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Timur's south Georgian campaign | |||||||
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Part of the Timurid invasions of Georgia | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Kingdom of Georgia | Timurid Empire Shirvanshah | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
George VII | Timur Ibrahim I | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
Unknown | 100,000 |
The Timur's South Georgian campaign was a invasion led by Timur and Ibrahim I of Shirvan against George VII of Georgia in retaliation for George's role in the siege of Alinja.
In 1398, Timur was campaigned in India. The people of Caucasus took advantage of this and rebelled. King George VII established an alliance with the representatives of the Jalayirid Sultanate, who were still fighting against Timur. Taher, one of the Jalaiyirid's noblemen, has been under siege in Alinja prison in Nakhchivan for 10 years. The herders, who fell into extreme hardship, asked King George for help. Sayyid Ali , the rebel ruler of Shaki, also asked King George for help.
King George gathered the Georgian army, the North Caucasians were rescued and together with Sayyid Ali attacked the fortress of Alinja. King George defeated and expelled the Timurids. He strengthened the fortress with new soldiers and weapons and supplied it with food and supplies. Tahir was brought to Georgia. Those who turned back were surrounded by the army sent by Miranshah. Georgians also defeated them (Syidi Ali died in this battle).
The news about Caucasian rebellion reached Tamerlane in India. In 1399, he returned to Samarkand and started preparing for a seven-year campaign. The main goal of this campaign was the final conquest and Islamization of Georgia, or its destruction.[ citation needed ]
In the winter of 1399 during the Timurid invasions of Georgia, [4] Timur breached the borders of Kingdom of Georgia with 100,000 specially chosen soldiers, under Timur, and Ibrahim I of Shirvan. They then crossed Kura on a patoon bridge, and hacked the path with machetes to avoid Georgian sentries. They caught Kakheti, and Hereti by surprise before they could flee, and hide their property. A Georgian general Khimisha delayed the Timurids by tactical evasion, and those who were forewarned escaped to the caves and forests. Timur's forces looted and burned churches and monasteries. They slaughtered civilians in their hiding places. [5] Tens of thousands were pressed into slavery or were massacred, [4] and southern Georgia became occupied by Timur and his forces.[ citation needed ]
Solomon I the Great, of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was King of Imereti from 1752 to 1765 and again from 1767 until his death in 1784.
George IV, also known as Lasha Giorgi (1191–1223), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king (mepe) of Georgia from 1213 to 1223.
Mirza Jalal-ud-din Miran Shah Beg, commonly known as Miran Shah, was a son of the Central Asian conqueror Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire.
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George VII was king (mepe) of Georgia from 1393 to 1407. Bagrat V's son and successor, George put up a stiff resistance and had to spend much of his reign fighting Timur and his Empire.
Ibrahim I was the 33rd Shirvanshah. Because of his cunning politics he managed to remain independent and avoid being deposed by the Turko-Mongol ruler Timur.
The Kingdom of Georgia, also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in c. 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from the 11th to 13th centuries. Georgia became one of the pre-eminent nations of the Christian East and its pan-Caucasian empire and network of tributaries stretching from Eastern Europe to Anatolia and northern frontiers of Iran, while also maintaining religious possessions abroad, such as the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem and the Monastery of Iviron in Greece. It was the principal historical precursor of present-day Georgia.
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The Timurid invasions of Georgia were eight invasions between 1386 and 1403 of the Kingdom of Georgia in the Caucasus by the Timurid Empire. Led by Timur, the Timurids ultimately conquered Georgia and made it a tributary state. However, Georgia, a Christian monarchy, was allowed to retain its independence and remain Christian.
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Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns refers to the four campaigns Safavid king Abbas I led between 1614 and 1617, in his East Georgian vassal kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18). The campaigns were initiated as a response to the shown disobedience and subsequently staged rebellion by Abbas' formerly most loyal Georgian ghulams, namely Luarsab II of Kartli and Teimuraz I of Kahketi. After the complete devastation of Tbilisi, the quelling of the uprising, the massacre of up to 100,000 Georgians, and the deportation of between 130,000 and 200,000 more to mainland Iran, Kakheti, and Kartli were temporarily brought back under the Iranian sway.
The siege of Birtvisi was a siege laid by the Timurid sultan, Timur, against Birtvisi Fortress in eastern Georgia in 1403.
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The Truce of Shamkor was a truce agreed to by King George VII of Georgia and Timur, ruler of Timurid Empire on September 1401, which lasted for few months. In late 1401, Timur invaded the Kingdom of Georgia once again. George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother, Constantine with the contributions. Timur was preparing for a major confrontation with the Ottoman dynasty and apparently wished to freeze the currently prevailing situation in Georgia, until he could return to deal with it more decisively and thoroughly at his leisure.
The High Middle Ages, or Classic Feudalism Period in what constitutes the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, lasted from around the 11th century to the 15th century AD. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around the 15thcentury AD. Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the incorporation of the territories that constitute present-day Azerbaijan into the Seljuk Empire, the establishment of the Eldiguzids, the Mongol invasions and the rule of the Ilkhanate, the invasions of Timur and the establishment of the Turkoman Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu tribal confederations.
The Kingdom of Western Georgia was a late medieval de facto independent fragmented part of the Kingdom of Georgia that emerged during the Mongol invasions of the realm, led by King David VI Narin in 1259 and later followed by his successors. Over the decades, the monarchy would fall into chaos and transform into a federation of autonomous principalities unruly of the central or regional royal power and authority.
The siege of Alinja occurred between the armies of the Jalayirid Sultanate and Timurid Empire starting in 1388. George VII of Georgia attacked the Timurid besiegers of the Alinja castle in 1399, and temporarily releasing those who had been imprisoned there throughout the eleven-year siege. In retaliation, Tamerlane ravaged southern Georgia and northern Armenia, killing, destroying, and enslaving people. The fortress managed to withstand the continued siege, but faced with starvation, surrendered in 1401.