Turnpike trusts in Greater Manchester

Turnpike trusts were bodies set up by Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom during the 18th and 19th centuries. The trusts had powers to collect road tolls for the maintenance of principal highways. The length of turnpike roads within what is now Greater Manchester varied considerably, from the 0.5 miles (0.8 km) Little Lever Trust, ^[1] to the 22 miles (35 km) Manchester to Saltersbrook Trust. ^[2]

Turnpikes contributed significantly to England's economic development before and during the Industrial Revolution. Although the trusts were abolished in the late-19th century, the roads themselves broadly remain as modern routes, and some of the original toll houses and roadside milestones have survived.

The metropolitan county of Greater Manchester was created in 1974 and so the turnpike trusts predate its existence. Greater Manchester lies at the conjunction of the historic county boundaries of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire; many trusts operated roads which crossed those ancient county boundaries. The list below is divided according to historic county, with the first part of the name of each trust determining which table it appears in.

History

Further information: Turnpike trust

Method of construction and the design of the road surface varied. Before construction of its road, the Bury, Blackburn and Whalley Trust engaged "skilled persons" as temporary surveyors, to make a survey of the districts through which the road would pass. It then advertised for tenders for construction of varied parts of the roads, with contractors responsible for building their respective portions, under the supervision of permanent surveyors. ^[3] The trust bought limestone for the road surface largely from limestone quarries in Clitheroe. ^[4] In Manchester, Liverpool, and Wigan, due to heavy coal traffic it was necessary to lay pavements of large stones along the roads. Suitable material would, if not found in the vicinity, be imported from the coasts of Wales and Scotland. Normally the pavement ran down the middle of the road, with a gravelled way on either side. An exception was along Bury New Road (built in 1826), where the middle track was 4 yards (3.7 m) of gravel, with stone pavements 3 yards (2.7 m) outside it. Such pavements were expensive, and unpopular with travellers who regularly described their discomfort travelling upon them. ^[5]

Toll rates varied across the region, but preferential rates were often available to local residents, and for particular kinds of local traffic. The 1819 act of Parliament^{[ which? ]}of the Crossford Bridge and Manchester Trust allowed it to charge half tolls on the inhabitants and occupiers of Trafford House, Old Trafford, and Stretford Moss. The Bolton and Westhoughton Trust allowed farmers from Rumworth and Westhoughton to use the roads free of charge, when taking horses and carts laden with produce from their own farms to Bolton Market. Carriage of coal was often charged at half the normal rate, and no tolls were payable by persons travelling on foot. Other road users who were entitled to free passage included posthorses, carriage of ordnance and military stores, and cattle going to pasture. ^[6]

Turnpike roads had a huge impact on the nature of business transport around Manchester. Packhorses were superseded by waggons, and merchants would no longer accompany their caravans to markets and fairs, instead sending agents with samples, and despatching the goods at a later date. In 1804 it was said that Manchester employed more than 120 "land carriers". ^[7]

The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts. Although some trusts in districts not served by railways managed to increase revenue, most did not. In 1829, the year before the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, the Warrington and Lower Irlam Trust had receipts of £1,680, but by 1834 this had fallen to £332. The Bolton and Blackburn Trust had an income of £3,998 in 1846, but in 1847 following the completion of a railway between the two towns this had fallen to £3,077, and in 1849 £1,185. ^[8]

The end of the turnpike system created serious problems for the local parishes and highway district boards upon whom the burden of maintenance fell. The Local Government Act 1888 made the repair of all main roads the responsibility of the new county councils. Lancashire County Council determined that any road leading to a town with a population of 25,000 or more would become a main road, which included almost all of the old turnpike roads in the region. ^[9]

• 
  An 1814 map of Lancashire by John Cary which shows many of the turnpike roads.
• 
  The Grade II listed Kersal Bar Toll House, ^[10] along the Manchester and Bury New Road turnpike road.
• 
  A milestone along the Warrington and Lower Irlam turnpike road, near Rixton. The opposite side gives the distance to Warrington.
• 
  A milestone on Patricroft Bridge, along the Barton and Moses Gate turnpike road, near Eccles. Note the older spelling of 'Altringham' - latterly Altrincham.
• 
  A milestone along the Manchester to Wilmslow turnpike road, in Withington
• 
  This milestone, part of the Smut Inn public house, indicates the distance between Oldham and Manchester Town Hall.

Cheshire

Name	Interest	Income	Length (1848)	Main gates	Side gates	Act	Year	Date expired	County	Modern road(s)
Cranage Green to Altrincham						26 Geo. 2. c. 26 [11]	1753 [11]	1881 [12]	Cheshire
Stockport to Marple Bridge			10 miles (16 km) (1852) [13]	5 [13]	1 (chain) [13]	41 Geo. 3. (U.K.) c. xcviii [14]	1801 [14]		Cheshire & Derbys	A626 [15] [16]
Washway (Crossford Bridge to Altringham) [17]			3 miles, 4 furlongs, 164 yards (5.8 km) (1852) [18]

Derbyshire

Name	Interest	Income	Length (1848)	Main gates	Side gates	Act	Year	Date expired	County	Modern road(s)
Glossop to Marple Bridge						43 Geo. 3. c. 18 [14]	1803 [14]		Derbys

Lancashire

Name	Interest	Income	Length (1848)	Main gates	Side gates	Act	Year	Date expired	County	Modern road(s)
Adlington and Westhoughton Trust		£201, 14s, 10d [19]							Lancs	A6 [20]
Ashton and Platt Bridge		£175 13s 6d [19]	3 miles 4  furlongs (5.6 km) [21]			46 Geo. 3. c. 2 [22]	1806 [22]		Lancs	A58 [23]
Ashton under Lyne to Saddleworth						7 Geo. 4. c. 21 [24]	1826 [24]		Lancs & Yorks
Barton Bridge and Moses Gate		£933 13s 4d [19]	13 miles 1 furlong 110 yards (21.2 km) [21]
Barton Bridge and Stretford		£300 19s [19]	4 miles 3 furlongs 2 yards (7 km) [21]			51 Geo. 3. c. 31 [22]	1811 [22]		Lancs	Barton Road, Stretford (partial) [25]
Bolton and Blackburn		£1,267 6d [19]	12 miles 5 furlongs 41 yards (20.4 km) [21]							A666 [23]
Bolton and Nightingale		£1,755 10s 9d [19]	19 miles (30.6 km) [21]							A673 A6099 B6226 Smithills Dean Road Colliers Row Road Scout Road [23]
Bolton and St Helens			17 miles 2 furlongs 44 yards (27.8 km) [21]	5 [26]	8 [26]					A6 A579 B5215 [23]
Bolton and Westhoughton			2 miles 7 furlongs (4.6 km) [21]							Bolton Road A58 A676 [20]
Bolton to Haslingdon (dormant)						6 Geo. 4. c. 92 [27]	1825 [27]	Dormant	Lancs
Bolton to Leigh						2 Geo. 3. c. 44 [28]	1762 [28]		Lancs
Burnley to Tottington						32 Geo. 3. c. 146 [29]	1795 [29]		Lancs
Bury to Little Bolton			5 miles 4 furlongs 176 yards (9 km) [21]	3 [30]	4 [30]	1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 90 [31]	1821 [31]		Lancs	A58 [23]
Bury to Blackburn, Whalley etc.			33 miles 5 furlongs 9 yards (54.1 km) [21]
Bury to Haslingden to Blackburn						29 Geo. 3. c. 107 [32]	1789 [32]		Lancs	A56 [33]
Dryclough, Shaw, Rochdale			10 miles 7 furlongs 102 yards (17.6 km) [21]				1805 [34]		Lancs	A669 [25]
Eccles to Farnworth
Edenfield and Little Bolton							1797 [35]			B6213 [20]
Edenfield Chapel and Bury Bridge
Elton and Blackburn			12 miles 6 furlongs (20.5 km) [21]							B6214 [33]
Gilda Brook and Irlam			7 miles 7 furlongs 173 yards (12.8 km) [21]							B5320 [25]
Heath Charnock to Bolton						3 Geo. 3. c. 31 [36]	1763 [36]		Lancs
Heywood to Heaton						29 Geo. 3. c. 110 [32]	1789 [32]
Hulme and Eccles			3 miles 5 furlongs 214 yards (6 km) [21]			46 Geo. 3.[ which? ] [37]	22 March 1806 [37]		Lancs	A56 [25]
Hulme and Stretford			5 miles 4 furlongs 183 yards (9 km) [21]							A56 [25]
Hulton			5 miles 20 yards (8.1 km) [21]
Ince, Hindley and Westhoughton			6 miles (9.7 km) [21]							A577 A58 [23]
Irlam's-o'-th'-Heights			3 miles 7 furlongs 87 yards (6.3 km) [21]							A666 [20]
Little Lever			4 furlongs (0.8 km) [2]		1 [38]	5 Geo. 4. c. 143 [38]	1824 [38]	1849 (disturnpiked) [38]		A6053 [20]
Manchester and Ashton under Lyne			3 miles 7 furlongs (6.2 km) [2]			6 Geo. 4. c. 51 [24]	1825 [24]		Lancs
Manchester and Bury										A56 [20]
Manchester and Oldham and Austerlands			19 miles 1 furlong (30.8 km) [2]			8 Geo. 2. c. 3 [39]	1735 [27] [39] [40]	1880 [12]	Lancs & Yorks
Manchester to Bolton
Manchester to Newton Chapel (dormant)						57 Geo. 3. c. 47 [27]	1817 [27]	Dormant	Lancs
Manchester to Pilkington
Manchester to Rochdale, Bury and Radcliffe			5 miles 7 furlongs (9.5 km) [2]			28 Geo. 2. c. 58 [41]	1755 [41]	1873-80 [12]	Lancs	A665 [25] [42]
Manchester to Saltersbrook			22 miles (35.4 km) [2]			5 Geo. 2. c. 10 [39]	1732 [27] [39]	1884 [12]	Lancs & Cheshire	A635 [25]
Manchester, Denton, Stockport						58 Geo. 3. c. 6 [31]	1818 [31]		Lancs & Cheshire
Mather Fold and Hardmans, Moses Gate District			3 miles 2 furlongs (5.2 km) [2]
Mather Fold and Hardmans, Ringley District			3 miles 6 furlongs (6 km) [2]							A667 [20]
Pendleton Trust Agecroft District		£300 [19]	4 miles 187 yards (6.6 km) [21]							A6044 Moor Lane Singleton Road [20]
Pendleton Trust Irlam's-o'-th'-Heights District										A666 [20]
Pendleton Trust Pendleton District			2 miles 2 furlongs (3.6 km) [2]							A6 [20]
Pendleton Trust Swinton District			5 miles 2 furlongs (8.5 km) [2]							A572 [20]
Prestwich and Bury			5 miles 3 furlongs (8.7 km) [2]							A667 A665 A56 Stand Lane [20]
Radcliffe			6 miles 1 furlongs (9.9 km) [2]							A665 [20]
Rochdale and Burnley			18 miles 4 furlongs (29.8 km) [2]			28 Geo. 2. c. 53 [41]	1755 [41]	1880 [12]	Lancs
Rochdale and Edenfield			7 miles (11.3 km) [2]			34 Geo. 3. c. 124 [29]	1794 [29]		Lancs	A680 [20]
Rochdale and Manchester, Manchester District										A579 [20]
Rochdale and Manchester, Rochdale District										A664 [20]
Rochdale, Bamford and Bury			7 miles 4 furlongs (12.1 km) [2]				1797 [34]	1866 [43]	Lancs	Norden Road Bagslate Moor Road [33]
Salford to Wigan						26 Geo. 2. c. 27 [11]	1753 [11]		Lancs
Sharples and Hoghton			10 miles 4 furlongs (16.9 km) (1848) [2]	3 (1852) [2]		41 Geo. 3. (U.K.). c. cxxiii [44]				A675 [20]
Standedge and Oldham			10 miles 7 furlongs (17.5 km) [2]
Stretford to Manchester						24 Geo. 2. c. 13 [45]	1751 [45]	1872 [12]	Lancs
Sudden Bridge to Bury			4 miles 6 furlongs (7.6 km) [2]				1797 [34]		Lancs	A58 [33]
Swinton District			5 miles 2 furlongs (8.4 km) [2]							A572 [25]
Warrington and Lower Irlam			7 miles 5 furlongs (12.3 km) [2]							A57 [23]
Warrington and Wigan			11 miles 2 furlongs (18.1 km) [2]			13 Geo. 1. c. 10 [46]	1727 [46]		Lancs
Radcliffe to Bolton & Bury						6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 10 [47]	1836 [47]		Lancs
Wigan and Preston, south of (River) Yarrow			12 miles 6 furlongs (20.5 km) [2]			13 Geo. 1. c. 9 [46]	1727 [46]	1866-67 [12]	Lancs	A49 [23]
Manchester and Buxton						11 Geo. 1. c. 13 [46]	1725 [27] [40] [46]	1860-75 [12]	Lancs & Derbys
Stockport and Ashton						5 Geo. 3. c. 100 [36]	1765 [36]		Lancs & Cheshire
Stockport and Warrington						1 Geo. 4. c. 28 [48]	1820 [48]		Lancs & Cheshire	A560 [49]
Stockport and Warrington (Edgley Branch)
Wilmslow						26 Geo. 2. c. 53 [50]	1753 [50]	1881 [12] [50]	Lancs & Cheshire	B5167 [25]
Worsley Trust										A572 [25] A5082 [23]

Yorkshire

Name	Interest	Income	Length (1848)	Main gates	Side gates	Act	Year	Date expired	County	Modern road(s)
Halifax to Littleborough						33 Geo. 2. c. 48 [51]	1760 [51]		Yorks & Lancs
Oldham and Ripponden			16 miles 7 furlongs (27.2 km) [2]			35 Geo. 3. c. 137 [29]	1795 [29]		Yorks & Lancs
Rochdale to Halifax and Elland						8 Geo. 2. c. 7 [39]	1735 [27] [39]	1872 [12]	Yorks
Saddleworth to Oldham						32 Geo. 3. c. 139 [29]	1792 [29]		Yorks & Lancs

References

Notes

1. Tupling 1952 , pp. 4–5.
2. Parliamentary Papers, Turnpike Trusts. Harvard University: HMSO. 1848. p. 9.
3. Tupling 1952 , p. 6.
4. Tupling 1952 , p. 8.
5. Tupling 1952 , pp. 8–9.
6. Tupling 1952 , p. 13.
7. Tupling 1952 , p. 15.
8. Tupling 1952 , p. 18.
9. Tupling 1952 , p. 23.
10. "Listed Building Register B". www.salford.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
11. Albert 2007 , p. 206.
12. Moffit 1963 , p. 290.
13. Parliamentary Papers - No.1, Stockport and Marple Road. Harvard University: HMSO. 1852. p. 2.
14. Albert 2007 , p. 218.
15. Arnott, Sue (7 May 2008). "Order decision Ref: FPS/C4235/7/16" (PDF). The Planning Inspectorate. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
16. Although no map exists to demonstrate the location of this road, the previous reference provides a strong indication that it was this road
17. Altringham is the old spelling of Altrincham
18. Parliamentary Papers, Turnpike Trusts. HMSO. 1848.
19. "Abstract statements of income and expenditure of Turnpike Trusts in England and Wales, 1850". HMSO. 1852.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
20. Lancashire & Furness (Map). Ordnance Survey. 1850. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
21. Parliamentary Papers, Turnpike Trusts. Harvard University: Great Britain Parliament. 1848. p. 8.
22. Albert 2007 , p. 219.
23. Lancashire & Furness (Map). Ordnance Survey. 1849. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
24. Albert 2007 , p. 222.
25. Lancashire & Furness (Map). Ordnance Survey. 1848. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
26. check this ref!! Parliamentary Papers, section 16. Harvard University: HMSO. 1852. p. 76.
27. Tupling 1952 , p. 4.
28. Albert 2007 , p. 210.
29. Albert 2007 , p. 217.
30. Parliamentary Papers, No. 25 - Bury and Bolton Road. Harvard University: HMSO. 1852. p. 86.
31. Albert 2007 , p. 221.
32. Albert 2007 , p. 216.
33. Lancashire & Furness (Map). Ordnance Survey. 1851. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
34. Wadsworth 1918 , p. 9.
35. Francis, James (2007). Highways of Turton. Turton Local History Society. p. 42. ISBN   978-1-904974-30-7.
36. Albert 2007 , p. 211.
37. Hulme and Eccles Turnpike Road. Manchester Central Library, Local Studies, f388.1 Ma21: Manchester Central Library Archives Department. 1970.
38. Parliamentary Papers - No. 43, Little Lever Road. Harvard University: HMSO. 1852. p. 164.
39. Albert 2007 , p. 204.
40. Chaloner, Farnie & Henderson 1990 , p. 174.
41. Albert 2007 , p. 207.
42. Cheetham Hill Trust
43. Wadsworth 1918 , p. 17.
44. Parliamentary Papers. HMSO. 1852. p. 71.
45. Albert 2007 , p. 205.
46. Albert 2007 , p. 203.
47. Albert 2007 , p. 223.
48. Thacker et al. 2005 , pp. 73–83
49. Cheshire (Map). Ordnance Survey. 1882. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
50. Manchester and Wilmslow Turnpike Trust. Manchester Central Library, Local Studies, m124, f352.042 m103: The Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. 1973.
51. Albert 2007 , p. 209.

Bibliography

• Albert, William (2007). The Turnpike Road System in England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-03391-6.
• Chaloner, William Henry; Farnie, D. A.; Henderson, William Otto (1990). Industry and innovation: selected essays. Routledge. ISBN   0-7146-3335-6.
• Francis, James (2007). Highways of Turton. Turton Local History Society. ISBN   978-1-904974-30-7.
• Moffit, Louis Wilfrid (1963). England on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution. Routledge. ISBN   0-7146-1345-2.
• Thacker, J. S.; Lewis, C. P.; Barrow; Herson, J. D.; Lawes, A. H.; Riden, P. J.; Seaborne, M. V. J. (2005). A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 part 2. British History Online.
• Tupling, G. H. (1952). The Turnpike Trusts of Lancashire. Vol. 94. Manchester: Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, session 1952-1953.
• Wadsworth, A. P. (1918). Rochdale's Main Roads: The History of Turnpikes.