The tungso (Korean : 퉁소;sometimes tongso,transliteration of its Chinese name of dòngxiāo ) is a Korean notched,end-blown vertical bamboo flute used in Korean traditional music. [1] It is similar to the danso ,but longer and larger. [2] The hanja tong (洞) was used to describe the shape of the instrument that resembles a long cave. [3]
The instrument is parallel to the Chinese xiao,and equivalent to its variant,dongxiao,and the Japanese name is shakuhachi . A distinctive feature of the tungso,unlike other vertical flutes is that it may have a buzzing membrane,similar to that of the Korean transverse flute,the daegeum . This is especially common in the folk variety of the instrument.
The tungso is a vertical flute made of thick,aged bamboo. Until the mid-Joseon period,tungso had been used mainly in court music,but by the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century,it became a more widely used instrument. Today,it is played in accompaniment to masked dances like the Bukcheong sajanoreum .
The tongso is made thicker and larger than danso ,and the length is 55 cm and the inner diameter is 2 cm. [4]
Like the daegeum ,there is a special hole called cheonggong covered with a thin membrane made of reed between the breathing mouth and the hole,which produces a vibrating sound. The tungso was also played as court music,but is rarely played now. [5]
The flute is a member of a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group. Like all woodwinds,flutes are aerophones,producing sound with a vibrating column of air. Flutes produce sound when the player's air flows across an opening. In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system,flutes are edge-blown aerophones. A musician who plays the flute is called a flautist or flutist.
The dizi,is a Chinese transverse flute. It is also sometimes known as the di or héngdi,and has varieties including Qudi,Bangdi,and Xindi. It is a major Chinese musical instrument that is widely used in many genres of Chinese folk music,Chinese opera,as well as the modern Chinese orchestra. The dizi is also a popular instrument among the Chinese people as it is simple to make and easy to carry.
The dimo is a special membrane applied to the transverse Chinese flute called dizi,giving the instrument its characteristic buzzing timbre.
The end-blown flute is a woodwind instrument played by directing an airstream against the sharp edge of the upper end of a tube. Unlike a recorder or tin whistle,there is not a ducted flue voicing,also known as a fipple. Most rim-blown flutes are "oblique" flutes,being played at an angle to the body's vertical axis. A notched flute is an end-blown flute with a notch on the blowing surface. A lip-valley flute is a type of notched flute.
Music of Northeast China is tied closely to the region's history. Musical traditions of the Bang Zi Theatre and folk instruments such as the Dizi,Xiao and Baijiao Gu originate in the region. Folk songs from the north east are noted for their contributions toward nationalistic music the popular communist-era song “The East is Red”based upon a traditional Northern Shaanxi melody. The popularity of western musical traditions in the Harbin province are internationally recognised with the northern city being named a ‘music city’in 2010 by the United Nations. Contemporary folk as well as modern pop music continue to contribute to the diverse musical traditions of the region. Prominent performers from the Northeast include the mid-20th-century film composer Lei Zhenbang and pop stars Xiao Ke and Na Ying.
The xun is a globular,vessel flute from China. It is one of the oldest musical instruments in China and has been in use for approximately 7,000 years. The xun was initially made of stone,baked clay,or bone,and later of clay or ceramic;sometimes the instrument is made with bamboo. It is the only surviving example of an earth instrument from the traditional "eight-tone" (bayin) classifications of musical instruments.
The atenteben(atɛntɛbɛn) is a bamboo flute from Ghana. It is played vertically,like the European recorder,and,like the recorder,can be played diatonically as well as chromatically. Although originally used as a traditional instrument,beginning in the 20th century it has also been used in contemporary and classical music. Several players have attained high levels of virtuosity and are able to play Western as well as African music on the instrument.
The guan is a Chinese double reed wind instrument. The northern Chinese version is called guanzi or bili and the Cantonese version is called houguan. It is classified as a bamboo instrument in the Ba Yin system. Unlike other instruments in the double-reed family of woodwinds which mostly have conical bores,such as the Chinese suona or the Western oboe,the guan has a cylindrical bore,giving its distinctive mellow,yet piercing buzz-like timbre.
The khloy is a traditional bamboo vertical duct flute from Cambodia and more specifically the Khmer people. The khloy and other similar bamboo flutes can be found throughout Asia,due to bamboo’s abundance in the region. The khloy is a duct flute and has two sizes:smaller,higher-pitched and larger,lower-pitched. It has six finger holes and a thumb hole,or seven finger holes and no thumb hole. A hole above the highest finger hole may be covered with a membrane made of rice paper or bamboo inner skin,similar to di mo.
The khlui is a vertical duct bamboo flute from Thailand,which originated before or during the Sukhothai period (1238–1583). It was officially recognized as a Thai instrument by King Trailokkanat (1431–1488),who set the official model of each traditional Thai instrument. It is generally made of bamboo,though instruments are also made from hardwood or plastic. After many generations of modifications,it survives to the present day in three main forms:the khlui phīang aw,khlui lip,and khlui ū,which are of different sizes. The khlui is very similar to the Cambodian khloy.
The paixiao is a Chinese wind instrument,a form of pan flute. A major difference between the Chinese Paixiao and the panpipes used in European and South American traditions,is that at the top of the Chinese instrument the pipe holes are each cut angled or with notches. This allows for bending the pitch in similar capacity to the dongxiao down a minor second. This allows Chinese paixiao to be fully chromatic without loss in timbre,even though the included pipes are tuned diatonically. The method of blowing so is to hold the head of the frame with both hands,with the mouthpiece facing the front,place the lower lip on the mouthpiece,and find and blow each tube according to the pitch.
The xiao is a Chinese vertical end-blown flute. It is generally made of bamboo. It is also sometimes called dòngxiāo,dòng meaning "hole." An ancient name for the xiāo is shùzhúdí but the name xiāo in ancient times also included the side-blown bamboo flute,dizi.
The danso is a Korean notched,end-blown vertical bamboo flute used in Korean folk music. It is traditionally made of bamboo,but since the 20th century it has also been made of plastic. It was imported from China in the 19th century,where it is called duanxiao. The Korean name is the transliteration of the Chinese one,a short variant of the xiao.
The saenghwang (Korean: 생황) is a traditional Korean wind instrument. It is a free reed mouth organ derived from the Chinese sheng. It is related to the Japanese instrument shō,which is also derived from the sheng.
Traditional Korean musical instruments comprise a wide range of string,wind,and percussion instruments. Many traditional Korean musical instruments derive from Chinese musical instruments.
The daegeum is a large bamboo flute,a transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a special timbre. It is used in court,aristocratic,and folk music,as well as in contemporary classical music,popular music,and film scores. And daegeum has a wide range and has a fixed pitch,so other instruments tune in to the daegeum when playing together. It is critical to understand that there are two types of daegeum:Jeongak and Sanjo. Jeongak Daegeum is a bit longer than Sanjo Daegeum and is the formal daegeum used historically at court. Sanjo Daegum is a bit shorter and historically more associated with the commoners. They both have the unique and aforementioned buzzing membrane.
The junggeum (Korean: 중금),also chunggum or chunggŭm,is a medium-sized transverse bamboo flute formerly used in traditional Korean music. Unlike the larger daegeum,it does not have a buzzing membrane. It was used in court,aristocratic,and folk music in premodern times,but is rarely used today.
The sogeum is a small bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. Unlike the larger daegeum,it does not have a buzzing membrane. It is used in court,aristocratic,and folk music,as well as in contemporary classical music,popular music,and film scores.
The dangjeok (Korean: 당적) is a small end blown bamboo flute used in traditional Korean music. Slightly smaller than its close instrument relative,the junggeum,the dangjoek is of Chinese origin. Its name,derived from the Chinese Tang dynasty,dangjeok translates to "Tang end blown bamboo flute." The dangjeok is an aerophone which gives off a clear and bright sound,and has a limited one and a half octave range according to the ancient Korean music treatise,the akhakgwebeom. It is often played accompanied by the Korean lute and xylophone. Remodeled to enhance range,it is made of yellow bamboo or sick bamboo,and possesses a single end-blowing notch,and seven holes to control pitch,though the seventh hole is not used. Of traditional and current instruments of Korean origin,the dangjeok has the highest pitch.
The yak (Korean: 약) is a small flute used vertically,which has three holes and is used in court music. It is a wind instrument,a small carved instrument,which was imported from China in 1116. This wind instrument was called a wiyak because it was made of reeds,not bamboo. It is currently made of thick yellow bamboo. It is used for Aak,and according to the instrument classification method,it belongs to Jukbu (竹部) or Gongmyeong instrument (共鳴樂器).
Authority control databases |
---|