VR-RNA

Last updated

In molecular biology, VR-RNA is a small RNA produced by Clostridium perfringens . It functions as a regulator of the two-component VirR/VirS system. [1] [2]

VR-RNA regulates numerous genes including:

VR-RNA regulates the toxin colA (collagenase) by base-pairing to colA mRNA, the 3′ end of VR-RNA base-pairs to a region in the 5′UTR of the colA mRNA. This induces cleavage of the colA mRNA in the 5′ UTR and leads to stabilisation of the mRNA and increased translation. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Clostridium</i> Genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes several significant human pathogens

Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. It also formerly included an important cause of diarrhea, Clostridioides difficile, which was reclassified into the Clostridioides genus in 2016.

<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Species of bacterium

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, bacillus (rod-shaped), anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ever-present in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. It has the shortest reported generation time of any organism at 6.3 minutes in thioglycolate medium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gas gangrene</span> Human bacterial infection

Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are reported yearly in the United States.

<i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i> Species of bacterium

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes Far East scarlet-like fever in humans, who occasionally get infected zoonotically, most often through the food-borne route. Animals are also infected by Y. pseudotuberculosis. The bacterium is urease positive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CsrC RNA family</span>

The 245 nucleotide sRNA of Escherichia coli, CsrC, was discovered using a genetic screen for factors that regulate glycogen biosynthesis. CsrC RNA binds multiple copies of CsrA, a protein that post-transcriptionally regulates central carbon flux, biofilm formation and motility in E. coli. CsrC antagonises the regulatory effects of CsrA, presumably by sequestering this protein. The discovery of CsrC is intriguing, in that a similar sRNA, CsrB, performs essentially the same function. Both sRNAs possess similar imperfect repeat sequences, primarily localised in the loops of predicted hairpins, which may serve as CsrA binding elements. Transcription of csrC increases as the culture approaches the stationary phase of growth and is indirectly activated by CsrA via the response regulator UvrY [1]. This RNA was also discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen [2]. The gene called SraK, was highly abundant in stationary phase, but low levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well [2].

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RyhB</span> 90 nucleotide RNA

RyhB RNA is a 90 nucleotide RNA that down-regulates a set of iron-storage and iron-using proteins when iron is limiting; it is itself negatively regulated by the ferric uptake repressor protein, Fur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SgrS RNA</span>

SgrS is a 227 nucleotide small RNA that is activated by SgrR in Escherichia coli during glucose-phosphate stress. The nature of glucose-phosphate stress is not fully understood, but is correlated with intracellular accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate. SgrS helps cells recover from glucose-phosphate stress by base pairing with ptsG mRNA and causing its degradation in an RNase E dependent manner. Base pairing between SgrS and ptsG mRNA also requires Hfq, an RNA chaperone frequently required by small RNAs that affect their targets through base pairing. The inability of cells expressing sgrS to create new glucose transporters leads to less glucose uptake and reduced levels of glucose-6-phosphate. SgrS is an unusual small RNA in that it also encodes a 43 amino acid functional polypeptide, SgrT, which helps cells recover from glucose-phosphate stress by preventing glucose uptake. The activity of SgrT does not affect the levels of ptsG mRNA of PtsG protein. It has been proposed that SgrT exerts its effects through regulation of the glucose transporter, PtsG.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MicA RNA</span>

The MicA RNA is a small non-coding RNA that was discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen. Expression of SraD is highly abundant in stationary phase, but low levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phospholipase C</span> Class of enzymes

Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology, in particular signal transduction pathways. Phospholipase C's role in signal transduction is its cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which serve as second messengers. Activators of each PLC vary, but typically include heterotrimeric G protein subunits, protein tyrosine kinases, small G proteins, Ca2+, and phospholipids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CLDN3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Claudin 3, also known as CLDN3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CLDN3 gene. It is a member of the claudin protein family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MCM5</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

DNA replication licensing factor MCM5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCM5 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BACH1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription regulator protein BACH1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BACH1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TCEAL4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCEAL4 gene.

<i>Clostridium butyricum</i> Species of bacterium

Clostridium butyricum is a strictly anaerobic endospore-forming Gram-positive butyric acid–producing bacillus subsisting by means of fermentation using an intracellularly accumulated amylopectin-like α-polyglucan (granulose) as a substrate. It is uncommonly reported as a human pathogen and is widely used as a probiotic in Asia. C. butyricum is a soil inhabitant in various parts of the world, has been cultured from the stool of healthy children and adults, and is common in soured milk and cheeses. The connection with dairy products is shown by the name, the butyr- in butyricum reflects the relevance of butyric acid in the bacteria's metabolism and the connection with Latin butyrum and Greek βούτυρον, with word roots pertaining to butter and cheese.

Bacterial small RNAs (bsRNA) are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several stem-loops. Numerous sRNAs have been identified using both computational analysis and laboratory-based techniques such as Northern blotting, microarrays and RNA-Seq in a number of bacterial species including Escherichia coli, the model pathogen Salmonella, the nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, marine cyanobacteria, Francisella tularensis, Streptococcus pyogenes, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae. Bacterial sRNAs affect how genes are expressed within bacterial cells via interaction with mRNA or protein, and thus can affect a variety of bacterial functions like metabolism, virulence, environmental stress response, and structure.

Clostridium perfringens beta toxin is one of the four major lethal protein toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens Type B and Type C strains. It is a necrotizing agent and it induces hypertension by release of catecholamine. It has been shown to cause necrotic enteritis in mammals and induces necrotizing intestinal lesions in the rabbit ileal loop model. C. perfringens beta toxin is susceptible to breakdown by proteolytic enzymes, particularly trypsin. Beta toxin is therefore highly lethal to infant mammals because of trypsin inhibitors present in the colostrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nif regulon</span>

The Nif regulon is a set of seven operons used to regulate nitrogen fixation in the coliform bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae under anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions. It includes 17 nif genes, and is situated between the his and the Shi-A operon of the bacterium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glycoside hydrolase family 42</span>

In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 42 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.

23S rRNA (guanine748-N1)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.188, Rlma(II), Rlma2, 23S rRNA m1G748 methyltransferase, RlmaII, Rlma II, tylosin-resistance methyltransferase RlmA(II), TlrB, rRNA large subunit methyltransferase II) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:23S rRNA (guanine748-N1)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Proteobiotics are natural metabolites which are produced by fermentation process of specific probiotic strains. These small oligopeptides were originally discovered in and isolated from culture media used to grow probiotic bacteria and may account for some of the health benefits of probiotics.

References

  1. ↑ Shimizu, T; Yaguchi, H; Ohtani, K; Banu, S; Hayashi, H (Jan 2002). "Clostridial VirR/VirS regulon involves a regulatory RNA molecule for expression of toxins". Molecular Microbiology. 43 (1): 257–265. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02743.x . PMID   11849553.
  2. ↑ Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6 . PMID   12757957.
  3. ↑ Shimizu, T; Yaguchi, H; Ohtani, K; Banu, S; Hayashi, H (Jan 2002). "Clostridial VirR/VirS regulon involves a regulatory RNA molecule for expression of toxins". Molecular Microbiology. 43 (1): 257–265. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02743.x . PMID   11849553.
  4. ↑ Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6 . PMID   12757957.
  5. ↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID   19835966.
  6. ↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID   19835966.
  7. ↑ Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6 . PMID   12757957.
  8. ↑ Okumura, K; Kawsar, HI; Shimizu, T; Ohta, T; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (Jan 15, 2005). "Identification and characterization of a cell-wall anchored DNase gene in Clostridium perfringens". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 242 (2): 281–285. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.019 . PMID   15621449.
  9. ↑ Wang, R; Ohtani, K; Wang, Y; Yuan, Y; Hassan, S; Shimizu, T (Jan 2010). "Genetic and biochemical analysis of a class C non-specific acid phosphatase (NSAP) of Clostridium perfringens". Microbiology. 156 (Pt 1): 167–173. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.030395-0 . PMID   19833778.
  10. ↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID   19835966.
  11. ↑ Hassan, S; Ohtani, K; Wang, R; Yuan, Y; Wang, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Shimizu, T (Feb 2010). "Transcriptional regulation of hemO encoding heme oxygenase in Clostridium perfringens". Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea). 48 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1007/s12275-009-0384-3. PMID   20221736. S2CID   25990716.
  12. ↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID   19835966.
  13. ↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID   19835966.
  14. ↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID   19835966.
  15. ↑ Yuan, Y; Ohtani, K; Yoshizawa, S; Shimizu, T (Feb 2012). "Complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 18 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.004. PMID   21945821.
  16. ↑ Yuan, Y; Ohtani, K; Yoshizawa, S; Shimizu, T (Feb 2012). "Complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 18 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.004. PMID   21945821.
  17. ↑ Obana, N; Shirahama, Y; Abe, K; Nakamura, K (Sep 2010). "Stabilization of Clostridium perfringens collagenase mRNA by VR-RNA-dependent cleavage in 5′ leader sequence". Molecular Microbiology. 77 (6): 1416–1428. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07258.x . PMID   20572941.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.