Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza

Last updated

Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza
Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza.jpg
Born (1968-10-03) 3 October 1968 (age 56)
Political partyDevelopment And Liberty For All
Other political
affiliations		 United Democratic Forces of Rwanda
Children3

Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza (born 3 October 1968) is a Rwandan politician who served as chairwoman of the Unified Democratic Forces from 2006 to 2019. As an advocate for democracy and critic of President Paul Kagame, she was the UDF's candidate for the Rwandan 2010 presidential elections, but was ultimately arrested and sentenced to prison. [1] A Sakharov Prize nominee, she served 8 years of a 15-year prison sentence in Kigali Central Prison on charges of terrorism and threatening national security. [2] [3] She currently leads the party Development And Liberty For All, with the focus to campaign for more political space and for development. [4] [5]

Contents

Family and professional career

Married and a mother of three, she trained in commercial law and accounting and graduated in business economics and corporate management in the Netherlands. Umuhoza worked as an official of an international accounting firm based in the Netherlands, where she was in charge of its accounting departments in 25 branches in Europe, Asia and Africa.[ citation needed ]

In April 2009, she resigned from her function to dedicate herself to a political career and to prepare her to return to her homeland and, as the head of her political party, to contribute to the rebuilding of her country.

Political career

Since 1997, Umuhoza has been involved in the struggle of the Rwandan political opposition in exile. Umuhoza has been quoted as saying "My objective is to introduce Rwanda to the rule of law and a constitutional state where international democratic standards are respected, where patriotism will at last be the cornerstone for all public institutions." [6] Her political activities are centred around the idea of a state of justice where individuals choose their associations based on their shared political aspirations rather than their ethnic or regional background. [7] She has also been vocal in calling for more empowerment of women in Rwanda. [6]

In 1997, Umuhoza joined the Republican Rally for Democracy in Rwanda. [8] A year later, she became the president of its Netherlands branch and in 2000, she was nominated president of RDR at the international level.

From 2003 to 2006, she occupied the post of president of the Union of Rwandan Democratic Forces (French: Union des Forces Démocratiques Rwandaises), the main coalition of political opposition parties and personalities in exile, of which RDR is an active member.

In January 2010, Umuhoza returned to her country, after 16 years in exile, as the main leader of the Rwandan political opposition. [9]

13 September 2012, Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, together with two other Rwandan political figures (Bernard Ntaganda and Deogratias Mushyayidi – all currently imprisoned in Kigali), was nominated by 42 MEPs for the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought 2012 of the European Parliament. [10]

5 December 2019, Victoire Ingabire was awarded the International Human Rights Award 2019 by the Association for Human Rights of Spain (APDHE) but was not allowed by the Rwandan government to attend the award ceremony of 2019 in Spain. [11] [12]

Unification of the democratic opposition

The fight for a unified political opposition in exile dominated her political career. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) continued to monopolise power in Kigali, criminalising, persecuting or co-opting any resistance. [13] Inside the country, opposition to the RPF-led regime in Rwanda is almost non-existent. Only diaspora-based associations were able to mount an opposition attempt to Rwandan current President Paul Kagame's regime but divisions and political rivalries in diaspora did not make this possible. In favour of fundamental change and reconciliation, she gradually changed the pace of the struggle towards a unified opposition with peaceful means [14] to stand up to the challenge of offering to Rwandans an alternative to Paul Kagame's regime.

In November 2004, in Amsterdam, Netherlands she organised a conference known as the "Forum on Peace, Security, Democracy and Development in the Great Lakes Region" which was followed by the Amsterdam Initiative with the aim to create the new platform for co-operation. [15]

In October 2005, Victoire initiated contacts with other opposition organisations and organised an all-inclusive meeting for all Rwandan civil society associations and political parties. A consensus of a common front against Paul Kagame's regime was finally reached.[ citation needed ]

Starting from April 2006, she participated in the creation of the United Democratic Forces (FDU) and was elected president of the political platform. FDU has a goal to install the rule of law in Rwanda, underpinned by the respect of democratic values enshrined in the universal declaration of human rights and other international instruments relating to democracy and good governance. [16]

Umuhoza actively participated in Highly Inclusive Inter-Rwandan Dialogue (HIIRD) project in Barcelona, Spain in 2004, 2006 [17] and in April – May 2009 [18] under the auspice of Juan Carrero Saralegui, the Nobel Peace Prize candidate [19] and of Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize and Federico Mayor Zaragoza, the vice-president of the Alliance of Civilization. [20]

She proposed following emblematic reforms calling for change in daily life of all Rwandans and the way they relate to politics: Creation of a Committee of Truth, Justice and Reconciliation to help Rwandans towards true reconciliation; Introduction of a non-political commission in charge of rewriting and interpretation of the actual history of Rwanda; The passing of a bill for the right to private ownership and for protection of the weakest members of the public, for the guarantee by the law of equal opportunity and access to credit and employment for all citizens.

One month after she arrived in Rwanda in January 2010, together with other two political opposition party leaders [ which? ] already in the country, she formed a Permanent Consultative Council of Opposition Parties, putting together their efforts to widen the political space for the opposition parties and to strengthen the democratic process in Rwanda. [21]

Arrest and trial

Umuhoza was placed under house arrest in April 2010. She was arrested on 14 October 2010. She appeared in court and was charged alongside four alleged co-conspirators (Colonel Tharcisse Nditurende, Lieutenant Colonel Noel Habiyaremye, Lieutenant Jean Marie Vianney Karuta and Major Vital Uwumuremyi). [22]

Rwandan prosecution accused her of "Forming an armed group with the aim of destabilising the country, complicity to acts of terrorism, conspiracy against the government by use of war and terrorism, inciting the masses to revolt against the government, genocide ideology and provoking divisionism". [23] She denies all the charges which she claims are politically motivated. [24]

During pre-trial formalities in September, Ingabire's defence lodged two motions. The first was against the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court for acts allegedly committed while Ingabire was resident in the Netherlands. The second was that Ingabire's prosecution under the 2008 "genocide ideology" law amounted to retrospective application as all evidence provided dated from before 2007. [22] [25]

27 March 2012, Umuhoza launched a legal challenge in the Rwandan high court to nullify articles 2 – 9 of the laws related to "divisionism" and "genocide ideology," arguing that articles 2 and 3 of the law contradict articles 20, 33 and 34 of the constitution guaranteeing freedom of expression and that they are too broad thus denying the rights to give opinion on the genocide and being exploited by her government to limit the freedom of thought. [26] In her trial, the court suspended all debate related to "18/2008 laws" governing genocide ideology but decided to continue the proceedings against her on the other charges.

11 April 2012, A witness for the defence, former FDLR colonel Michel Habimana testified that state intelligence services had manufactured witness Uwumuremyi's story. He also testified that the prosecution's lead witness was lying about his own contact with Ingabire and his own rank within the FDLR. [27] Already serving life in prison, Habimana was subjected to a cell search and had important documents relating to the case seized. The defence claimed intimidation of a key witness. Subsequently, Victoire Ingabire refused to return to the Rwandan courtroom and asked her lawyers not to return either. [28] Her defence lawyer Iain Edwards said the boycott came after the former rebel colonel was interrupted while accusing the Rwandan intelligence services of offering money to rebels to make false claims against Ingabire. [29]

18 October 2012, the Supreme Court of Rwanda dismissed Umuhoza's constitutional review case of Law N° 18/2008 of 23/07/2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology. On articles 2 and 3, the court ruled that the scope of the law is meaningful, though it can require more clarifications in some cases. The court rejected the requests to nullify articles 4 to 9 on the law repressing genocide ideology and article 4 of the law on war crimes and crimes against humanity, saying that the articles no longer exist in the current code of laws. [30] The state prosecutor asked a panel of judges to give Umuhoza the maximum life sentence. [31] The verdict which was expected to be announced on 29 June was postponed four times until 31 October 2012. [32]

On 30 October 2012, Umuhoza was sentenced to eight years imprisonment by the High Court of Kigali for "conspiracy against the country through terrorism and war" and "genocide denial". On 13 December 2013, Rwanda's Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Umuhoza and increased her jail term from eight to 15 years. [33]

Appeal to the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights

3 October 2014, Victoire Ingabire brought her case to the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (AfCHPR). [34] Ingabire claimed that the State violated articles 7 (right to fair trial) and 9 (right to receive information and free expression) of the African Charter, and articles 14 (right to a fair trial), 15 (prohibition on retroactivity of the law), and 19 (right to hold opinions without interference) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. id. at paras. 77-78. [35]

On 24 November 2017, The AfCHPR found that the State violated Ingabire’s right to freedom of expression under Article 9(2) (right to freedom of expression) of the African Charter and Article 19 (right to freedom of expression) of the ICCPR. The AfCHPR also found a violation of Ingabire’s right to defense under Article 7(1) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. the Court determined that threats and intimidation of one of the witnesses by prison officials, the use of evidence against Ingabire that was produced through that intimidation and never shown to the defense, and difficultly defense counsel had in questioning one witness were all in violation of the right to defense. [36] The AfCHPR ordered the Republic of Rwanda to take all necessary measures to restore her rights and to submit to the Court a report on the measures taken within six months. [37] [38]

On 3 January 2018, Victoire Ingabire filed her Application for reparation and applied to the Court to annul the sentence of imprisonment and its consequences and award her full compensation for the prejudices suffered by herself, her husband and her three children as a result of the violations of her rights as set out in the Judgment of 24 November 2017. [39] The AfCHPR, in its App. No. 003/2014 judgment on reparations of 7 December 2018, ordered the Respondent State to reimburse the Applicant the amount of ten million, two hundred and thirty thousand Rwandan Francs (FRw 10,230,000) for the entire material prejudice suffered; (iii) orders the Respondent State to pay the Applicant the amount of fifty-five million Rwandese Francs (FRw 55,000,000) as compensation for the moral prejudice she, her husband and her three children suffered; (iv) orders the Respondent State to pay all the amounts indicated in subparagraph (ii) and (iii) of this operative part within six (6) months, effective from the date of notification of its Judgment. [40] [41]

According to Rwandan newspaper, The New Times, on 14 September 2018, President Paul Kagame exercised his prerogative of mercy and granted early release to Umuhoza, as well as to 2000 other convicted persons including singer Kizito Mihigo. On 15 September 2018, Ingabire was released from Mageragere Prison.

Political positions

Support for civil society

Umuhoza is a founding member of many associations and foundations in the union sector: Association Contact, Dialogue et Actions Caritatives (CODAC) which seeks to give moral, legal advice and material support to the survivors of the Great Lakes region in the Netherlands or in their region; Association URAHO of women refugees from Rwanda in the Netherlands, focusing on getting Rwandese women out of isolation and helping them integrate into Dutch society, to assist non-accompanied children and asylum seekers; Fondation PROJUSTITIA-Rwanda, committed to fighting in favour of fair justice for all victims of the Rwandan tragedy; HARAMBE, platform of African women's associations in the Netherlands committed to promoting development of African women on the continent. Umuhoza was also a member of the executive committee of ZWALU, a platform bringing together foreign women in the Netherlands to promote their emancipation.[ citation needed ]

Rwandan genocide

On the day of her arrival in the country, to honour the victims of the genocide, she visited the Gisozi Genocide Memorial Centre. In her remarks on unity and reconciliation, she stated that current political policy was not sufficient to bring about reconciliation, and noted as an example that the memorial did not acknowledge Hutus who also died during the genocide. She stressed that those who committed genocide as well as those who committed other war crimes and crimes against humanity should be brought before the courts of justice. [42] [43] [44] Her speech was later submitted to the court after her arrest as evidence of genocide revisionism. [45]

Continued critique of the RPF

On 9 March 2019, a close aide to Umuhoza, Anselme Mutuyimana, was found dead of strangulation. [46] In September 2019, Syldio Dusabumuremyi, her former party’s national coordinator was stabbed to death. At the time, the RIB announced it had two men in custody. Eugène Ndereyimana, also a member of FDU-Inkingi, was reported missing on 15 July, after he failed to arrive for a meeting in Nyagatare, in Rwanda’s Eastern Province. Boniface Twagirimana, her former party’s deputy leader, who "disappeared" from his prison cell in Mpanga, southern Rwanda, in October 2018 was missing at the time of writing. [47] [48] [ relevant? ]

Publications

Victoire Ingabire wrote a book "Between 4 walls of the 1930 prison: Memoirs of a Rwandan Prisoner of Conscience" in which she recounts her life experience for 3 years, from the moment she announced her candidacy for presidential elections, to her incarceration into the famous "1930" maximum security Rwandan prison and she describes her encounter with the Rwandan judicial system from within. [49] [50]

Victoire Ingabire is the author of numerous articles and publications where she expressed her views on important issues pertaining to current events in her country and that of the Great Lakes region. Among others:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Rwanda</span>

Rwanda is a de facto one-party state ruled by the Rwandan Patriotic Front and its leader Paul Kagame since the end of the 1994 genocide against members of the Tutsi ethnic group. Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and electoral fraud.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Kagame</span> President of Rwanda since 2000

Paul Kagame is a Rwandan politician and former military officer who has been the President of Rwanda since 2000. He was previously a commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel armed force which invaded Rwanda in 1990. The RPF was one of the parties of the conflict during the Rwandan Civil War and the armed force which ended the Rwandan genocide. He was considered Rwanda's de facto leader when he was Vice President and Minister of Defence under President Pasteur Bizimungu from 1994 to 2000 after which the vice-presidential post was abolished.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rwandan genocide</span> 1994 genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda

The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred from 7 April to 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. Over a span of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were systematically killed by Hutu militias. While the Rwandan Constitution states that over 1 million people were killed, most scholarly estimates suggest between 500,000 and 662,000 Tutsi died. The genocide was marked by extreme violence, with victims often murdered by neighbors, and widespread sexual violence, with between 250,000 and 500,000 women raped.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rwandan Civil War</span> 1990–1994 armed struggle in Rwanda

The Rwandan Civil War was a large-scale civil war in Rwanda which was fought between the Rwandan Armed Forces, representing the country's government, and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from 1 October 1990 to 18 July 1994. The war arose from the long-running dispute between the Hutu and Tutsi groups within the Rwandan population. A 1959–1962 revolution had replaced the Tutsi monarchy with a Hutu-led republic, forcing more than 336,000 Tutsi to seek refuge in neighbouring countries. A group of these refugees in Uganda founded the RPF which, under the leadership of Fred Rwigyema and Paul Kagame, became a battle-ready army by the late 1980s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Rwanda</span>

Human rights in Rwanda have been violated on a grand scale. The greatest violation is the Rwandan genocide of Tutsi in 1994. The post-genocide government is also responsible for grave violations of human rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Rwandan presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Rwanda on 9 August 2010, the second since the Rwandan Civil War. Incumbent President Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) was re-elected for a second seven-year term with 93% of the vote.

C. Peter Erlinder was an American lawyer, originally from Chicago, who lived in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was Lead Defense Counsel for the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and represented several clients internationally, most notably several Rwandan opposition leaders, including Rwandan presidential candidate Victoire Ingabire.

The United Democratic Forces of Rwanda is a coalition of Rwandan opposition groups. Since its foundation in 2006, the UDF-Inkingi has profiled itself as an opposition party whose main objective is to change the regime of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which has been in power since the end of the genocide against the Tutsis in July 1994. To this day, despite multiple attempts to become officially registered in Rwanda, the UDF-Inkingi has not yet been authorised to operate in Rwanda as a party. According to international human rights bodies, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, UDF-Inkingi members inside Rwanda have been regularly subjected to persecution and even to murder, mostly non-elucidated.

Jean-Léonard Rugambage was a Rwandan journalist, acting editor of the newspaper Umuvugizi. He was murdered after an assailant shot him four times in front of his home in Kigali on 24 June 2010.

The following lists events that happened during 2010 in Rwanda.

Kizito Mihigo was a Rwandan gospel singer, songwriter, organist, composer of sacred music, television presenter, genocide survivor, peace maker and peace and reconciliation activist. Kizito was an iconic activist who dedicated his life to healing the souls of his fellow genocide survivors and rebuilding unity and reconciliation in Rwanda. According to Kisito's words, published on Kizitomihigo.com, he claimed, "The objective of my works is to console and strengthen the wounded hearts, singing peace and forgiveness." His ultimate performance in healing and Peacebuilding started in 2010 when he created the Kizito Mihigo Peace Foundation, a non-profit organization devoted to his cause.

The Kizito Mihigo Peace Foundation, also called KMP Foundation, is a Rwandan non-governmental organization created in 2010 by the Rwandan gospel musician Kizito Mihigo. The foundation's main objective is to promote peace and reconciliation after the 1994 genocide.

Ishema Party is a Rwandan political movement founded by Thomas Nahimana and other young Rwandan activists and scholars, including Nadine Claire Kasinge, Chaste Gahunde, and Venant Nkurunziza. They met in Paris and for three days exchanged on issues facing Rwanda and possible consequences. Ultimately, they started a political party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diane Rwigara</span> Rwandan businesswoman and presidential candidate

Diane Shima Rwigara is a Rwandan businesswoman and accountant who stood as an independent candidate in the 2017 Rwandan presidential election. Rwigara was charged on 23 September 2017, alongside her mother and four other defendants, with "inciting insurrection" among other counts, but was acquitted along with her mother on 6 December 2018.

Marie Thérèse Mukamulisa is a Rwandan jurist who was appointed to a six-year term on the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paula Ingabire</span> Rwandan politician (born 1983)

Paula Ingabire is a Rwandan technology professional and politician, who serves as the Minister of Information and communications technology and Innovation, in the Cabinet of Rwanda, since 18 October 2018.

Since the end of the Rwandan Civil War, many forms of censorship have been implemented in Rwanda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Rwandan general election</span>

General elections were held in Rwanda on 15 July 2024 to elect the president and members of the Chamber of Deputies.

Mageragere Prison, officially Nyarugenge Correctional Facility, is a correctional facility located in Nyarugenge District, Kigali, Rwanda. Established in September 2016, Mageragere is the largest prison in Rwanda. As of August 2023, Mageragere houses approximately 9,000 inmates.

John Williams Ntwali was a Rwandan investigative journalist. The founder of the YouTube news channel PAX TV – IREME News and editor of the independent newspaper The Chronicles, he often reported on human rights stories, and was critical of the Rwandan government. Having spoken previously about being threatened due to his journalism, on 17 January 2023, Ntwali was officially identified as being the victim of a road accident that had occurred the previous day; numerous human rights organisations and press associations have disputed this account and called for an investigation into whether he was murdered.

References

  1. ↑ "BBC News – Rwanda terror charge for opposition's Victoire Ingabire". Bbc.co.uk. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  2. ↑ Amnesty International (July 2017). "Setting the Scene for Elections: Two Decades of Silencing Dissent in Rwanda". www.amnesty.org. p. 13. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  3. ↑ Himbara, David (17 September 2018). "How Kagame Deceived The World That He Freed Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza". The Rwandan.
  4. ↑ Ingabire Umuhoza, Victoire. "Press Release" (PDF). Dalfa.org. DALFA-Umurinzi. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  5. ↑ "Rwanda: l'opposante Victoire Ingabire lance un nouveau parti". RFI. Radio France Internationale. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  6. 1 2 "POLITICS-RWANDA: Woman Vies for Top Job – IPS". Ipsnews.net. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  7. ↑ "LE RWANDA 2004" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  8. ↑ "Rwanda | Bienvenue sur le site du RDR Rwanda – Welcome to the Rwanda RDR Web site". Rdrwanda.org. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  9. ↑ "Rwanda urged to ensure opposition leader receives fair trial | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  10. ↑ Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought 2012
  11. ↑ "Ganadores Premios Derechos Humanos 2019". APDHE. La asociación Pro Derechos Humanos de España. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  12. ↑ Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (6 December 2019). "Rwanda far from respecting human rights - 'grounded' Ingabire jabs". AfricaNews. Africa News. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  13. ↑ "Crumbling in Exile – The Changing Nature of the Rwandan Opposition" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  14. ↑ "The Dismantling of the Rwandan Political Opposition in Exile" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  15. ↑ Crumbling in exile: The changing nature of the Rwandan opposition Marina Rafti, 2005
  16. ↑ "Forces Democratiques Unifiees-Political Program" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  17. ↑ "Microsoft Word - DIR06 - Cpte rendu du DIR du 5au7juin2006 DEF ING.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  18. ↑ "Declaration of the Intra-Rwandese Dialog: DIR'2009 (representative Edition)". Rwandadialogue.org. Retrieved 27 April 2011.[ permanent dead link ]
  19. ↑ "Freelance Spain Biography – Juan Carrero". Spainview.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  20. ↑ "United Nations Alliance of Civilizations | UNAOC". United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC). Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  21. ↑ "Rwanda FDU-UDF : Rwandan Opposition political Parties have formed a "Permanent Consultative Council of Opposition Parties"". Fdu-rwanda.org. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  22. 1 2 "The Ingabire Trial: Rwanda's Contempt of Court? - Think Africa!". Think Africa!. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  23. ↑ "World Report 2012: Rights Trends in World Report 2012: Rwanda". Human Rights Watch. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  24. ↑ "Rwanda: Court Hears Details of Ingabire's Charges". The New Times (Kigali). 10 September 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  25. ↑ "Rwanda: Ingabire Trial Postponed to Next Week". The New Times (Kigali). 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  26. ↑ Rwanda: Safer to stay silent: The chilling effect of Rwanda's laws on 'genocide ideology' and 'sectarianism'
  27. ↑ "11th April 2012 – New defence witness substantiates the role of the secret police". Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  28. ↑ "16th April 2012 – Victoire Ingabire withdraws from court proceedings". Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  29. ↑ "Rwandan boycotts her terror trial". BBC News. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  30. ↑ "Supreme Court rejects Ingabire's petition". Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  31. ↑ "Rwandan prosecutors seek life sentence for Ingabire". Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  32. ↑ "19th October 2012 – Political prisoner INGABIRE verdict postponed to 30 October 2012". Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  33. ↑ "Victoire Ingabire: Rwanda leader's jail term raised". BBC News. 13 December 2013.
  34. ↑ "App. No. 003/2014 – Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. Republic of Rwanda". African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. AfCHPR. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  35. ↑ "African Court Holds Rwanda Violated Victoire Ingabire's Freedom of Expression". International Justice Resource Center. IJRC. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  36. ↑ African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (24 November 2017). "App. No. 003/2014 Judgment – Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. Republic of Rwanda" (PDF). African-court.org. AfCHPR. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  37. ↑ Aglionby, John. "African court rules Rwandan opposition leader's rights violated". Financial Times. FT.com. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  38. ↑ Namwase, Sylvie. Inclusive dialogue, freedom of speech in Rwanda and the milestone decision of the African Court in the matter of Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza v Republic of Rwanda (PDF) (2 (2018) ed.). Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press (PULP). p. 521. ISSN   2523-1367 . Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  39. ↑ Windridge, Oliver (25 April 2019). "Closing the Circle: the Ingabire Reparations Decision". The ACtHPR Monitor. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  40. ↑ African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (7 December 2018). "The Matter of Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. Republic of Rwanda Application No. 003/2014 Judgement on Reparations" (PDF). african-court.org. AfCHPR. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  41. ↑ Rickard, Carmel (13 December 2018). "African court awards compensation for rights violations to Rwanda's "Nelson Mandela", Victoire Ingabire". AfricanLII.org. AfricanLII. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  42. ↑ "Human Right Watch: Rwanda Tribunal Should Pursue Justice for RPF Crimes". Hrw.org. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  43. ↑ "Rwanda FDU-UDF : Press Release of the Chairperson of FDU-Inkingi". Fdu-rwanda.org. 17 January 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  44. ↑ "Madam Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza at Gisozi 16.01.2010". YouTube. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  45. ↑ "Which part of Victoire Ingabire's speech is evidence of divisionism?". theproxylake.com. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  46. ↑ Adeoye, Aanu (11 March 2019). "Aide to leading Rwandan opposition politician found dead". CNN. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  47. ↑ "Rwanda: Events of 2019". World Report 2020 - Rwanda Events of 2019. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ Uwiringiyimana, Clement. "Spokesman of leading Rwandan opposition politician found dead". Reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  49. ↑ "Book – Between 4 Walls of the 1930 Prison, A story of a courageous Rwandan Mother and prisoner of conscience". Friends of Victoire. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  50. ↑ Ingabire Umuhoza, Victoire (20 September 2017). Between 4 walls of the 1930 prison: Memoirs of a Rwandan Prisoner of Conscience. CreateSpace Independent Publishing. p. 332. ISBN   978-1976593598.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.