. In 2000, he was appointed director of the Art Museums of the City of Antwerp.

<i>Apollo as Victor over Pan</i> Painting by Jacob Jordaens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kobe (artist)</span> Belgian visual artist and sculptor

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maagdenhuis Museum</span> Art museum, Historical museum in Antwerp, Belgium

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References

  1. Hildegard Van de Velde (2018). De allegorie van de zeven vrije kunsten. De verbeelding van Maerten de Vos (in Dutch). Kanselarij Phoebus Foundation vzw. p. 64. ISBN   9789082829013.
  2. "Luchthaven veilt Belgische kunst voor goede doel". De Tijd (in Dutch). 20 February 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  3. De Moor, Antoine; Verhecken-Lammens, Chris; Maertens, Hugo (2008). 3500 jaar textielkunst : de collectie art in HeadquaARTers. Tielt: Lannoo. ISBN   9789020970869. OCLC   317577906.
  4. Malosetti Costa, Laura (17 May 2024). Kunst uit Latijns-Amerika: modern en hedendaags. Tielt. ISBN   9789401410847. OCLC   911019711.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. Either or both of Willem Blaeu (1571–1638) and his son Joan Blaeu (1596–1673).
  6. Devos, Greta; Asaert, Gustaaf; Suykens, Fernand (2004). De Antwerpse naties zes eeuwen actief in haven en stad. Tielt: Lannoo. ISBN   9020956302. OCLC   902233331.
  7. ATV (24 June 2013). Katoennatie wil havenerfgoed publiek toegankelijk maken.
  8. Van Passel, Véronique (19 June 2012). "Opening Nieuw Extern Depot Van Het Koninklijk Museum Voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen" (PDF) (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 April 2018.
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  12. Vogelsang-Eastwood, Gillian. "Textiles of the Nile Valley Conference, Antwerp 2017". SashWeaver. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
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  16. "Daniel Seghers (1590–1661) in the Keizerskapel -". CODART. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  17. "Lace is More!". The Phoebus Foundation (in Flemish). Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  18. "The Bold and the Beautiful". The Phoebus Foundation (in Flemish). Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  19. "From Memling to Rubens". The Phoebus Foundation (in Flemish). Retrieved 26 September 2022.
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  21. "At Home with Jordaens". The Phoebus Foundation (in Flemish). Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  22. "Crazy about Dymphna". The Phoebus Foundation (in Flemish). Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  23. "Expo 'Zot van Dimpna' wegens succes met meer dan maand verlengd". Het Nieuwsblad (in Flemish). 17 August 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
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  29. De Kopten, een ander Egypte Site Teseum, geraadpleegd op 19 juni 2018