Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight. Laudanum is prepared by dissolving extracts from the opium poppy in alcohol (ethanol).
Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organochloride with the formula CHCl3 and a common solvent. It is a volatile, colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid produced on a large scale as a precursor to refrigerants and PTFE. Chloroform was once used as an inhalational anesthetic between the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It is miscible with many solvents but it is only very slightly soluble in water.
Biocon Limited is an Indian biopharmaceutical company based in Bengaluru, India. It was founded by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in 1978. The company manufactures generic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are sold in approximately 120 countries, including the United States and Europe. It also manufactures novel biologics as well as biosimilar insulins and antibodies, which are sold in India as branded formulations. Biocon's biosimilar products are also sold in both bulk and formulation forms in several emerging markets.
The Balmoral Hotel is a hotel and landmark in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located in the heart of the city at the east end of Princes Street, the main shopping street beneath the Edinburgh Castle rock, and the southern edge of the New Town.
The pharmaceutical industry in India was valued at an estimated US$42 billion in 2021 and is estimated to reach $130 billion by 2030. India is the world's largest provider of generic medicines by volume, with a 20% share of total global pharmaceutical exports. It is also the largest vaccine supplier in the world by volume, accounting for more than 60% of all vaccines manufactured in the world. Indian pharmaceutical products are exported to various regulated markets including the US, UK, European Union and Canada.
Cambrex Corporation is a Contract Development Manufacturing Organisation (CDMO) that provides drug substance, drug product and analytical services across the entire drug lifecycle, as well as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). With over 2,200 employees in 7 countries across 13 locations, Cambrex operates in branded and generic markets for API and dosage form development and manufacturing.
For health issues in Iran see Health in Iran.
The ethics involved within pharmaceutical sales is built from the organizational ethics, which is a matter of system compliance, accountability and culture. Organizational ethics are used when developing the marketing and sales strategy to both the public and the healthcare profession of the strategy. Organizational ethics are best demonstrated through acts of fairness, compassion, integrity, honor, and responsibility.
JSC Olpha is a Latvian leading manufacturer in the chemical and pharmaceutical sector of the Baltic States.
Alfa Aesar was a supplier of reagents and materials for use in research and development, and analysis. The company had facilities in a variety of countries and manufactured many of the chemicals they sold. The company was bought by Thermo Fisher Scientific in 2015, having previously existed as part of the Johnson Matthey Fine Chemicals & Catalysts Division. In 2021, Alfa Aesar products were rebranded under the Thermo Scientific brand name.
Vectura Group Limited is a British pharmaceuticals company based in Chippenham, England which develops inhaled medicines and makes inhaler devices. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Philip Morris International in September 2021.
Esteve is a Spanish international pharmaceutical company headquartered in Barcelona with more than 90 years of experience. Since its founding in 1929, Esteve has extended its pharmaceutical operations to Spain, Portugal, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, Esteve supplies medicines to more than 7 million patients worldwide.
The pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom directly employs around 73,000 people and in 2007 contributed £8.4 billion to the UK's GDP and invested a total of £3.9 billion in research and development. In 2007 exports of pharmaceutical products from the UK totalled £14.6 billion, creating a trade surplus in pharmaceutical products of £4.3 billion.
Ipca Laboratories Limited is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company based in Mumbai. It produces theobromine, acetylthiophene, and p-bromotoluene as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Ipca sells these APIs and their intermediates globally. It produces more than 150 formulations that include oral liquids, tablets, dry powders, and capsules.
MacFarlan Smith is a pharmaceutical manufacturing company based in Edinburgh, Scotland, founded in 1815. After its sale from Johnson Matthey in June 2022 to Altaris Capital Partners, Macfarlan Smith rebranded as Veranova. Veranova is a CDMO specialising in the development and manufacturing of specialist and complex active pharmaceutical ingredients, or APIs. It has facilities across Europe and North America.
Ology Bioservices is a private, American biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Alachua, Florida. The company was founded with research in nanometer-scale particle technology to develop new drug delivery technologies and increase the efficacy of existing drugs. In 2016, the company changed their strategic focus and became a biologics contract development and manufacturing company (CDMO) specializing in the manufacturing of vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, virus and nucleic acids.
Catalent, Inc. is a multinational corporation headquartered in Somerset, New Jersey. It is a global provider of delivery technologies, development, drug manufacturing, biologics, gene therapies and consumer health products. It employs more than 14,000 people, including approximately 2,400 scientists and technicians. In fiscal year 2020, it generated over $3 billion in annual revenue.
Laurus Labs is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company headquartered in Hyderabad. Its focus areas include active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), generic formulations, custom synthesis (CDMO), biotechnology, veterinary APIs and agrochemicals. The company was founded in 2005 by Satyanarayana Chava.
Divi's Laboratories Limited is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company and producer of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates, headquartered in Hyderabad. The company manufactures and custom synthesizes generic APIs, intermediates. The company also manufactures and supplies nutraceutical ingredients through its subsidiary, Divi's Nutraceuticals. Divi's Laboratories is India's fourth largest publicly listed pharmaceutical company by market capitalization.
William Flockhart, L.R.C.S.E. was a Scottish chemist, a pharmacist who provided chloroform to Doctor James Young Simpson for his anaesthesia experiment at 52 Queen Street, Edinburgh on 4 November 1847. This was the first use of this chemical on humans when Simpson tried it on himself and a few friends, and then used it for pain relief in obstetrics, and surgery. This changed medical practice for over a century, according to the British Medical Journal.
