The European Convention on Human Rights is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the then newly formed Council of Europe,the convention entered into force on 3 September 1953. All Council of Europe member states are party to the convention and new members are expected to ratify the convention at the earliest opportunity.
The European Court of Human Rights,also known as the Strasbourg Court,is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The court is based in Strasbourg,France.
A national human rights institution (NHRI) is an independent state-based institution with the responsibility to broadly protect and promote human rights in a given country. The growth of such bodies has been encouraged by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),which has provided advisory and support services,and facilitated access for NHRIs to the United Nations (UN) treaty bodies and other committees. There are over one hundred such institutions,about two-thirds assessed by peer review as compliant with the United Nations standards set out in the Paris Principles. Compliance with the Principles is the basis for accreditation at the UN,which,uniquely for NHRIs,is not conducted directly by a UN body but by a sub-committee of the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) called the Sub-Committee on Accreditation. The secretariat to the review process is provided by the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section of the OHCHR.
Human rights in Cyprus are protected by the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus.
Armen Harutyunyan is the former ombudsman of Armenia and Regional Representative of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Central Asia. He took office in February 2011. In 2015,he was elected Judge at the European Court of Human Rights and is a judge since 17 December 2015. Armen Harutyunyan is the author of more than 70 scientific works. He is married and has two children.
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one's "private and family life,his home and his correspondence",subject to certain restrictions that are "in accordance with law" and "necessary in a democratic society". The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.
Päivi Maarit Hirvelä is a Finnish former judge on the European Court of Human Rights. Hirveläis on leave from the Finnish state prosecutor's office. Hirveläholds a doctorate in law.
Egbert Myjer is a Dutch judge. He served on the European Court of Human Rights,elected in respect of the Netherlands,between 1 November 2004 and 31 October 2012. Since 1 March 2013 he is serving his first five-year term as a Commissioner of the International Commission of Jurists. He was appointed as a board member of the International Service for Human Rights in May 2013.
An ombudsman,ombud,ombuds,bud,ombudswoman,ombudsperson or public advocate is an government employee who investigates and tries to resolve complaints,usually through recommendations or mediation. They are usually appointed by the government or by parliament.
Human rights in Northern Cyprus are protected by the constitution of Northern Cyprus. However,there have been reports of violations of the human rights of minorities,democratic freedom,freedom from discrimination,freedom from torture,freedom of movement,freedom of religion,freedom of speech,right to education,right to life,right to property,and the rights of displaced persons. The rights of Greek Cypriots displaced by the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus,notably their rights to property and right of return,is one of the focal points of ongoing negotiations for the solution of the Cyprus question.
A children's ombudsman,children's commissioner,youth commissioner,child advocate,children's commission,youth ombudsman or equivalent body is a public authority in various countries charged with the protection and promotion of the rights of children and young people,either in society at large,or in specific categories such as children in contact with the care system. The agencies usually have a substantial degree of independence from the executive,the term is often used differently from the original meaning of ombudsman,it is often an umbrella term,often used as a translation convention or national human rights institutions,dealing with individual complaints,intervening with other public authorities,conducting research,and –where their mandate permits them to engage in advocacy –generally promoting children's rights in public policy,law and practice. The first children's commissioner was established in Norway in 1981. The creation of such institutions has been promoted by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child,and,from 1990 onwards,by the Council of Europe.
Marek Antoni Nowicki is a human rights lawyer. He has been a member of the Human Rights Advisory Panel of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo since January 2007,and from January 2008 became its president. Nowicki was a United Nations-appointed International Ombudsman in Kosovo from July 2000 to December 2005. He was also a member of the European Commission of Human Rights in Strasbourg from March 1993 until 31 October 1999. From December 1997 to November 1998,he served as vice-president of the Second Chamber of this commission.
Giovanni Bonello is a Maltese judge,judge of the European Court of Human Rights from 1998 until 2004,then extended till 2010.
Róbert Ragnar Spanó is an Icelandic jurist,judge,and former president of the European Court of Human Rights. He has been a partner at the multinational law firm of Gibson,Dunn &Crutcher since the end of this tenure as President of the Court in October 2022. He started his tenure as President of the Court on 18 May 2020,succeeding Judge Sicilianos from Greece. Before beginning his service on the court on 1 November 2013,he served provisionally as parliamentary ombudsman of Iceland and Dean of the Faculty of Law,University of Iceland. Spano's mandate as a Judge and President of the Court ended on 31 October 2022 when he was succeeded by Judge Siofra O'Leary.
Guido Raimondi is an Italian judge born in Naples and former judge and President of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Raimondi was nominated to the court by Italy and began his 9-year term as ECHR judge on 5 May 2010. He was the President of ECHR from 1 November 2015 until 4 May 2019.
Ganna (Anna) Yuriyivna Yudkivska is a Ukrainian lawyer and judge. She was the judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Ukraine in 2010-2022. She is a Member of the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention.
Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque is a Portuguese judge born in Beira,Mozambique and was the judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Portugal from April 2011 to March 2020.
The Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten is a court of Sint Maarten. As a constitutional court it evaluates the constitutionality of the provisions of legislation which is approved by the Estates of Sint Maarten and signed into law,but which has not entered into force. Procedures by the court may be initiated only by the ombudsman of Sint Maarten. As of July 2016,the court has decided two cases. Sint Maarten is the only country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands with a constitutional court.
Silvio Camilleri is a Maltese judge,Chief Justice of Malta from 2010 to 2018.
Síofra O’Leary is an Irish lawyer and judge who has served as President of the European Court of Human Rights since November 2022 and as a Judge of the European Court of Human Rights since July 2015. She previously served as a Vice-President of the European Court of Human Rights in 2022.
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