Collagenase

Last updated
Matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase)
Identifiers
Symbol MMP1
NCBI gene 4312
HGNC 7155
OMIM 120353
RefSeq NM_002421
UniProt P03956
Other data
EC number 3.4.24.7
Locus Chr. 11 q21-q22
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Structures Swiss-model
Domains InterPro
Matrix metallopeptidase 8 (neutrophil collagenase)
Identifiers
Symbol MMP8
NCBI gene 4317
HGNC 7175
OMIM 120355
RefSeq NM_002424
UniProt P22894
Other data
EC number Chromosome = 11 3.4.24.3 Chromosome = 11
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Structures Swiss-model
Domains InterPro
Peptidase M9
Identifiers
SymbolPeptidase M9
Pfam PF01752
Pfam clan CL0126
InterPro IPR013510
MEROPS M9
Available protein structures:
Pfam   structures / ECOD  
PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum structure summary

Collagenases are enzymes that break the peptide bonds in collagen. They assist in destroying extracellular structures in the pathogenesis of bacteria such as Clostridium . They are considered a virulence factor, facilitating the spread of gas gangrene. They normally target the connective tissue in muscle cells and other body organs. [1]

Contents

Collagen, a key component of the animal extracellular matrix, is made through cleavage of pro-collagen by collagenase once it has been secreted from the cell. This stops large structures from forming inside the cell itself.

In addition to being produced by some bacteria, collagenase can be made by the body as part of its normal immune response. This production is induced by cytokines, which stimulate cells such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and can cause indirect tissue damage.[ citation needed ]

Therapeutic uses

Collagenases have been approved for medical uses for:

The MEROPS M9 family

This group of metallopeptidases constitutes the MEROPS peptidase family M9, subfamilies M9A and M9B (microbial collagenase, clan MA(E)). The protein fold of the peptidase domain for members of this family resembles that of thermolysin, the type example for clan MA and the predicted active site residues for members of this family and thermolysin occur in the motif HEXXH. [3]

Microbial collagenases have been identified from bacteria of both the Vibrio and Clostridium genera. Collagenase is used during bacterial attack to degrade the collagen barrier of the host during invasion. Vibrio bacteria are sometimes used in hospitals to remove dead tissue from burns and ulcers. Clostridium histolyticum is a pathogen that causes gas gangrene; nevertheless, the isolated collagenase has been used to treat bed sores. Collagen cleavage occurs at an Xaa+Got in Vibrio bacteria and at Yaa+Gly bonds in Clostridium collagenases.[ citation needed ]

Analysis of the primary structure of the gene product from Clostridium perfringens has revealed that the enzyme is produced with a stretch of 86 residues that contain a putative signal sequence. [4] Within this stretch is found PLGP, an amino acid sequence typical of collagenase substrates. This sequence may thus be implicated in self-processing of the collagenase. [4]

Metalloproteases are the most diverse of the seven main types of protease, with more than 50 families identified to date. In these enzymes, a divalent cation, usually zinc, activates the water molecule. The metal ion is held in place by amino acid ligands, usually three in number. The known metal ligands are His, Glu, Asp, or Lys and at least one other residue is required for catalysis, which may play an electrophillic role. Of the known metalloproteases, around half contain an HEXXH motif, which has been shown in crystallographic studies to form part of the metal-binding site. [3] The HEXXH motif is relatively common, but can be more stringently defined for metalloproteases as 'abXHEbbHbc', where 'a' is most often valine or threonine and forms part of the S1' subsite in thermolysin and neprilysin, 'b' is an uncharged residue, and 'c' a hydrophobic residue. Proline is never found in this site, possibly because it would break the helical structure adopted by this motif in metalloproteases. [3]

Other uses

Collagenases may be used for tenderizing meat in a manner similar to widely used tenderizers papain, bromelain and ficain. [5]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protease</span> Enzyme that cleaves other proteins into smaller peptides

A protease is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds. Proteases are involved in numerous biological pathways, including digestion of ingested proteins, protein catabolism, and cell signaling.

<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Species of bacterium

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, bacillus (rod-shaped), anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ever-present in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. It has the shortest reported generation time of any organism at 6.3 minutes in thioglycolate medium.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrix metallopeptidases or matrixins, are metalloproteinases that are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases; other family members are adamalysins, serralysins, and astacins. The MMPs belong to a larger family of proteases known as the metzincin superfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metalloproteinase</span> Type of enzyme

A metalloproteinase, or metalloprotease, is any protease enzyme whose catalytic mechanism involves a metal. An example is ADAM12 which plays a significant role in the fusion of muscle cells during embryo development, in a process known as myogenesis.

Virulence factors are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens to achieve the following:

Microbial collagenase is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADAM (protein)</span>

ADAMs are a family of single-pass transmembrane and secreted metalloendopeptidases. All ADAMs are characterized by a particular domain organization featuring a pro-domain, a metalloprotease, a disintegrin, a cysteine-rich, an epidermal-growth factor like and a transmembrane domain, as well as a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Nonetheless, not all human ADAMs have a functional protease domain, which indicates that their biological function mainly depends on protein–protein interactions. Those ADAMs which are active proteases are classified as sheddases because they cut off or shed extracellular portions of transmembrane proteins. For example, ADAM10 can cut off part of the HER2 receptor, thereby activating it. ADAM genes are found in animals, choanoflagellates, fungi and some groups of green algae. Most green algae and all land plants likely lost ADAM proteins.

In molecular biology, the Signal Peptide Peptidase (SPP) is a type of protein that specifically cleaves parts of other proteins. It is an intramembrane aspartyl protease with the conserved active site motifs 'YD' and 'GxGD' in adjacent transmembrane domains (TMDs). Its sequences is highly conserved in different vertebrate species. SPP cleaves remnant signal peptides left behind in membrane by the action of signal peptidase and also plays key roles in immune surveillance and the maturation of certain viral proteins.

<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> alpha toxin Toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens and is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. The toxin also possesses hemolytic activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermolysin</span>

Thermolysin is a thermostable neutral metalloproteinase enzyme produced by the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus thermoproteolyticus. It requires one zinc ion for enzyme activity and four calcium ions for structural stability. Thermolysin specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds containing hydrophobic amino acids. However thermolysin is also widely used for peptide bond formation through the reverse reaction of hydrolysis. Thermolysin is the most stable member of a family of metalloproteinases produced by various Bacillus species. These enzymes are also termed 'neutral' proteinases or thermolysin -like proteinases (TLPs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MMP7</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Matrilysin also known as matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), pump-1 protease (PUMP-1), or uterine metalloproteinase is an enzyme in humans that is encoded by the MMP7 gene. The enzyme has also been known as matrin, putative metalloproteinase-1, matrix metalloproteinase pump 1, PUMP-1 proteinase, PUMP, metalloproteinase pump-1, putative metalloproteinase, MMP). Human MMP-7 has a molecular weight around 30 kDa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADAMTS10</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAMTS10 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADAMTS3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAMTS3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is the major procollagen II N-propeptidase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MMP8</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Neutrophil collagenase, also known as matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) or PMNL collagenase (MNL-CL), is a collagen cleaving enzyme which is present in the connective tissue of most mammals. In humans, the MMP-8 protein is encoded by the MMP8 gene. The gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. However, the enzyme encoded by this gene is stored in secondary granules within neutrophils and is activated by autolytic cleavage.

<i>Clostridium septicum</i> Species of bacterium

Clostridium septicum is a gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecadotril</span> Chemical compound

Ecadotril is a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor ((NEP) EC 3.4.24.11) and determined by the presence of peptidase family M13 as a neutral endopeptidase inhibited by phosphoramidon. Ecadotril is the (S)-enantiomer of racecadotril. NEP-like enzymes include the endothelin-converting enzymes. The peptidase M13 family believed to activate or inactivate oligopeptide (pro)-hormones such as opioid peptides, neprilysin is another member of this group, in the case of the metallopeptidases and aspartic, the nucleophiles clan or family for example MA, is an activated water molecule. The peptidase domain for members of this family also contains a bacterial member and resembles that of thermolysin the predicted active site residues for members of this family and thermolysin occur in the motif HEXXH. Thermolysin complexed with the inhibitor (S)-thiorphan are isomeric thiol-containing inhibitors of endopeptidase EC 24-11 (also called "enkephalinase").

Hathewaya histolytica is a species of bacteria found in feces and the soil. It is a motile, gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobe. H. histolytica is pathogenic in many species, including guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, and humans. H. histolytica has been shown to cause gas gangrene, often in association with other bacteria species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astacin</span>

Astacins are a family of multidomain metalloendopeptidases which are either secreted or membrane-anchored. These metallopeptidases belong to the MEROPS peptidase family M12, subfamily M12A. The protein fold of the peptidase domain for members of this family resembles that of thermolysin, the type example for clan MA and the predicted active site residues for members of this family and thermolysin occur in the motif HEXXH.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zingibain</span> Cysteine protease enzyme

Zingibain, zingipain, or ginger protease is a cysteine protease enzyme found in ginger rhizomes. It catalyses the preferential cleavage of peptides with a proline residue at the P2 position. It has two distinct forms, ginger protease I (GP-I) and ginger protease II (GP-II).

Pseudolysin is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

References

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR013510
  1. Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Cristine L. Case (2007). Microbiology: an introduction. Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ISBN   978-0-321-39603-7.
  2. Riley KN, Herman IM (2005). "Collagenase promotes the cellular responses to injury and wound healing in vivo". J Burns Wounds. 4: e8. PMC   1501117 . PMID   16921413.
  3. 1 2 3 Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ (1995). "Evolutionary families of metallopeptidases". Proteolytic Enzymes: Aspartic and Metallo Peptidases. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 248. pp. 183–228. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(95)48015-3. ISBN   9780121821494. PMID   7674922.
  4. 1 2 Matsushita O, Yoshihara K, Katayama S, Minami J, Okabe A (January 1994). "Purification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens 120-kilodalton collagenase and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene". J. Bacteriol. 176 (1): 149–56. doi:10.1128/jb.176.1.149-156.1994. PMC   205026 . PMID   8282691.
  5. Zhao GY, Zhou MY, Zhao HL, Chen XL, Xie BB, Zhang XY, He HL, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ (2012-10-15). "Tenderization effect of cold-adapted collagenolytic protease MCP-01 on beef meat at low temperature and its mechanism". Food Chemistry. 134 (4): 1738–1744. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.118. ISSN   0308-8146. PMID   23442615.