Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab,Pakistan,about 24 km (15 mi) west of Sahiwal. The Bronze Age Harappan civilisation,now more often called the Indus Valley Civilisation,is named after the site,which takes its name from a modern village near the former course of the Ravi River,which now runs 8 km (5.0 mi) to the north. The core of the Harappan civilisation extended over a large area,from Gujarat in the south,across Sindh and Rajasthan and extending into Punjab and Haryana. Numerous sites have been found outside the core area,including some as far east as Uttar Pradesh and as far west as Sutkagen-dor on the Makran coast of Balochistan,not far from Iran.
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC),also known as the Indus Civilisation,was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia,lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE,and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia,it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia,and of the three,the most widespread,its sites spanning an area including much of modern day Pakistan,northwestern India and northeast Afghanistan. The civilisation flourished both in the alluvial plain of the Indus River,which flows through the length of Pakistan,and along a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra,a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
Mohenjo-daro is an archaeological site in Larkana District,Sindh,Pakistan. Built c. 2500 BCE,it was the largest settlement of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation,and one of the world's earliest major cities,contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt,Mesopotamia,Minoan Crete,and Norte Chico.
Mohenjo Daro is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language period action-adventure film written and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker. It was produced by Siddharth Roy Kapur for UTV Motion Pictures and The Walt Disney Company India and Sunita Gowariker for Ashutosh Gowariker Productions (AGPPL),and stars Hrithik Roshan and Pooja Hegde. It is based on the ancient Indus Valley civilization,and is set in the city of Mohenjo-daro,a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This film marked Pooja Hegde's debut in Hindi cinema.
Near Eastern archaeology is a regional branch of the wider,global discipline of archaeology. It refers generally to the excavation and study of artifacts and material culture of the Near East from antiquity to the recent past.
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer is an American archaeologist and George F. Dales Jr. &Barbara A. Dales Professor of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He earned his Bachelor of Arts,Master's,and Doctorate degrees at the University of California,Berkeley,finishing in 1983. Kenoyer is president of the Society of Bead Researchers.
Muhammad Rafiq Mugal is a Pakistani archaeologist,engaged in investigating of ethnoarchaeological research in Chitral,northern Pakistan. He has been responsible for the direction,technical support and supervision for restoration and conservation of more than thirty monuments and excavated remains of the Islamic,Buddhist and Proto-historic periods,in Punjab,Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan. He served as a professor of archaeology and heritage management and the director of undergraduate studies at Boston University. He is now Professor Emeritus of Archaeology at Boston University.
Huma Mulji is a Pakistani contemporary artist. Her works are in the collections of the Saatchi Gallery,London and the Asia Society Museum. She received the Abraaj Capital Art Prize in 2013.
Institute of Sindhology is a resource for knowledge of the Sindh region in present-day Pakistan.
The Pashupati seal,is a steatite seal which was uncovered in Mohenjo-daro,now in modern day Pakistan,a major urban site of the Indus Valley civilisation ("IVC"),during excavations in 1928–29,when the region was under British rule. The excavations were carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India,the official body responsible for preservation and excavation. The seal depicts a seated figure that is possibly tricephalic. The seated figure has been thought to be ithyphallic,an interpretation that has been questioned by many,but was still held by the IVC specialist Jonathan Mark Kenoyer in a publication of 2003. The man has a horned headdress and is surrounded by animals. He may represent a horned deity.
Dancing Girl is a prehistoric bronze sculpture made in lost-wax casting about c. 2300–1751 BC in the Indus Valley civilisation city of Mohenjo-daro,which was one of the earliest cities. The statue is 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) tall,and depicts a nude young woman or girl with stylized ornaments,standing in a confident,naturalistic pose. Dancing Girl is highly regarded as a work of art.
Hugh Trevor Lambrick CIE was a British archaeologist,historian and administrator.
Yannis Hamilakis is a Greek archaeologist and writer who is the Joukowsky Family Professor of Archaeology and Professor of Modern Greek Studies at Brown University. He specialises in archaeology of the prehistoric Aegean as well as historical archaeology,including ethnography and anthropology. His research interests include nationalism,postcolonialism,and migration studies.
Archaeology in India is mainly done under the supervision of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Asma Ibrahim is a Pakistani archaeologist,museologist,and conservationist who is the founding director of the Museum,Archives and Art Gallery Department for the State Bank of Pakistan. Ibrahim has previously served as the curator and director of the National Museum of Pakistan.
The Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC) was an ancient exchange route ranging from the Altai Mountains in Siberia to the Hindu Kush,which took shape in the 3rd millennium BCE. The expansion of the Indo-European Andronovo culture towards the Bactria-Margiana Culture in the second millennium BCE took place along the IAMC,giving way to the Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia.
The Priest-King,in Pakistan often King-Priest,is a small male figure sculpted in steatite found during the excavation of the ruined Bronze Age city of Mohenjo-daro in Sindh,Pakistan,in 1925–26. It is dated to around 2000–1900 BCE,in Mohenjo-daro's Late Period,and is "the most famous stone sculpture" of the Indus Valley civilization ("IVC"). It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Pakistan as NMP 50-852. It is widely admired,as "the sculptor combined naturalistic detail with stylized forms to create a powerful image that appears much bigger than it actually is," and excepting possibly the Pashupati Seal,"nothing has come to symbolize the Indus Civilization better."
The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) people have received considerable attention,with many writers concerned with identifying precursors to the religious practices and deities of much later Indian religions. However,due to the sparsity of evidence,which is open to varying interpretations,and the fact that the Indus script remains undeciphered,the conclusions are partly speculative and many are largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective.
