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Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes also called benefit–cost analysis, is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives. It is used to determine options which provide the best approach to achieving benefits while preserving savings in, for example, transactions, activities, and functional business requirements. A CBA may be used to compare completed or potential courses of action, and to estimate or evaluate the value against the cost of a decision, project, or policy. It is commonly used to evaluate business or policy decisions, commercial transactions, and project investments. For example, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission must conduct cost-benefit analyses before instituting regulations or deregulations.
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is a standards setting body which publishes specifications, test protocols, and guidelines that are used in highway design and construction throughout the United States. Despite its name, the association represents not only highways but air, rail, water, and public transportation as well.
An industrial park, also known as industrial estate or trading estate, is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of a business park or office park, which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry. Industrial parks are notable for being relatively simple to build; they often feature speedily erected single-space steel sheds, occasionally in bright colours.
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The Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT) is a non-profit organization, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, which is committed to sustainable development and urban communities.
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Context-sensitive solutions (CSS) is a theoretical and practical approach to transportation decision-making and design that takes into consideration the communities and lands through which streets, roads, and highways pass. The term is closely related to but distinguishable from context-sensitive design in that it asserts that all decisions in transportation planning, project development, operations, and maintenance should be responsive to the context in which these activities occur, not simply the design process. CSS seeks to balance the need to move vehicles efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces. In transit projects, CSS generally refers to context sensitive planning, design, and development around transit stations, also known as transit-oriented development.
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The Puget Sound Regional Council (PSRC) is a metropolitan planning organization that develops policies and makes decisions about transportation planning, economic development, and growth management throughout the four-county Seattle metropolitan area surrounding Puget Sound. It is a forum for cities, towns, counties, transit agencies, port districts, Native American tribes, and state agencies to address regional issues.
An economic impact analysis (EIA) examines the effect of an event on the economy in a specified area, ranging from a single neighborhood to the entire globe. It usually measures changes in business revenue, business profits, personal wages, and/or jobs. The economic event analyzed can include implementation of a new policy or project, or may simply be the presence of a business or organization. An economic impact analysis is commonly conducted when there is public concern about the potential impacts of a proposed project or policy.
The International Economic Development Council (IEDC) is a non-profit membership organization serving economic developers. With more than 4,500 members, IEDC is the largest national and global organization of its kind.
The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) conducts research in problem areas that affect highway planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance in the United States. Spearheaded by the Transportation Research Board (TRB), part of the National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, it is jointly supported by federal agencies, state departments of transportation (DOTs), and other nonprofit organizations.
Infrastructure-based economic development, also called infrastructure-driven development, combines key policy characteristics inherited from the Rooseveltian progressive tradition and neo-Keynesian economics in the United States, France's Gaullist and neo-Colbertist indicative planning, Scandinavian social democracy as well as Singaporean and Chinese state capitalism: it holds that a substantial proportion of a nation’s resources must be systematically directed towards long term assets such as transportation, energy and social infrastructure in the name of long term economic efficiency and social equity.
Farmers' markets are markets in which producers sell directly to consumers. While farmers' markets do not have a measurable impact on the United States economy as a whole, many studies have found that farmers' markets impact state and municipal economies as well as vendors, local businesses, and consumers. These impacts are measured using the IMPLAN Input-Output Model and the Sticky Economic Evaluation Device (SEED), in addition to other methods. The economic impacts that are most frequently measured include effects on the revenue and income of local growers and local businesses, the effects on job creation, and the effects on other sectors of state and local economies. Some obstacles that may reduce impact or create negative economic effects include over-saturation, socioeconomic barriers, the opportunity cost of farmers' markets, and the projected unsustainable growth of farmers' markets in the United States.
In addition to the direct reduction in travel times the HSR project will produce, there are also economic and environmental impacts of the high-speed rail system. These were also specifically noted in Proposition 1A at the time the project sought authorization from the voters of the state in 2008. The anticipated benefits apply both generally to the state overall, as well as to the regions the train will pass through, and to the areas immediately around the train stations.
References
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) A Guide to State DOT Consideration of Economic Development Potential in Planning, ICF Consulting for the AASHTO Standing Committee on Planning, NCHRP 8-36-60, March 2007 - ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Best Practices in Using Programmatic Strategies in Statewide Transportation Plans, Wilbur Smith Associates for AASHTO, NCHRP Project 8-36-67, 2007 - ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-14. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Return on Investment on Freight Rail Capacity Improvement, Cambridge Systematics for AASHTO, NCHRP Project 8-36-43, 2005 - ↑ "Guide to Quantifying the Economic Impacts of Federal Investment in Large-Scale Freight Transportation Projects. Section 10: Toolbox". Archived from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-10-08. Guide to Quantifying the Economic Impacts of Freight Projects, US Department of Transportation, 2006
- ↑ The Cost of Highway Limitations and Traffic Delay to Oregon's Economy, Oregon Business Council, 2007
- ↑ The Cost of Congestion to the Economy of the Portland Region, Portland Metro, 2005
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Time is Money: The Economic Benefits of Transit Investment, Chicago Metropolis 2020, 2008 - ↑ Weisbrod, G. "Models to predict the economic development impact of transportation projects," Annals of Regional Science, Volume 42, Number 3 / September 2008
- ↑ Alstadt, B. “A Generalized Approach for Assessing the Direct User Impacts of Transportation Projects,” Transportation Research Board, Annual Conference Proceedings, January 2008