If you have just labeled this page as a potential copyright issue, please follow the instructions for filing at the bottom of the box.
The previous content of this page or section has been identified as posing a potential copyright issue, as a copy or modification of the text from the source(s) below, and is now listed at Copyright problems(listing):
Unless the copyright status of the text of this page or section is clarified and determined to be compatible with Wikipedia's content license, the problematic text and revisions or the entire page may be deleted one week after the time of its listing(i.e. after 23:36, 17 October 2022 (UTC)).
Temporarily, the original posting is still accessible for viewing in the page history.
To confirm your permission, you can either display a notice to this effect at the site of original publication or send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-enwikimedia.org or a postal letter to the Wikimedia Foundation. These messages must explicitly permit use under CC BY-SA and the GFDL. See Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials.
Note that articles on Wikipedia must be written from a neutral point of view and must be verifiable in published third-party sources; consider whether, copyright issues aside, your text is appropriate for inclusion in Wikipedia.
You can demonstrate that this text is in the public domain or is already under a license suitable for Wikipedia. Click "Show" to see how.
Otherwise, you may rewrite this page without copyright-infringing material. Click "Show" to read where and how.
Your rewrite should be placed on this page, where it will be available for an administrator or clerk to review it at the end of the listing period. Follow this link to create the temporary subpage.
Simply modifying copyrighted text is not sufficient to avoid copyright infringement—if the original copyright violation cannot be cleanly removed or the article reverted to a prior version, it is best to write the article from scratch. (See Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing.)
For license compliance, any content used from the original article must be properly attributed; if you use content from the original, please leave a note at the top of your rewrite saying as much. You may duplicate non-infringing text that you had contributed yourself.
It is always a good idea, if rewriting, to identify the point where the copyrighted content was imported to Wikipedia and to check to make sure that the contributor did not add content imported from other sources. When closing investigations, clerks and administrators may find other copyright problems than the one identified. If this material is in the proposed rewrite and cannot be easily removed, the rewrite may not be usable.
Posting copyrighted material without the express permission of the copyright holder is considered copyright infringement, which is both illegal and against Wikipedia policy.
If you have express permission, this must be verified either by explicit release at the source or by e-mail or letter to the Wikimedia Foundation. See Wikipedia:Declaration of consent for all enquiries.
Policy requires that we block those who repeatedly post copyrighted material without express permission.
Instructions for filing
If you have tagged the article for investigation, please complete the following steps:
To hide a section instead of an entire article, add the template to the beginning of the section and {{Copyvio/bottom}} at the end of the portion you intend to blank.
Workman was born in Greenwood in Greenwood County in western South Carolina to W. D. Workman Sr. (1889–1957), a veteran of the United States Army during World War I, known as "Major" Workman and thereafter an educator, lawyer and a real estate agent in Greenville in Greenville County. The senior Workman served on the staff of Democratic Governor Robert Archer Cooper. Workman's mother, the former Vivian Virginia Watkins (1889–1981), was the daughter of J. Newt Watkins and a niece of a U.S. District Court judge, H. H. Watkins. Workman had a sister, Vivian Virginia Workman.[1]
Though sources say that Workman Jr. was born in Greenwood, fifty-four miles south of Greenville, it appears that Workman Sr., though born in Charleston lived after 1914 in Greenville. Therefore, it may be that Workman Jr. was also born in Greenville, rather than Greenwood, or he may have been born in Greenwood and was moved to Greenville before he was a year old.[1]
In 1931, Workman graduated from Greenville High School in Greenville. Like his father and his son as well, the junior Workman graduated in 1935 from The Citadel in Charleston. He majored in English and History. Though he studied briefly at George Washington Law School in Washington, D.C., be became a newspaper journalist rather than a lawyer, and managed local radio station WTMAAM in Charleston. In 1940, the U.S. Army called Workman to active duty. He became an intelligence officer, with domestic and then foreign duty in Great Britain, and the North African and Pacific Theater of Operations. After his demobilization in 1945, Workman remained in the United States Army Reserves, from which he retired twenty years later with the rank of colonel.[2]
After his World War II service, Workman returned to South Carolina to work for the Charleston News and Courier at $50 per week. He later moved to The State in the capital city of Columbia. Workman wrote columns and articles for Newsweek magazine, the Hall syndicate, and South Carolina Magazine. He appeared regularly on radio and WIS, the NBCtelevision outlet in Columbia, to deliver political commentary.[2] He engaged in public speaking, charging $25 plus expenses for his appearances during the 1950s.[3]
Political life
Workman entered politics as a Republican challenger to Senator Olin Johnston in the general election held on November 6, 1962. He announced his campaign in December 1961, the year the South Carolina GOP elected its first member to the state House of Representatives. The Workman campaign was managed by business entrepreneur Drake Edens, sometimes considered the "father" of the modern Republican Party in South Carolina. The election occurred eleven months later, not long after the Cuban Missile Crisis bolstered Democratic prospects nationwide. In that same year, national attention was focused upon Richard M. Nixon, who lost his bid for governor of California to the incumbent Democrat Edmund G. Brown Sr. Workman claimed that his opponent, Senator Johnston, was too closely tied to the national party, headed by U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy, who had narrowly won the electoral vote of South Carolina in the 1960 race against Nixon. Workman said that he, unlike Johnston, represented the "conservative traditions" of the state. Workman's campaign was the first significant Republican effort in South Carolina since Reconstruction. Two years later in 1964, U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond endorsed Barry Goldwater for President and at the same time defected from the Democratic Party to become the first Republican state officeholder in South Carolina. Thurmond would serve for more than thirty-six years as a GOP senator plus his twelve earlier years as a Democrat.
In the campaign, Workman said:
It is the Republican Party which offers the best hope, and perhaps the last hope, of stemming the liberal tide which has been sweeping the United States toward the murky depths of socialism. ... We must stop floating along the stream of least resistance and get our feet back down on the firm ground of sound, conservative, responsible government.[2]
Workman finished with 133,390 votes (42.8 percent); Johnston, 178,712 (57.2 percent).[4] In the same 1962 election, James D. Martin of Alabama made an even stronger showing than did Workman in Martin's bid to unseat another entrenched Democratic senator, Lister Hill.
Johnston did not complete the final term to which he was elected. He died in office in 1965 and was succeeded by Governor Donald S. Russell, who resigned as governor and was appointed to the Senate by his gubernatorial successor, Robert Evander McNair. Russell was then unseated in the 1966 Democratic primary by former Governor Ernest Hollings. Workman did not run in the special election to finish Johnston's term held on November 8, 1966; instead the Republican State SenatorMarshall Parker waged a strong but losing campaign against Hollings, who in effect became Johnston's long-term Senate successor.
After the 1962 campaign, Workman returned to The State, where he was assistant editor and then editor, in which capacity he became restless with the administrative duties of that position.[2] In 1970, The State endorsed the Democrat John C. West for governor, rather than the Thurmond-backed Republican, U.S. RepresentativeAlbert Watson of South Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Workman wrote that West, at the time the lieutenant governor, "had articulated a far more specific platform than any of his rivals – at least with respect to state issues" but questioned West's "ill-defined" position regarding revenues for promised teacher pay increases. Workman also advocated the election of more Republicans to the legislature during a West administration.[5]
After six years as editor, Workman in 1972 relinquished those duties to spend more time in research and writing. He remained with The State as an editorial analyst until his retirement in 1979, when he returned to Greenville.[2]
Workman ran for governor in 1982. He first scored an easy primary victory for the Republican nomination over Roddy T. Martin. Drake Edens, who drowned later in the year, urged the 68-year-old Workman not to make the gubernatorial race.[2] Workman was badly beaten the general election held on November 2, 1982, by the incumbent Democrat Richard Riley, the first South Carolina governor allowed to succeed himself without first sitting out a four-year term. Riley received 468,819 votes (69.8 percent) to Workman's 202,806 (30.2 percent).[6]
In a speech after the election, Workman said, "I'm glad I made the fight. I've opened South Carolina to a lot of truisms. One is the need for a two-party system. It would have been a fluke if I had won. All the cards were stacked against me, financial and name recognition."[2][7]
Books
In addition to his extensive career in newspaper and radio journalism, Workman wrote five non-fiction books, all of which advocated segregation.
The Bishop from Barnwell (1963) is a biography of the South Carolina State Senator Edgar Allan Brown, who unexpectedly lost the 1954 U.S. Senate race to write-in candidate Strom Thurmond.
This Is the South (1959), edited by Robert West Howard, contains Workman's essay, "The Trailmakers."
With All Deliberate Speed (1957), a title taken from the United States Supreme Court decision on school desegregation attempts to refute the decision.
Southern Schools: Progress and Problems (1959), argues against school integration[2]
Personal life
In the middle 1950s, Workman, a Southern Baptist at the time, and his wife, the former Heber Rhea Thomas (1918–1988), whom he called "Tommie" and an ardent Methodist, were founding members of the Trenholm Road Methodist Church in Columbia. Workman grew disillusioned with his new denomination in areas of political and social matters,[3] particularly after it was renamed "United Methodist". In a 1972 letter to The Methodist Advocate, Workman explained his resignation as a delegate to the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference of the United Methodist Church: "The actions and pronouncements at the 1972 General Conference make it impossible for me to profess adherence to the prevailing course of present-day Methodism. ... The church so blatantly repudiated United States policy in national and international affairs as to grievously offend my sense of loyalty to country. ..."[2] In a related letter, Workman expressed disenchantment with the church: "I fear that the magnitude and the momentum of liberal extremism in the United Methodist Church have reached the point of no return."[2]
From 1972 to 1985, Workman was the president of the James F. Byrnes Foundation. Established in 1948 by James F. Byrnes and his wife, Maude, the foundation provides college scholarship funds and guidance counseling for qualified orphans in South Carolina orphans.[2]
Prior to his gubernatorial race, Workman had already contracted Parkinson's disease. As the disease progressed, he died in 1990, two years after the passing of his wife, a graduate of Winthrop College and the University of South Carolina and an English professor from 1957 to 1977 at Columbia College. The couple had a son, William D. "Bill" Workman, III, a former newspaper editor, the mayor of Greenville from 1983 to 1995, and an economic development specialist, and a daughter, Dorrill Dee Workman, and four grandchildren.[2]
W. D. and his wife, Dr. H. Rhea Workman are interred at Greenlawn Memorial Park in Columbia, South Carolina. William Sr. and Vivian Workman are interred at Springwood Cemetery in Greenville.
Related Research Articles
James Strom Thurmond Sr. was an American politician who represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 to 2003. Prior to his 48 years as a senator, he served as the 103rd governor of South Carolina from 1947 to 1951. Thurmond was a member of the Democratic Party until 1964, when he joined the Republican Party for the remainder of his legislative career. He also ran for president in 1948 as the Dixiecrat candidate, receiving over a million votes and winning four states.
Albert William Watson was a Democrat-turned-Republican state and U.S. representative from South Carolina. He is best known for his losing 1970 campaign for governor, which has been described as the last high-profile, openly segregationist campaign.
The 1966 United States Senate elections were elections on November 8, 1966 for the United States Senate which occurred midway through the second term of President Lyndon B. Johnson. With divisions in the Democratic base over the Vietnam War, and with the traditional mid-term advantage of the party not holding the presidency, the Republicans took three Democratic seats. Despite Republican gains, the balance remained overwhelmingly in favor of the Democrats, who retained a 64–36 majority. These were also the first elections held after enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. As of 2022, this is the most recent Senate election in which no House incumbents were elected to the Senate.
The 1962 United States Senate elections was an election for the United States Senate which was held in the middle of President John F. Kennedy's term. His Democratic Party made a net gain of four seats from the Republicans, increasing their control of the Senate. This was first time since 1932 that Democrats gained seats in this class of Senators.
The 1956 United States Senate elections were elections for the United States Senate that coincided with the re-election of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although Democrats gained two seats in regular elections, the Republicans gained two seats in special elections, leaving the party balance of the chamber unchanged.
The 1954 United States Senate elections was a midterm election in the first term of Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency. Eisenhower's Republican party lost a net of two seats to the Democratic opposition. This small change was just enough to give Democrats control of the chamber with the support of an Independent who caucused with them.
John Carl West, Sr. was an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 109th governor of South Carolina from 1971 to 1975. From 1977 to 1981, he was the United States ambassador to Saudi Arabia.
Olin DeWitt Talmadge Johnston was an American politician from the US state of South Carolina. He served as the 98th governor of South Carolina, 1935–1939 and 1943–1945, and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1945 until his death from pneumonia in Columbia, South Carolina in 1965. He has become infamous for denying clemency to George Stinney, a 14 year-old African-American boy who was sentenced to death in 1944 after a trial that lasted for one single day, a conviction overturned 70 years later.
Elizabeth Johnston Patterson was an American politician from South Carolina. A member of the Democratic Party, she was a three-term member of the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 1993.
The 1954 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 2, 1954 to select the next U.S. senator from the state of South Carolina. Senator Burnet R. Maybank did not face a primary challenge in the summer and was therefore renominated as the Democratic Party's nominee for the election in the fall. However, his death on September 1 left the Democratic Party without a nominee and the executive committee decided to nominate state Senator Edgar A. Brown as their candidate for the election. Many South Carolinians were outraged by the party's decision to forgo a primary election and former Governor Strom Thurmond entered the race as a write-in candidate. He easily won the election and became the first U.S. senator to be elected by a write-in vote in an election where other candidates had ballot access. A Senate election where the victor won by a write-in campaign would not happen again until 2010.
Marshall Joyner Parker was a Republican politician from the U.S. state of South Carolina.
The 1966 South Carolina United States Senate special election was held on November 8, 1966 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. The election resulted from the death of Senator Olin D. Johnston in 1965. Then Governor Donald S. Russell entered in a prearranged agreement with Lieutenant Governor Robert Evander McNair in which Russell would resign his post so that he could be appointed Senator. However, former Governor Fritz Hollings won the Democratic primary election and went on to beat Republican state senator Marshall Parker in the general election to win his right to fill the remaining two years of the unexpired term.
The 1966 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 8, 1966 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina simultaneously with the special election to fill out the remainder of Olin D. Johnston's term. Incumbent Senator Strom Thurmond, who had switched parties from Democratic to Republican in 1964, easily defeated state senator Bradley Morrah in the general election.
The 1962 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 6, 1962 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Olin D. Johnston defeated Governor Fritz Hollings in the Democratic primary and Republican W. D. Workman, Jr. in the general election.
The 1950 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 7, 1950, to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Olin D. Johnston defeated Strom Thurmond in a bitterly contested Democratic primary on July 11 and was unopposed in the general election.
↑ Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections, U.S. Senate, 1962
↑ Billy Hathorn, "The Changing Politics of Race: Congressman Albert William Watson and the South Carolina Republican Party, 1965-1970", South Carolina Historical Magazine Vol. 89 (October 1988), p. 235
↑ Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections, Governors, 1982
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.