Amazonas is a department and region in northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, Cajamarca on the west, La Libertad on the south, and Loreto and San Martín on the east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas.
The Battle of Ayacucho was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. This battle secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of belligerent South American states. In Peru it is considered the end of the Spanish American wars of independence in this country, although the campaign of Antonio José de Sucre continued through 1825 in Upper Peru and the siege of the fortresses Chiloé and Callao eventually ended in 1826.
Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2,335 meters (7,661 ft). The city has a population of 32,026 people (2017). Situated in the mountains far from the Peruvian coast, Chachapoyas remains fairly isolated from other regions of Peru. It is served by buses to Chiclayo and Cajamarca, and flights to domestic locations from Chachapoyas Airport.
The Ecuadorian War of Independence, part of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early 19th century, was fought from 1809 to 1822 between Spain and several South American armies over control of the Real Audiencia of Quito, a Spanish colonial jurisdiction which later became the modern Republic of Ecuador. The war ended with the defeat of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822, which brought about the independence of all the lands of the Real Audiencia of Quito.
The Chilean War of Independence was a military and political event that allowed the emancipation of Chile from the Spanish Monarchy, ending the colonial period and initiating the formation of an independent republic.
The Peruvian War of Independence was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the Spanish Empire. Part of the broader Spanish American wars of independence, it led to the dissolution of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.
The First Battle of Higos Urco, near Chachapoyas in the General Command of Maynas, was part of the War of Independence of Maynas.
Higos Urco pampa is a historical place in Chachapoyas, Peru where the battle of the same name was fought on 6 June 1821, before José de San Martín proclaimed Peruvian independence.
The Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822 was the first democratically elected institution in Peru. Its members, called deputies, were appointed by popular election called by the liberator José de San Martín, who then exercised power as Protector of Peru. The main task of this meeting was to give the Republic of Peru its first constitution, which was the liberal constitution of 1823. Also, before the retirement of San Martín, presented the Executive to three members, who formed a collegial body called the Supreme Governing Junta and whose head was General José de la Mar. It was subsequently ratified in succession to the former presidents of the Republic of Peru: José de la Riva Agüero and José Bernardo de Tagle.
The Protectorate of Peru, also known as the Protectorate of San Martín, was a protectorate created in 1821 in present-day Peru after its declaration of independence from the Spanish Empire. The protectorate existed for one year and 17 days under the rule of José de San Martín and Argentina.
The Battle of Azcapotzalco,, was fought on August 19, 1821, in the town of Azcapotzalco, near Mexico City. It was to be one of the last military action of the Mexican War of Independence. The insurgents, commanded by the colonels Anastasio Bustamante and Luis Quintanar, fought the Spanish forces commanded by Manuel de la Concha.
The Independence of Trujillo refers to the historical events that led to the Intendancy of Trujillo, located in northern Peru of 19th century, becoming independent from the Colonialist Spanish state, during the Peruvian War of Independence 1811-1821. The fight for independence in the north began in the city of Trujillo between 1820 and 1821 and spread throughout north Peru, ending colonialism in nearly all of northern regions of Peru
Cosme Pacheco was a Peruvian lieutenant-colonel during the Peruvian War of Independence and revolutionary wars in Perú. He was assigned to the cavalry of the Army of Peru in the Regiments of Hussars of Junín Province and the Lancers of Cusco. He participated in the military campaigns for the independence of Peru from 1821 to 1825. He was awarded the medals of the Battle of Junin and the Battle of Ayacucho. Later, he fought in military campaigns of the south of Peru and the Upper Peru, as well as in the Peruvian-Bolivian conflict, between 1825 and 1828. Retired from active military service, he was recalled to service in 1835 by the request of the Supreme Provisory Board of Government of the Republic of Peru. He actively participated in revolutions and civil wars in his country, collaborating with the highest authorities as emissary and peacemaker in the central highlands of Peru. He died in the region of his birth, Department of Cusco, of unknown causes, presumably around 1851.
The second siege of Callao was the longest lasting siege that occurred on the Pacific coast during the Spanish American wars of independence. The siege was carried out by the combined Gran Colombian and Peruvian independence forces against the royalist soldiers defending the Real Felipe Fortress in the port of Callao, who refused to surrender, and refused to accept the capitulation of the Battle of Ayacucho.
The Hussars of Junín, officially the Cavalry Regiment "Glorious Hussars of Junín" № 1 Liberator of Peru, is a traditional light cavalry regiment of the Peruvian Army. Originally the 4th Squadron of the Peruvian Guard Legion, the unit was renamed in 1824 to its current name after its performance in the Battle of Junín.
The history of Peru between 1821 and 1842 is the period considered by the country's official historiography as the first stage of its republican history, formally receiving the name of Foundational Period of the Republic by historian Jorge Basadre. During this era, what became known as the First Militarism, a period where several military figures held control of the country, started in 1827 with José de La Mar's presidency, ending in 1844.
Campaigns of the South is the name given to a series of military campaigns that Greater Colombia launched between 1820 and 1826 in South America with the purpose of expanding over the territories of the current republics of Colombia and Ecuador, as well as consolidating the independence of the republics of Peru and Bolivia. This was an extension of the multifaceted civil war launched against the Royalist Army in the Americas, which sustained the integrity of the Spanish Empire in such territories. Beyond the surrender of the regular armies, the royalist guerrillas in each country fought for several more years.
The General Command of Maynas was a governorate and general command of the Spanish Empire that existed from 1802 to 1822. It replaced the governorates of Quijos and Maynas, excluding the latter's village of Papallacta.
Maynas, administered semi-officially as the Governorate of Maynas and additionally referred in 1822 to as the Department of Quijos and Maynas or in 1824 as the Province of Maynas, was a territorial possession of Peru, originally incorporated into the country when it was the Protectorate of Peru. It existed from its accession into Peru in 1822 until 1825, when it was incorporated into the Department of Trujillo.
The Governorate of Quijos, also known unofficially as the Province of the Quijos prior to 1577, was one of the provinces established at the eastern part of the Real Audiencia of Quito in 1559, varying between the Viceroyalties of Peru and New Granada until its ultimate reincorporation to Peru through the real cédula of July 15, 1802, as part of the General Command of Maynas.
Maynans rebels 
Peruvian Protectorate 
Peruvian Republic [a] 
Río de la Plata [b] 
Portuguese Empire 
Manuel F. Álvarez † 
Peruvian Army