USS Severn was a Contoocook-class sloop of the United States Navy. She was laid down as Mosholu during the American Civil War to deter British intervention in 1864, although timber shortages and a rushed construction delayed progress. Renamed and launched in 1869, her design was criticized and green wood limited her service life. After a brief two-year stint in the Atlantic and Caribbean, she was decommissioned in 1871. In 1877, she was sold and broken up as part of a scheme to fund the construction of USS Puritan.
During the American Civil War, the Confederate States used British-built privateers to hamper Union trade instead of directly challenging the Union Navy. One such privateer, CSS Alabama, was responsible for destroying 65 merchant vessels.[1][2] The disruption of Union trade routes drove up domestic prices, damaged the economy, and forced the reassignment of ships from blockade duties against the South. By 1863, the United States feared that the United Kingdom would directly intervene to support the Confederacy—a scenario that would have left the Union Navy outmatched by the Royal Navy. In response, the Union Navy began planning for a possible war. While the American fleet could not match the British in conventional battles, the plan called for employing tactics similar to those used by the Confederacy: commerce raiding. By using cruisers to launch hit-and-run attacks on British ports and merchant shipping, the Union hoped to make a war too costly for Britain to justify, ultimately forcing it back into neutrality.[3][4]
For the new role, the Navy developed "commerce destroyers" that had the range and speed to intercept enemy ships at sea. Twenty-seven such ships were ordered by Congress in 1863, split into three classes varying in size, speed, and armament. The smallest of these designs became known as the Contoocook-class sloop.[5][6] By 1864, the new ships were built according to a new doctrine of the Navy for the post-war era. Congress was only interested in a Navy that could directly protect the United States, not one that could rival the Royal or French Navies. Instead of large, costly, ocean-going ironclads such as USS Dunderburg, the legislator wanted the Navy to only consist of costal ironclads that would protect the shoreline and the commerce destroyers to operate out at sea and deter aggression from foreign nations.[7][8]
Design
The Contoocook-class hulls were long and narrow, resembling those of clippers, in an attempt to achieve high speeds.[9]Severn had a beam of 41 feet (12m), depth of 13.25 feet (4.04m), was 296.8 feet (90.5m) long at the gun deck, had a displacement of 3,003 short tons (2,681 long tons), and a crew of 250.[10]Severn was equipped with four main boilers and two superheating boilers that provided steam to two horizontal back action steam36in (91cm)stroke engines,[11] which turned a single propeller. Combined with ship-rigged sails, she could reach a speed of about 13 knots (24km/h; 15mph).[9] Armament consisted of a broadside of fourteen 9in (23cm)Dahlgren cannons and a 60lb (27kg)Parrott rifledmuzzle-loading gun on the foredeck.[12]
Service history
In October 1864, her keel was laid down at the New York Navy Yard, and she was launched on 22 December 1867.[10] Like many other shipbuilding projects during the war, construction was rushed to get ships into service as soon as possible. A shortage of seasoned timber lead to the class built out of heterogeneous green timber, which shortened the ships' service lives. As shortages continued after the war ended, ships were left half-built in the yards for years in an attempt to season the wood.[13]
The sloop was initially named Mosholu, after a town in New York.[14] However, the Secretary of the Navy disapproved of warships with Native American-sounding names and the unclear conventions used across the fleet. As a result, he ordered a systematic renaming of vessels.[15] On 15 May 1869, she was renamed Severn, after the Severn river in Maryland, before she was commissioned on 27 August 1869.[10][14] That year, a post-war audit inspected the ship; she was criticized as being too narrow and having an unnecessary amount of machinery. While a spar deck was added and the rigging altered, neither issue was ultimately addressed.[16] The addition of the spar deck allowed an additional five cannons added to the broadside, as the was initially only to be armed with nine.[12]
Severn was finally completed in December 1869, and her first assignment was to serve as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron. In early 1871, she was reassigned to the Caribbean and investigated concerns that the US council to Santiago de Cuba was mistreated. On 31 December, she arrived in Boston for repairs and was decommissioned. Work was complete by 1875, but she was never recommissioned. Two years later, she was brought to New York City and sold to John Roach on 2 March 1877 to partially compensate him for work on the ironclad USS Puritan.[10] The exchange was a part of a scheme to pay for a new Puritan without Congressional knowledge. The old monitor was neglected and Congress was only willing to fund repairs, not a new ship. Intended funds and proceeds from Severn financed the new Puritan as the old sloop was broken up.[10][17]
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