Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?

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"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?" is a quotation from Alexander Pope's "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" of January 1735.

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It alludes to "breaking on the wheel", a form of torture in which victims had their long bones broken by an iron bar while tied to a Catherine wheel. [1] The quotation is used to suggest someone is "[employing] superabundant effort in the accomplishment of a small matter". [2] The quotation is sometimes misquoted with "on" in place of "upon".

The line appears in a section criticizing the courtier John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, who was close to Queen Caroline and was one of Pope's bitterest enemies. [3] The section also refers to accusations of homosexuality against Hervey. They were originally made in William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath's Proper reply to a late scurrilous libel of 1731, which had led to Hervey challenging Pulteney to a duel. Hervey's decade-long clandestine affair with Stephen Fox would eventually contribute to his downfall. [4] [5] Despite Pope's claims, Hervey was not homosexual. He was a known bisexual. [6]

Pope's satire

The line "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?" forms line 308 of the "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" in which Alexander Pope responded to his physician's word of caution about making satirical attacks on powerful people by sending him a selection of such attacks. It appears in a section on the courtier John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, who was close to Queen Caroline and was one of Pope's bitterest enemies. The section opens as follows: [3]

Let Sporus tremble –"What? that thing of silk,
Sporus, that mere white curd of ass's milk?
Satire or sense, alas! can Sporus feel?
Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?
Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
This painted child of dirt that stinks and stings;
Whose buzz the witty and the fair annoys,
Yet wit ne'er tastes, and beauty ne'er enjoys,

"Sporus", a male slave favoured by Emperor Nero, [3] was, according to Suetonius, castrated by the emperor, and subsequently married. [7] Pope here refers to accusations made in Pulteney's Proper reply to a late scurrilous libel of 1731 which led to Hervey challenging Pulteney to a duel. Hervey's decade-long clandestine affair with Stephen Fox would eventually contribute to his downfall. [8] [9] As first published the verse referred to Paris, but was changed to Sporus when republished a few months later. [10]

"What? that thing of silk" uses a metaphor of a silkworm spinning that Pope had already used in The Dunciad to refer to bad poets. "Ass's milk" was at that time a common tonic, and was part of a diet adopted by Hervey. "This painted child" comments on make-up such as rouge used by the handsome Hervey. [3]

Another graphic instance of the usage can be found in An Introduction to Harmony by William Shield (1800), wherein he writes: "Having brought this Introduction to Harmony before that awful Tribunal, the Public, without first submitting it to the inspection of a judicious friend, I shall doubtless merit severe correction from the Critic; but as my attempt has been rather to write a useful Book, than a learned Work, I trust that he will not break a Butterfly upon the wheel for not being able to soar with the wings of an Eagle." [11]

Modern use

William Rees-Mogg, as editor of The Times newspaper, used the "on a wheel" version of the quotation as the heading (set in capital letters) for an editorial on 1 July 1967 about the "Redlands" court case, which had resulted in prison sentences for Rolling Stones members Keith Richards and Mick Jagger. [12]

The philosopher Mary Midgley used a variation on the phrase in an article in the journal Philosophy written to counter a review praising The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, where she said that she had "not attended to Dawkins, thinking it unnecessary to break a butterfly upon a wheel." [13]

British rock band The Mission released a single entitled "Butterfly on a Wheel" in 1990, [14] and "Break a Butterfly on a Wheel" is the penultimate track on Similarities , a compilation album by Scottish rock trio Biffy Clyro. [15] The phrase has been used in the lyrics of songs including "Soul Asylum" by The Cult (from the 1989 album Sonic Temple), [16] "Paradise" by Coldplay, [17] and "Falling Down" by Oasis. [18]

A film titled Butterfly on a Wheel was released in 2007. [19]

References

  1. ↑ "Expressions& Sayings (W)". Scorpio Tales. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  2. ↑ Brewer, E. C. (1 June 2001). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Wordsworth Editions Ltd. p. 173. ISBN   1840223103.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Representative Poetry Online – Alexander Pope: Epistles to Several Persons: Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot: complete poem and commentary
  4. ↑ AMPHIBIOUS THING, The Life of Lord Hervey, Lucy Moore – Author, Penguin Books. Line 326 of Pope's poem: "Amphibious thing! that acting either part,"] Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ "Gay Love Letters through the Centuries: Town and Country". Rictornorton.co.uk.
  6. ↑ Lucy Moore, Amphibious Thing: the Life of Lord Hervey (Viking, 2000)
  7. ↑ "Internet History Sourcebooks". Fordham University. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  8. ↑ AMPHIBIOUS THING, The Life of Lord Hervey, Lucy Moore – Author, Penguin Books. Line 326 of Pope's poem: "Amphibious thing! that acting either part,"] Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Gay Love Letters through the Centuries: Town and Country". Rictornorton.co.uk.
  10. ↑ "Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: Pope's Caricature of Lord Hervey". Rictornorton.co.uk.
  11. ↑ [ dead link ]
  12. ↑ Booth, Stanley (2000). The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones (2nd ed.). A Capella Books. pp.  271–278. ISBN   1-55652-400-5.
  13. ↑ "RIP Article". 31 October 2005. Archived from the original on 31 October 2005. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  14. ↑ Roach, Martin; Perry, Neil (1993). The Mission : names are for tombstones, baby. London: Independent Music Press. p. 272. ISBN   1-897-78301-9.
  15. ↑ "Similarities Digital Album". store.biffyclyro.com. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  16. ↑ "Soul Asylum". Genius.
  17. ↑ "COLDPLAY, 'PARADISE' – SONG REVIEW". PopCrush .
  18. ↑ Santià, Hamilton (2011). Oasis. Be myself. Arcana.
  19. ↑ "Butterfly on a Wheel". IMDb. 23 August 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2022.

Sources


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