The civil rights movement was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized racial segregation,discrimination,and disenfranchisement in the country. The movement had its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century and had its modern roots in the 1940s,although the movement made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests. The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the civil rights of all Americans.
Danville is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. The city is located in the Southside Virginia region and on the fall line of the Dan River. It was a center of tobacco production and was an area of Confederate activity during the American Civil War,due to its strategic location on the Richmond and Danville Railroad. In April 1865 it briefly served as the third and final capital of the Confederacy before its surrender later that year.
The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,known as the Kerner Commission after its chair,Governor Otto Kerner Jr. of Illinois,was an 11-member Presidential Commission established in July 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson in Executive Order 11365 to investigate the causes of over 150 riots throughout the country in 1967 and to provide recommendations that would prevent them from reoccurring.
Walter Edward Fauntroy Jr. is an American pastor,civil rights activist,and politician who was the Washington,D.C. delegate to the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1991. He was a candidate for the 1972 and 1976 Democratic presidential nominations as a favorite son.
Anti-Federalism was a late-18th-century political movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution,called the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union,gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia,Anti-Federalists worried,among other things,that the position of president,then a novelty,might evolve into a monarchy. Though the Constitution was ratified and supplanted the Articles of Confederation,Anti-Federalist influence helped lead to the passage of the Bill of Rights.
An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa or ad honorem. The degree is typically a doctorate or,less commonly,a master's degree,and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education. An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows:Doctorate in Business Administration (Hon. Causa).
Bluefield State University is a public historically black university (HBCU) in Bluefield,West Virginia. Despite being an HBCU,Bluefield's undergraduate student body is now over 80% white. The university is part of West Virginia's public university education system.
The Byrd machine,or Byrd organization,was a political machine of the Democratic Party led by former Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd (1887–1966) that dominated Virginia politics for much of the 20th century. From the 1890s until the late 1960s,the Byrd organization effectively controlled the politics of the state through a network of courthouse cliques of local constitutional officers in most of the state's counties.
James Charles Corman was an American politician who served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council from 1957 to 1961 and as a member of the United States House of Representatives between 1961 and 1981.
Federalist No. 9,titled "The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection",is a political essay by Alexander Hamilton and the eighth of The Federalist Papers. It was first published in the Daily Advertiser and the Independent Journal on November 21,1787,under the pseudonym Publius,the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. It expressed ideas that became the foundation of Federalist No. 10,the most influential of The Federalist Papers.
Federalist No. 70,titled "The Executive Department Further Considered",is an essay written by Alexander Hamilton arguing for a single,robust executive provided for in the United States Constitution. It was originally published on March 15,1788,in The New York Packet under the pseudonym Publius as part of The Federalist Papers and as the fourth in Hamilton's series of eleven essays discussing executive power.
John Johns Trigg was an American farmer and politician from Bedford County,Virginia. He fought with the Virginia militia in the Revolutionary War and represented Virginia in the U.S. Congress from 1797 until 1804. He was a slaveholder.
John White Stevenson was the 25th governor of Kentucky and represented the state in both houses of the U.S. Congress. The son of former Speaker of the House and U.S. diplomat Andrew Stevenson,John Stevenson graduated from the University of Virginia in 1832 and studied law under his cousin,future Congressman Willoughby Newton. After briefly practicing law in Mississippi,he relocated to Covington,Kentucky,and was elected county attorney. After serving in the Kentucky legislature,he was chosen as a delegate to the state's third constitutional convention in 1849 and was one of three commissioners charged with revising its code of laws,a task finished in 1854. A Democrat,he was elected to two consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives where he supported several proposed compromises to avert the Civil War and blamed the Radical Republicans for their failure.
Troy Kenneth "Ken" Cribb Jr. is a former presidential advisor to President Ronald Reagan.
Charles Spurgeon Johnson was an American sociologist and college administrator,the first black president of historically black Fisk University,and a lifelong advocate for racial equality and the advancement of civil rights for African Americans and all ethnic minorities. He preferred to work collaboratively with liberal white groups in the South,quietly as a "sideline activist," to get practical results.
Howard Worth Smith was an American politician. A Democratic U.S. Representative from Virginia,he was a leader of the informal but powerful conservative coalition.
This is a selected bibliography of the main scholarly books and articles of Reconstruction,the period after the American Civil War,1863–1877.
In the United States,black conservatism is a political and social movement rooted in African-American communities that aligns largely with the American conservative movement,including the Christian right. Black conservatism emphasizes social conservatism,traditionalism,patriotism,capitalism and free markets. What characterizes a "black conservative" has changed over time,and proponents do not necessarily share the same political philosophy.
Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia (1946) and Boynton v. Virginia (1960),which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington,D.C.,on May 4,1961,and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17.
Clarence McClane Pendleton Jr. was the politically conservative African American chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights,a position that he held from 1981 until his death during the administration of U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan.
