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Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a cytokine receptor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene.
2-Methoxyestradiol is a natural metabolite of estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2). It is specifically the 2-methyl ether of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol prevents the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need in order to grow (angiogenesis), hence it is an angiogenesis inhibitor. It also acts as a vasodilator and induces apoptosis in some cancer cell lines. 2-Methoxyestradiol is derived from estradiol, although it interacts poorly with the estrogen receptors. However, it retains activity as a high-affinity agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER).
Reprimo (RPRM), is a gene located at human chromosome 2q23 whose expression in conjunction with p53, along with other genes which are p53-induced, is associated with the arrest of the cell cycle at the G2 phase. Reprimo's protein product is a highly glycosylated polypeptide which, upon its expression, is localized to the cytoplasm where it is primarily active. As the expression of reprimo is controlled by p53, which is in turn controlled by a wide array of convergent signal pathways pertaining to DNA damage or nutrient depravity, its presence is expected within cells which would cause damage should they be freely allowed to replicate. Pursuant to this, reprimo's expression during the G2 phase of the cell cycle ultimately results in the reduction of Cdc2 expression, and in the inhibition of the nuclear translocation of cyclin B1 which is necessary to its function. Reprimo is known to collaborate with p21 to achieve these specific effects, and in a more general sense collaborates with the other p53-induced proteins and effectors to produce the overall cellular response. These regulatory actions help to render the afflicted cell into an arrested state which is less immediately threatening to the whole organism due to the inability of afflicted cells to replicate with damaged DNA, among other potential circumstances, giving the cell an opportunity to undergo DNA repair or apoptosis as the level of damage will dictate. Indefinite cell cycle arrest is another potential outcome. For this reason, it is considered to be a tumor suppressor gene.
Proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) also known as modulator of non-genomic activity of estrogen receptor (MNAR) and transcription factor HMX3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PELP1 gene. is a transcriptional corepressor for nuclear receptors such as glucocorticoid receptors and a coactivator for estrogen receptors.
Tipifarnib is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors block the activity of the farnesyltransferase enzyme by inhibiting prenylation of the CAAX tail motif, which ultimately prevents Ras from binding to the membrane, rendering it inactive.
Fascin is an actin bundling protein.
Alpha-crystallin B chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYAB gene. It is part of the small heat shock protein family and functions as molecular chaperone that primarily binds misfolded proteins to prevent protein aggregation, as well as inhibit apoptosis and contribute to intracellular architecture. Post-translational modifications decrease the ability to chaperone. Mutations in CRYAB cause different cardiomyopathies, skeletal myopathies mainly myofibrillar myopathy, and also cataracts. In addition, defects in this gene/protein have been associated with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Src inhibitor is a class of inhibitors that targets the Src kinase family of tyrosine kinase, which is transcribed by the Src proto-oncogene that potentially induce malignant transformations of certain cells. Because of the crucial position of the Src kinase in cells, Src inhibitors are potential antineoplastic agents for e.g. pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and stomach cancer
RAD140 is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that is developed by Radius Health, Inc. for use in androgen replacement therapy. It was licensed to Ellipses Pharmaceuticals in 2020. Some of the potential benefits under investigation are for the treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and bone loss.
The host response to cancer therapy is defined as a physiological response of the non-malignant cells of the body to a specific cancer therapy. The response is therapy-specific, occurring independently of cancer type or stage.
Karen E. Knudsen is Chief Executive Officer of American Cancer Society and its advocacy affiliate the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network. She is the first woman to hold that position in either organization.
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References
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- 1 2 "Breast Cancer Research Foundation".
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- ↑ "Bio - Cryns, Vincent - WEDF". www.wedf.org. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
- ↑ Antin, Joseph H.; Aplin, Andrew E.; Cheng, Sheue-Yann; Emmert-Buck, Michael R.; Cryns, Vincent L.; Wang, Dengshun (2011-01-01). "American Journal of Cancer Research: Editorial Board (2011)". American Journal of Cancer Research. 1 (6): 817–822. ISSN 2156-6976. PMC 3195929 . PMID 22016829.
- ↑ Strekalova, Elena; Malin, Dmitry; Good, David M.; Cryns, Vincent L. (2015-06-15). "Methionine Deprivation Induces a Targetable Vulnerability in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Enhancing TRAIL Receptor-2 Expression". Clinical Cancer Research. 21 (12): 2780–2791. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2792. ISSN 1078-0432. PMC 4470820 . PMID 25724522.
- ↑ Malin, Dmitry; Strekalova, Elena; Petrovic, Vladimir; Deal, Allison M.; Al Ahmad, Abraham; Adamo, Barbara; Miller, C. Ryan; Ugolkov, Andrey; Livasy, Chad (2014-01-01). "αB-crystallin: a novel regulator of breast cancer metastasis to the brain". Clinical Cancer Research. 20 (1): 56–67. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1255. ISSN 1078-0432. PMC 3973485 . PMID 24132917.
- ↑ Malin, D.; Strekalova, E.; Petrovic, V.; Rajanala, H.; Sharma, B.; Ugolkov, A.; Gradishar, W. J.; Cryns, V. L. (2015-02-16). "ERK-regulated αB-crystallin induction by matrix detachment inhibits anoikis and promotes lung metastasis in vivo". Oncogene. 34 (45): 5626–34. doi:10.1038/onc.2015.12. ISSN 1476-5594. PMC 4537846 . PMID 25684139.
- ↑ Moyano, Jose V.; Evans, Joseph R.; Chen, Feng; Lu, Meiling; Werner, Michael E.; Yehiely, Fruma; Diaz, Leslie K.; Turbin, Dmitry; Karaca, Gamze (January 2006). "AlphaB-crystallin is a novel oncoprotein that predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (1): 261–270. doi:10.1172/JCI25888. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 1323258 . PMID 16395408.