The International Style or internationalism is a major architectural style that was developed in the 1920s and 1930s and was closely related to modernism and modernist architecture. It was first defined by Museum of Modern Art curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in 1932, based on works of architecture from the 1920s. The terms rationalist architecture and modern movement are often used interchangeably with International Style, although the former is mostly used in the English-speaking world to specifically refer to the Italian rationalism, or even the International Style that developed in Europe as a whole.
Modern architecture, or modernist architecture, was an architectural movement or architectural style based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (functionalism); an embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament. It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture. According to Le Corbusier the roots of the movement were to be found in the works of Eugène Viollet le duc.
Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of identity of the International Style, but also rejects the whimsical individualism and ornamentation of Postmodern architecture. The stylings of critical regionalism seek to provide an architecture rooted in the modern tradition, but tied to geographical and cultural context. Critical regionalism is not simply regionalism in the sense of vernacular architecture. It is a progressive approach to design that seeks to mediate between the global and the local languages of architecture.
Vernacular architecture is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. It is not a particular architectural movement or style, but rather a broad category, encompassing a wide range and variety of building types, with differing methods of construction, from around the world, both historical and extant and classical and modern. Vernacular architecture constitutes 95% of the world's built environment, as estimated in 1995 by Amos Rapoport, as measured against the small percentage of new buildings every year designed by architects and built by engineers.
Postmodern architecture is a style or movement which emerged in the late 1950s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock. The movement was introduced by the architect and urban planner Denise Scott Brown and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in their 1972 book Learning from Las Vegas. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Scott Brown & Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore and Michael Graves. In the late 1990s, it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-futurism, new classical architecture, and deconstructivism. However, some buildings built after this period are still considered postmodern.
The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from different places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period.
The architecture of Indonesia reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques.
Vladimir ‘Val’ Nicholas Ossipoff was an American architect best known for his works in the state of Hawai'i.
Deshamanya Geoffrey Manning Bawa, was a Sri Lankan architect. He was among the most influential Asian architects of his generation.
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. The term comes from Latin architectura; from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn) 'architect'; from ἀρχι- (arkhi-) 'chief', and τέκτων (téktōn) 'creator'. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
Charles William “C.W.” Dickey was an American architect famous for developing a distinctive style of Hawaiian architecture. He was known not only for designing some of the most famous buildings in Hawaiʻi—such as the Alexander & Baldwin Building, Halekulani Hotel, Kamehameha Schools campus buildings—but also for influencing a cadre of notable successors, including Hart Wood, Cyril Lemmon, Douglas Freeth, Roy Kelley, and Vladimir Ossipoff.
The architecture of Sri Lanka displays a rich variety of architectural forms and styles. Shaivism has had a significant influence on early Sri Lankan architecture, during the reign of King Ravana, then Buddhism has also had a significant influence on Sri Lankan architecture, since it was introduced to the island in the 3rd century BCE.
Valentine Gunasekara was a Sri Lankan architect. He became influential in his country's architecture history in the post-independent period.
Italian modern and contemporary architecture refers to architecture in Italy during the 20th and 21st centuries.
New Indies Style is a modern architectural style used in the Dutch East Indies between the late 19th century through pre-World War II 20th century. New Indies Style is basically early modern (western) architecture, which applies local architectural elements such as wide eaves or prominent roof as an attempt to conform with the tropical climate of Indonesia.
Simpson-Lee House I is a heritage-listed residence located at 23 Roland Avenue, in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga in the Ku-ring-gai Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Arthur Baldwinson and built from 1958 to 1962 by George M. Koch. It is also known as Simpson Lee House. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 November 2009.
The IBM Building is an office building at 1240 Ala Moana Boulevard in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. Designed by Vladimir Ossipoff, the building opened in 1962 as the Honolulu headquarters for American technology company IBM. It is presently owned by Howard Hughes Corporation, serving as a sales center for its surrounding Ward Village development.
The Cooper Apartments, also known as Seaside Apartments, is a historic apartment building located at 421–425 Seaside Avenue in Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.. Constructed in 1939 during the Great Depression, the building is a distinguished example of a pre-war garden court apartment in Waikiki, embodying a transition between Streamline Moderne and the emerging tropical modern style, a fusion between Modern architecture and borrowing from Asian and South American vernacular architecture. This architectural style is characterized by its clean lines and simple aesthetic, reflecting the economic austerity of the time.
The Hawai'i Hochi Building, located at 917 Kokea Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, is a notable edifice that exemplifies a meld of Brutalist aesthetics with the tropical ambiance of Hawaii. The building was conceived by distinguished Japanese architect Kenzo Tange, a laureate of the Pritzker Prize, and was constructed in 1972, marking it one of Tange's two completed architectural venture in the United States. Initially, it served as the headquarters for the Hawaii Hochi newspaper, a publication with deep roots in the Japanese immigrant community in Hawaii, reflecting a broader socio-cultural narrative through its architectural design. Over time, the Hawaii Hochi Building has garnered attention from architectural scholars and preservationists. Educational initiatives, such as workshops at Yale School of Architecture, have leveraged the building as a case study for exploring adaptive reuse strategies, underscoring its significance in the realm of Brutalist architecture. Its narrative continues to evolve with the recent relocations of Hawaii Hochi, LTD., indicating a transition in its functional history while maintaining its emblematic architectural essence.
Bjarne Dahl (1897-1989) was a prominent architect known for his significant contributions to the architectural landscape of Hawaii from the 1920s to the 1940s. Dahl's architectural career initially took root in California before he established himself in Hawaii, where he became a key figure in shaping the region's unique architectural identity. His work is characterized by a synthesis of modernist principles and local Hawaiian elements, marking a distinct period in the evolution of Hawaiian architecture.
