Thomas Phillips (engineer)

Last updated

Thomas Phillips
Three admirals.jpg
Phillips (left), together with Ralph Delaval (right) and John Benbow (centre).
Died22 November 1693
Aboard HMS Norwich at Guernsey Road in the Channel Islands
Allegiance Kingdom of England
Service/branch Royal Navy
Years of service1661? 1693
RankSecond Engineer of the Ordnance

Thomas Phillips (died 22 November 1693) was a Royal Navy officer and engineer who worked with some of the leading naval figures of his period, and was involved in military operations against the French during the Nine Years' War.

Contents

Early years

Little is known about Phillips's origins and background, though his parents may have been Welsh. He is first recorded in 1661, when he was appointed as master gunner of HMS Portsmouth. He rose further, passing an examination by the master gunner of England in 1672 and becoming a gunner in the Tower of London. The following year in 1673 he was back with the Royal Navy during the closing stages of the First Anglo-Dutch War, serving under Admiral Edward Spragge. He was commissioned an ensign in the company of the governor of Portsmouth, George Legge. During this period he became an expert on bombardment and fortification and achieved recognition of his abilities as a military engineer. He was dispatched to the Channel Islands in 1679–80, where he surveyed and drew up plans of the Islands from a tactical perspective.

Overseas service

Still with Legge, by now Lord Dartmouth, Phillips joined him in an expedition to destroy the fortifications and mole at Tangier in 1683. He dutifully recorded the expedition's success in a series of drawings. During this time, he fell in with Samuel Pepys, who had also accompanied the expedition. Pepys recorded that Phillips had 'views on many topics, including the improvement of navigation skills, the need to study the world's currents, the importance of mathematics in the educational curriculum of children intended for careers at sea, the simplification of the rigging of ships, and the needlessness of discovering the means of calculating longitude, which he believed would only bring about miscarriages at sea.'

Phillips returned to England in April 1684, and by July had been appointed third engineer of the ordnance. He visited France in the summer of 1684. Whilst in Luxembourg he met fellow military engineer and expert in fortifications, Vauban. He also took the opportunity to view frontier fortifications on the Rhine and at the channel ports. He reported back to his patron Dartmouth that he had 'taken particular observations of all things that can in any way be serviceable to us, especially in the affairs of the artillery' [1] Having gained valuable knowledge of the continental styles of fortification, Phillips was ordered to inspect the defences of Portsmouth, design and prepare any new works he thought necessary, and then oversee their construction. A further commission came in August that year, when he was sent to Ireland by the Duke of Ormonde to carry out a survey of the existing harbours and their fortifications, draw up plans of their designs and give advice on repairs. He issued his report in 1685, in which he criticised the existing defences and made recommendations for improvements costing some £554,000.

For his surveys, he drew up meticulous plans of key strategic locations. He drafted a report entitled 'Rules, orders and directions for regulating the office of ordnance in Ireland' and together with Francis Povey carried out a survey of the ordnance and arms remaining in the king's stores in Ireland. He subsequently advised the building of new storehouses. The reports were presented to King James II, who referred to matter to the Irish administration in 1686. The immense cost that would have been involved in implementing Phillips' proposals meant that little was done about them however, and he returned to England in the summer of 1685. His departure was lamented by the former master-general of the Irish ordnance the Earl of Longford, who wrote to Lord Dartmouth praising the character and conduct of 'Honest Tom Phillips' [2] Phillips also carried out a number of paintings of Irish towns and harbours in a variety of mediums including pencil, pen and ink, and colourwash. They are significant in showing the influence of Dutch landscapists then at work in England, as well as being a useful topographical record of Irish towns in the late seventeenth century.

Fall from grace and subsequent return

Having received good references from his patrons, Phillips was appointed second engineer in December 1685, a post with an annual salary of £250. He was based at the Board of Ordnance in London but toured the Navy bases and strategic harbours, such as Poole, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Chatham, and Sheerness to inspect and advise on the defences. He erected a fort on Hounslow Heath in 1687 for the army's summer exercises, and in December was commissioned captain of the company of miners in Lord Dartmouth's ordnance regiment. Phillips was in Portsmouth during the Glorious Revolution in November 1688, and wrote to Dartmouth to report on the strength of the Dutch fleet which had brought William of Orange to Torbay.

Murray's full portrait. Alongside Phillips (left) are John Benbow (centre) and Sir Ralph Delaval (right). The three had been important figures in British fleet operations against the north coast of France during 1692-93. Three admirals.jpg
Murray's full portrait. Alongside Phillips (left) are John Benbow (centre) and Sir Ralph Delaval (right). The three had been important figures in British fleet operations against the north coast of France during 1692–93.

The revolution caused his patron, Lord Dartmouth, to fall from power and perhaps out of bitterness, Phillips refused to go to Ireland in 1689 on the pretext that he was owed significant arrears of salary. The expedition's commander Frederick Schomberg dismissed Phillips from the post of second engineer. He returned to work on Portsmouth's fortifications in July 1690, receiving commendations for his diligence from Queen Mary. He joined the Duke of Marlborough's expedition to Munster in September that year, and showed his expertise during the sieges of Cork and Kinsale. As a reward he was restored to his office as second engineer in April 1691. He had also spent his time in designing a new gun carriage for naval warships, and in 1690 his design was adopted for all the guns of HMS Royal Sovereign. He had also developed a mould to cast large cannon. He had hoped to establish a company to supply ordnance to the crown, but died before this was realised.

Last campaigns

Phillips's pay was in arrears again by 1692, causing him significant financial difficulties. He was sent in August with a squadron to reconnoitre the Channel Islands and St Malo, the latter being the main base for French privateers. He returned to England and presented his report in October. He was then appointed, in 1693, to the post of chief engineer to the train of brass ordnance for sea service. In November he was assigned to a naval squadron under Commodore John Benbow, which was equipped with bomb vessels and fireships and was ordered to destroy St Malo. Phillips directed the bomb vessels during the opening three-day-long bombardment, before taking charge of a 300-ton galliot loaded with explosives. He brought it inshore on 19 November, intending to use it to reduce the town to ashes. The ship ran aground and exploded before it could reach the harbour, but the blast succeeded in damaging hundreds of houses and bringing down the port's sea wall.

Death and legacy

Painting in the UK government collection which has Phillips replaced by the Earl of Orford. 06436 orford benbow delavall.jpg
Painting in the UK government collection which has Phillips replaced by the Earl of Orford.

Phillips escaped and returned to the fleet, but may have been injured in the escapade. He died three days later aboard Benbow's flagship, HMS Norwich at Guernsey Road in the Channel Islands on 22 November 1693. His body was brought back to Portsmouth and he was buried on 29 November with military honours in the church. His son Thomas received an allowance to study engineering, whilst his widow, Frances sought payment of his arrears of pay and a pension out of the Welsh revenue to support five children.

The British Library, the National Library of Ireland, the Public Record Office, and Worcester College, Oxford, hold collections of Phillips's surviving plans and drawings. The illustration shows Murray's painting of Phillips with Admiral John Benbow and Admiral Sir Ralph Delaval which is held at the National Maritime Museum. Intriguingly the British Government's art collection also contains an almost identical painting by Godfrey Kneller but Phillips has been replaced by Edward Russell, the first Earl of Orford (Moreover, the picture looks more complete as the figure on the left's hand now holds an object). [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Rooke</span> Royal Navy admiral (1650–1709)

Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Rooke was an English naval officer. As a junior officer he saw action at the Battle of Solebay and again at the Battle of Schooneveld during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. As a captain, he conveyed Prince William of Orange to England and took part in the Battle of Bantry Bay during the Williamite War in Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Benbow</span> 17th-century English Royal Navy admiral

Vice-Admiral John Benbow was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He joined the navy aged 25 years, seeing action against Algerian pirates before leaving and joining the merchant navy where he traded until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereupon he returned to the Royal Navy and was commissioned.

Admiral Sir John Ashby was an officer of the Royal Navy, who rose to the rank of Admiral. Ashby was the fourth son of Robert Ashby and his wife Alice, who was a sister of Sir Thomas Allin. He grew up in Suffolk where his father was involved in business.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer</span> Anglo-Irish navy officer

Admiral of the Fleet Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer, of Covent Garden, Westminster, and Westcliffe, near Dover, was an Anglo-Irish Royal Navy officer and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1695 and 1720.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Wynter</span> Welsh admiral under Queen Elizabeth I of England

Admiral Sir William Wynter was an admiral and principal officer of the Council of the Marine under Queen Elizabeth I of England and served the crown during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth</span>

George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth PC was an English Royal Navy officer, who was appointed Admiral of the Fleet by James II in September 1688. However, he failed to intercept the invasion force under William III that landed at Torbay on 5 November 1688 and was dismissed following the Glorious Revolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Leake</span> English naval officer and politician

Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Leake was a Royal Navy officer and politician. As a junior officer he saw action at the Battle of Texel during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. He then distinguished himself when he led the convoy that broke the barricading boom at Culmore Fort thereby lifting the siege of Derry during the Williamite War in Ireland. As a captain he saw action in some of the heaviest fighting at the Battle of Barfleur and was also involved in a successful attack on the French ships at the Battle of La Hogue during the Nine Years' War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Erle</span> English army general and politician (1650–1720)

General Thomas Erle PC of Charborough, Dorset, was a general in the English Army and, thereafter, the British Army. He was also a Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons of England and of Great Britain from 1678 to 1718. He was Governor of Portsmouth and a Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance.

Sir Bernard de Gomme was a Dutch military engineer. By some he is considered the most important figure in 17th-century English military engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Walton (Royal Navy officer)</span> Royal Navy admiral (c. 1644–1739)

Sir George Walton was an officer in the Royal Navy during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, eventually rising to the rank of Admiral.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Whetstone</span>

Sir William Whetstone was an officer of the Royal Navy in the later 17th and early eighteenth century. He eventually rose to the rank of rear admiral, having spent his career serving with several distinguished figures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolfgang William Romer</span>

Wolfgang William Romer was a Dutch military engineer, born at The Hague.

Edmund Dummer (1651–1713) was an English naval engineer and shipbuilder who, as Surveyor of the Navy, designed and supervised the construction of the Royal Navy dockyard at (Devonport), Plymouth and designed the extension of that at Portsmouth. His survey of the south coast ports is a valuable and well-known historic document. He also served Arundel as Member of Parliament for approximately ten years and founded the first packet service between Falmouth, Cornwall and the West Indies. He died a bankrupt in the Fleet debtors' prison.

Greenvile Collins was an officer of the Royal Navy and prominent hydrographer, who compiled Great Britain's Coasting Pilot, the first survey of the country's coast undertaken by a Briton.

Sir Martin Beckman (1634/35–1702) was a draughtsman/painter, Swedish-English colonel, chief engineer and master gunner of England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Admiralty in the 17th century</span>

During the early 17th century, England's relative naval power deteriorated, In the course of the rest of the 17th century, The office of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs steered the Navy's transition from a semi-amateur Navy Royal fighting in conjunction with private vessels into a fully professional institution, a Royal Navy. Its financial provisions were gradually regularised, it came to rely on dedicated warships only, and it developed a professional officer corps with a defined career structure, superseding an earlier mix of sailors and socially prominent former soldiers.

John Peter Desmaretz was a British civil and military engineer. His projects included a new entrance to Shoreham-by-Sea's harbour (1753), powder and horse mills in Faversham (1755-1763) and for gun batteries at vulnerable points on the coasts of Kent and Sussex (1759). He also advised on modifications to Edward Gatton's plans for Ramsgate harbour (1749-1772).

Lewis Petit des Etans was a French-born military engineer and brigadier-general in the British Army.

Admiral Salmon Morrice was a Royal Navy officer and Vice-admiral of the White.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justly Watson</span> British military engineer (d. 1757)

Justly Watson was an English army officer and military engineer in the British Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Engineers. He served beside his father Jonas Watson, an officer in the Royal Artillery, at the Siege of Gibraltar in 1727. He joined the Royal Engineers in 1732, served at Carthagena, and in the futile attempt on Cuba, in 1741, and the attack on Panama in 1742. He was stationed at Jamaica from 1742 to 1744, surveyed Darien and Florida in 1743, and served in the descent on Brittany in 1746. He was appointed chief engineer in the Medway Division in 1748, and reported on the West African stations from 1755 to 1756. He was stationed in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in 1757, and died there, probably from coffee poisoned by a black female domestic.

References

  1. Dartmouth MSS, 1.119–20
  2. Dartmouth MSS, 1.125
  3. UK Government Art collection retrieved 15 2008
  4. bravebenbow