 | This article needs additional citations for verification .(November 2023) |
Below is the timeline of Paraguayan history .
| | This article needs additional citations for verification .(November 2023) |
Below is the timeline of Paraguayan history .
1516: Conquistador Juan Díaz de Solís leads an unsuccessful expedition to explore the area later known as Paraguay.
1524: Portuguese explorer Aleixo Garcia leads a Guaraní army of 200 across the Gran Chaco.
1526: Navigator Sebastian Cabot sails up the River Paraná and establishes a settlement known as Sancti Spiritu.
1530: Conquistador Don Pedro de Mendoza attempts to reach the area, but fails at the banks of the River Plate. His second in command Juan de Ayolas sails up the River Paraguay and discovers Cabot's abandoned settlement. Domingo Martínez de Irala, another sailor, joins him and is appointed lieutenant to take charge of the region. Ayolas ventures into the Chaco and disappears.
1537: Explorers Juan de Salazar de Espinosa and Gonzalo de Mendoza sail upstream to meet Irala, who guides them to a safe port. A fort is constructed on the riverbank on August 15 and named Asunción for the Catholic feast day. It becomes an outpost for goods being shipped across the continent and later the colony's capital. Settlers are given the right to elect leaders of the colony.
1541: The garrison of Buenos Aires abandons the town and resettles in Asunción.
1542: The province of Paraguay placed under authority of Viceroyalty of Peru. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca appointed governor.
1543-44: War over the location of the seat of government breaks out. Vaca moves towards Lima, is defeated by natives and returns to Spain. Irala is re-appointed governor.
1544 - 1555: Irala modernizes Paraguay by introducing agriculture and local industry. He repairs relations with the natives.
1556: Irala dies.
1588: Jesuits start their work on establishing Jesuit reductions for native Guaranis in the Governorate of Paraguay.
1589 - 1639: Mameluco slave raids ravish Paraguay until natives are given the right to bear arms and defend themselves.
1640 - 1720: Colonists and Guaranis prosper under the Jesuits in Paraguay.
1721 - 1732: Revolt of the Comuneros against the Jesuits. Revolt is defeated.
1750: Jesuits lose the support of the Spanish Crown.
1750 - 1761: Guaraní War. Spanish–Portuguese forces sack the Jesuit reductions, killing around 1500 Guaranís.
1767: Suppression of the Society of Jesus, the last Jesuits are expelled from colonial Paraguay.
1776: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata which includes the Province of Paraguay, is created.
1796 - 1806: Governor Lázaro de Ribera y Espinoza is in charge of Paraguay. Heavy taxes imposed by the Spanish provoke a popular revolt, which he suppresses by numerous executions.
1810: Royalism declines in South America as the king of Spain is deposed by Napoleon. May Revolution breaks out in the Viceroyalty. Governor of Paraguay Bernardo de Velasco remains loyal to the Crown and rejects revolution of Buenos Aires.
1810 - 1811: Buenos Aires starts Paraguay campaign. Argentine general Manuel Belgrano leads an army of 1100 troops to capture royalist Asunción, and defeats a small force of Paraguayans at the Battle of Campichuelo but is defeated in Battle of Paraguarí and Tacuarí.
1811, May 14 - Military and political uprising in Asuncion against governor Velasco. A three-man ruling junta, which includes Velasco, is created. This is the beginning of the independence of Paraguay. [1]
1811, June 17 - National Congress meets for the first time. Velasco removed from all power and a five-man junta led by Fulgencio Yegros created.
1813 - National Congress creates the First Consulate with Fulgencio Yegros and Francia as consuls.
1813, October 12: Republic of Paraguay proclaimed.
1814: Francia elected to the post of Supreme dictator.
1816: Francia elected to the post of Supremo dictator (El Supremo) for life.
1820 - 1821: Plot against Francia discovered. Independence leaders arrested. Caballero commits suicide in his cell and Yegros is executed. Spaniards of Asunción arrested and forced to pay 100,000 Pesos.
1824: Property of clergy confiscated.
1828: All private land confiscated. Education made compulsory.
1836: First public library opens.
1840: Francia dies. Manuel Antonio Ortiz leads the Provisional junta.
1841: Mariano Roque Alonzo assumes power, creates the Second Consulate with Carlos Antonio López.
1842, November 25: Official Act of Independence proclaimed.
1844: Carlos Antonio López elected President, establishes his dictatorship.
1862: Carlos Antonio Lopez dies and his eldest son Francisco Solano López is appointed President.
1864: Lopez declares war on Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. Paraguayan War begins.
1865: Battle of the Riachuelo. Paraguayan navy destroyed. Remaining ships scuttled in the River Yhaguy.
1866: Battle of Tuyutí. Largest battle ever fought on South American soil. Allied advance halted by Paraguay at Curupayty.
1867: Fall of Humaitá. Allies begin march on Asunción.
1868: Paraguay defeated at the Battle of Avay. Paraguayan army begins to collapse.
1869, January 1: Allied armies occupy Asuncion, occupy Paraguay until 1876.
1869: Paraguayan army defeated at the Battle of Acosta Ñu. Lopez goes on the run with his wife Eliza Lynch and his children, as well as the remainder of his army, mostly children, elderly and women.
1870: Lopez finally defeated at Battle of Cerro Corá and killed soon after.
1870: Provisional government collapses, Cirilo Antonio Rivarola elected president.
1870: The 1870 Constitution is written.
1871: Salvador Jovellanos takes over after Rivarola's resignation.
1871: A revolt from veteran officers of the Triple Alliance War is aborted in Tacuaral.
1874: Juan Bautista Gill elected president, in the aftermath of revolts by Bernardino Caballero and Brazilian intervention.
1875: Riots break out in Caacupé, and soon spread all over the country. Rebellion quashed.
1877: President Gill is assassinated under orders from Juan Silvano Godoi. Higinio Uriarte takes over the presidency.
1878: Cándido Bareiro elected president.
1878: Juan Silvano Godoi tries to topple Bareiro with a gunboat, but is stopped while sailing up the Paraguay River by an Argentine Navy ship.
1880: Adolfo Saguier, Bareiro's vice-president is sidelined after Bareiro's death, with Bernardino Caballero taking over the presidency.
1882: Bernardino Caballero controversially elected president.
1886: Patricio Escobar elected president.
1887: Liberal Party and Colorado Party established.
1887: Bernhard Förster and his wife Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche) establish Nueva Germania settler community in the San Pedro Department.
1889: The National University is founded. Electric power installed for the first time in the country.
1890: President Juan Gualberto González is elected.
1891: A revolt by Liberal forces takes place in Asunción, but is quashed by Lieutenant Colonel Juan Bautista Egusquiza.
1894: González is toppled from power; Marcos Morínigo finishes his term.
1894: Juan Bautista Egusquiza is elected president.
1898: Emilio Aceval elected president.
1900, January 1: Metric system introduced.
1901, November 23: the first official football match held in Asuncion.
1902: Andrés Héctor Carvallo elected.
1902: The Caballero wing of the Colorado Party launches a coup, and Colonel Juan Antonio Escurra takes over the presidency.
1904: Escurra deposed in the 1904 Revolution; exiled to Villa Hayes. Juan Bautista Gaona elected president: the first liberal to be given such position.
1905: Cecilio Báez elected.
1906: Benigno Ferreira elected.
1908: Ferreira dismissed and exiled in coup. Emiliano González Navero elected. Paraguayan cities re-developed.[ clarification needed ]
1911: Manuel Gondra elected.
1911: The First Paraguayan Civil War started; Manuel Gondra was toppled by Colonel Albino Jara, a radical liberal, but Jara's heavy-handedness during the months of conflicts with Gondra supporter forces cost him his popular support. He resigned in July, with Liberato Marcial Rojas taking the presidency.
1912: Liberato Marcial Rojas is toppled in a coup, but three days later is restored to power by another coup. Weeks later he resigns and Pedro Peña takes power, only to fall weeks later after the Gondrists succeed in taking over Asunción. Emiliano González Navero takes power.
1912, May 11: Albino Jara, who had begun to fight the Gondrists months earlier (and before that, the Rojas/Peña governments), is killed near Paraguarí, ending the civil war in a Gondrist victory.
1912: Eduardo Schaerer elected.
1915: Revolt against Schaerer caused by censorship issues fails.
1916: Manuel Franco elected.
1919: Franco dies in office. José Pedro Montero appointed.
1920: Gondra re-elected.
1921: Eusebio Ayala elected.
1922 - 23: Another Civil war between conflicting factions erupts.
1924: Eligio Ayala elected, followed by Luis Alberto Riart, then again by Eligio Ayala.
1927: Arrival of Mennonites in Paraguay.
1928: José Patricio Guggiari elected.
1931: Taking of Encarnación, anarchist workers and students attempt to take control of Encarnación
1932: Eusebio Ayala re-elected. Bolivia declares war on Paraguay over control of the disputed Gran Chaco. Chaco War begins.
1932: The Paraguayan army defeats Bolivia at the Battle of Boquerón, but are defeated later at the Battle of Kilometer 7.
1933: First Battle of Nanawa. Paraguayans win, but are driven back at Campo Jordán. Paraguay re-captures Nanawa 5 months later. Stalemate breaks out at the Battle of Gondra, but is broken that October by the Paraguayans at 2nd Campo Grande, and re-capture the Chaco after the fall of Campo Vía. Ceasefire declared.
1934: Truce lifted, Bolivia re-launches offensive at the Battle of Cañada Strongest, but Paraguayans counterattack at Ybybobó.
1935: Bolivian-occupied Villa Montes falls to Paraguayans. The last of the Bolivians are pushed out by a small Paraguayan force at Ingavi. Bolivia accepts truce on June 12, 1935.
1936, February 17: The February Revolution brings Rafael Franco to power.
1937: Félix Paiva elected president after Franco and his supporters are ousted from power.
1939: José Félix Estigarribia is elected.
1940, September 7: Estigarribia is killed in a plane crash, general Higinio Moríñigo assumes power.
1941: Morínigo bans all other political parties and un-sympathetic newspapers.
1945, February 8: Paraguay declares war on Germany, but does not see action.
1947: Morínigo manages to win Third Paraguayan Civil War, with the help of Colorado militias.
1948: Morínigo is overthrown and Juan Manuel Frutos inherits position of presidency, followed that year by Juan Natalicio González.
1949: Raimundo Rolón is appointed president, followed by Felipe Molas López. Federico Chávez is elected full-term.
1954: Tomás Romero Pereira is elected. Hands over power to Alfredo Stroessner.
1955: Stroessner declares state of siege and removes various civil rights from the people.
1959: Achne tribe enslaved and wiped out by order of Stroessner.
1965-66: Assists USA in the invasion of the Dominican Republic.
1972: The University of Asunción is destroyed by police. The Archbishop of Paraguay, Ismael Rolón Silvero, excommunicates chief of police and minister of the interior.
1974: Human rights abuses in Paraguay come to notice internationally, and Stroessner is accused of slavery, genocide [of tribes], corruption, torture and kidnapping, as well as supposedly protecting ex-Nazis living in Paraguay.
1988: Pope John Paul II visits Paraguay, increasing anti-Stroessner morale.
1989: General Andrés Rodríguez starts an uprising against Stroessner, and succeeds after an artillery duel over Asunción, after which Stroessner flees to Brazil. Rodriguez appointed president after 35 years of dictatorship.
1992: Rodriguez initiated reforms including the abolition of the death penalty. He releases many political prisoners and slaves. He prosecuted and imprisoned the main personalities of Stroessner's regime.
1993: Juan Carlos Wasmosy is elected president. He frees several of Stroessner's associates from prison and reappoints them to their former government positions.
1996: General Lino Oviedo mounts a failed coup against Wasmosy. He is imprisoned.
1998: Raúl Cubas Grau elected under promise that Oviedo would be released, but does not perpetrate action. After his vice president Luis María Argaña is murdered with Cubas himself implicated, mass protests erupt in Asunción, with seven people killed by riot police.
1999: Cubas resigns. Oviedo flees to Argentina. Luis Ángel González Macchi elected president.
2003: Nicanor Duarte is elected president.
2004: Fire breaks out in the Ycuá Bolaños supermarket. 400 people killed and 500 injured.
2008: Fernando Lugo is elected president. After a 66-year era of continuous rule, the Colorado Party was ousted from power.
2012: Impeachment of Fernando Lugo. Federico Franco takes over.
2013: Horacio Cartes is elected president in a return to power of the Colorado Party.
2018: Mario Abdo Benítez is elected president. His father was Stroessner's secretary.
2023: Santiago Peña is elected president.
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. It has a population of around 6.1 million, nearly 2.3 million of whom live in the capital and largest city of Asunción, and its surrounding metro area.
The history of Paraguay encompasses thousands of years of human habitation. Both agricultural and nomadic Guaycuruan lived in the region at the time of the Spanish Conquest. It became a relatively neglected part of the Spanish Empire due to its isolation and lack of mineral wealth, nonetheless a small group of Spanish settlers came to reside in the area, increasingly intermarrying with native women to produce a mestizo population. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Jesuit missionaries organized the natives into planned communities known as reducciones, and the experiment gained notable attention in Enlightenment Era Europe.
Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez was a Paraguayan military officer and politician who served as the 35th president of Paraguay from 1940 to 1948, ruling as a military dictator.
Bernardino Caballero de Añazco Melgarejo y Genes was a Paraguayan military officer and politician, serving as a General during the Paraguayan War and later as President of Paraguay between September 1880 and November 1886. He was the founder of the Colorado Party in September 1887, the largest political party in Paraguay currently, along with the Liberal Party in second position.
Cándido Pastor Bareiro Caballero was President of Paraguay from 27 November 1878 to 4 September 1880 and the leading politician of the post-war decade.
Juan Gualberto González was the President of Paraguay and served from 1890 until his forced resignation in 1894.
José Patricio Guggiari Corniglione was a Paraguayan politician by the Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico.
Rafael de la Cruz Franco Ojeda was a Paraguayan military officer, politician and statesman who served as President of Paraguay after the February Revolution, from February 20, 1936, to August 13, 1937. He was the historical leader and founder of the National Revolutionary Party.
Juan Manuel Frutos was a Paraguayan lawyer and politician. He served as the 36th President of Paraguay on a provisional basis, from June 3, 1948, to August 15, 1948. Holding the position of President of the Supreme Court of Justice, he assumed as Provisional President of Paraguay after the resignation of Higinio Morinigo.
Felipe Benigno Molas López was 39th President of Paraguay from February 27, 1949 – September 10, 1949, when he resigned.
Pedro Juan Caballero was a leading figure of Paraguayan independence. He was born in Tobatí, a town located Cordillera Department of Paraguay which was then part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He was one of the major leaders of the Revolution of May 14, 1811, despite being six years younger than the leading figure of Independence period Fulgencio Yegros and 20 years younger than the future dictator of Paraguay José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. In 1820 he was accused of being involved in the conspiracy against Francia, and committed suicide in his cell on July 13, 1821. The Paraguayan city of Pedro Juan Caballero is named after him.
Fernando de la Mora was one of the founding fathers of Paraguay, and was an early leader of the country between 1811 and 1813, but soon lost his power and died imprisoned. The Paraguayan city Fernando de la Mora is named in his honor.
Fulgencio R. Moreno was a Paraguayan journalist, financial expert, statesman and one of the most serious researchers of the Paraguayan history.
Long before Spanish conquistadors discovered Paraguay for King Charles V in 1524, semi-nomadic Chaco Indian tribes populated Paraguay's rugged landscape. Although few relics or physical landmarks remain from these tribes, the fact that nearly 90 percent of Paraguayans still understand the indigenous Guarani language is testament to Paraguay's Indian lineage. The Spanish conquistadors arrived in 1524 and founded Asunción in 1537. Paraguay's colonial experience differed from that of neighboring countries, such as Bolivia and Argentina, because it did not have gold and other mineral deposits that the Spanish were searching for. Because of its lack of mineral wealth and its remoteness, Paraguay remained underpopulated and economically underdeveloped. Early governor Domingo Martínez de Irala took an Indian wife and a series of Indian concubines and encouraged other male settlers to do likewise. Intermarriage fused Indian culture with that of the Europeans, creating the mestizo class that dominates Paraguay today. From the beginning, however, Indians retained their Guaraní language, even as Spanish influence was accepted, and embraced, in other aspects of society.
Paraguay–Spain relations are the current and historical relations between Paraguay and Spain. Both nations are members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies and the Organization of Ibero-American States.
This is a bibliography of Paraguay.
The independence of Paraguayde facto started on 14 May 1811 after the Revolution of May 14 when a local ruling junta was created. In early 1811 Paraguayan forces had repeatedly defeated the Argentine army which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Officially, independence was proclaimed only on 25 November 1842. Paraguayan independence was assured only after the Paraguayan War, when the Empire of Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country.
The February Revolution in Paraguay was a military coup d'état on February 17, 1936, that brought to power colonel Rafael Franco. The revolution marked the end of Liberal Party rule in Paraguay and started the ascendancy of military dictatorships that lasted for more than half a century.
The Guión Rojo was a Paraguayan paramilitary organization of the 1930-1950s, which was formed in 1942 as the paramilitary wing of the Colorado Party. It united supporters of Colorado leader Juan Natalicio González, far-right nationalists, anti-communists and adherents of Falangist and pro-fascist ideas. It played a prominent role under the dictatorial regime of the 1940s, in the civil war of 1947, the subsequent political struggle and the establishment of Alfredo Stroessner's dictatorship.