Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms,cells,parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term biotechnology was first used by Károly Ereky in 1919,meaning the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms.
The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) is a national research university located in Daedeok Innopolis,Daejeon,South Korea. KAIST was established by the Korean government in 1971 as the nation's first public,research-oriented science and engineering institution. KAIST is considered to be one of the most prestigious universities in the nation. KAIST has been internationally accredited in business education,and hosting the Secretariat of the Association of Asia-Pacific Business Schools (AAPBS). KAIST has 10,504 full-time students and 1,342 faculty researchers and had a total budget of US$765 million in 2013,of which US$459 million was from research contracts.
Biofuel is a fuel that is produced over a short time span from biomass,rather than by the very slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels,such as oil. Biofuel can be produced from plants or from agricultural,domestic or industrial biowaste. The climate change mitigation potential of biofuel varies considerably,from emission levels comparable to fossil fuels in some scenarios to negative emissions in others. Biofuels are mostly used for transportation,but can also be used for heating and electricity. Biofuels are regarded as a renewable energy source.
Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol produced from cellulose rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit. It can be produced from grasses,wood,algae,or other plants. It is generally discussed for use as a biofuel. The carbon dioxide that plants absorb as they grow offsets some of the carbon dioxide emitted when ethanol made from them is burned,so cellulosic ethanol fuel has the potential to have a lower carbon footprint than fossil fuels.
A biorefinery is a refinery that converts biomass to energy and other beneficial byproducts. The International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 42 defined biorefining as "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products and bioenergy ". As refineries,biorefineries can provide multiple chemicals by fractioning an initial raw material (biomass) into multiple intermediates that can be further converted into value-added products. Each refining phase is also referred to as a "cascading phase". The use of biomass as feedstock can provide a benefit by reducing the impacts on the environment,as lower pollutants emissions and reduction in the emissions of hazard products. In addition,biorefineries are intended to achieve the following goals:
- Supply the current fuels and chemical building blocks
- Supply new building blocks for the production of novel materials with disruptive characteristics
- Creation of new jobs,including rural areas
- Valorization of waste
- Achieve the ultimate goal of reducing GHG emissions
Pyrolysis oil,sometimes also known as bio-crude or bio-oil,is a synthetic fuel under investigation as substitute for petroleum. It is obtained by heating dried biomass without oxygen in a reactor at a temperature of about 500 °C (900 °F) with subsequent cooling. Pyrolysis oil is a kind of tar and normally contains levels of oxygen too high to be considered a pure hydrocarbon. This high oxygen content results in non-volatility,corrosiveness,immiscibility with fossil fuels,thermal instability,and a tendency to polymerize when exposed to air. As such,it is distinctly different from petroleum products. Removing oxygen from bio-oil or nitrogen from algal bio-oil is known as upgrading.
The United States produces mainly biodiesel and ethanol fuel,which uses corn as the main feedstock. The US is the world's largest producer of ethanol,having produced nearly 16 billion gallons in 2017 alone. The United States,together with Brazil accounted for 85 percent of all ethanol production,with total world production of 27.05 billion gallons. Biodiesel is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states. As of 2005,it was somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel,though it is still commonly produced in relatively small quantities.
Dr. Young-Gil Kim founded and chartered Handong Global University in Pohang,Korea in 1995,and he served as its president from 1995 - 2014. Since then,he nurtured HGU to what it is today with his new educational philosophy based on cross-border,multidisciplinary and whole-person education with global perspective commensurate with the 21st century.
Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation,also known as the Weizmann process,is a process that uses bacterial fermentation to produce acetone,n-butanol,and ethanol from carbohydrates such as starch and glucose. It was developed by chemist Chaim Weizmann and was the primary process used to produce acetone,which was needed to make cordite,a substance essential for the British war industry during World War I.
Second-generation biofuels,also known as advanced biofuels,are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel.
Algae fuel,algal biofuel,or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also,algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources,such as corn and sugarcane. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil. It is also carbon negative unless the dead plant matter is burned,as the energy is produced by solar photosynthesis and comes from the sun. The emissions from burning the hydrogen make up only water and air.
Steen Riisgaard is the former president and CEO of the Denmark-based biotech company Novozymes,the world’s largest producer of industrial enzymes. He held this position since Novozymes was founded in a demerger from Novo Nordisk in 2000 and left the company in 2013 when Peder Holk Nielsen stepped up as CEO.
The Biofuels Center of North Carolina is a private,nonprofit corporate facility located on a 426-acre (1.72 km2) Biofuels Campus in Oxford,North Carolina. The Center is funded by the North Carolina General Assembly to implement North Carolina's Strategic Plan for Biofuels Leadership and to reduce the state's dependence on imported liquid fuel. The Center's mission is to develop a sustainable,statewide biofuels industry to reduce this dependence,create jobs and opportunities for prosperity for North Carolinians. The strategic goal:by 2017,10% of North Carolina's liquid fuels—or about 600 million US gallons (2,300,000 m3) a year—will be produced in-state from locally grown biomass.
Sejong University is a private university located in Seoul,South Korea known for its standing in hospitality and tourism management,dancing,animation and rhythmic gymnastics. Founded as the Kyung Sung Humanities Institute,it was renamed in 1978 to its present name in honor of Sejong the Great,the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty and overseer of the creation of the Korean alphabet Hangul.
Eunjoon Kim is a professor of KAIST and director of Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS). With over 150 publications to his name,his research has been cited over 16,000 times giving him an h-index of 61 and i10-index of 121. He graduated from Busan National University in 1986,received master's degree at KAIST in 1988,received PhD degree at Michigan State University in 1994,and worked at Harvard Medical School as a postdoctoral fellow during 1995-1996. His current research focuses on molecular organization of neuronal synapses and synapse dysfunction-related psychiatric disorders.
Charles E. Wyman,is a Ford Motor Company Chair and a Distinguished Professor &Endowed Chair in Chemical &Environmental Engineering at University of California,Riverside. Wyman was also the Paul E. and Joan H. Queneau Distinguished Professor in Environmental Engineering Design at the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College,Prior to joining UC Riverside. He is the co-founder and former Chief Development Officer and Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of Mascoma Corporation. He is one of the researchers responsible for the development of the Bioenergy,Biomass &Biofuel. He is an authoritative figure in the broad area of ethanol. He has made significant seminal contributions in the specific areas of pretreatment,enzymatic hydrolysis,and dehydration of cellulosic biomass to reactive intermediates for biological or catalytic conversion into fuels and chemicals. Wyman has over 200 journal papers,25 books chapters,and has given numerous national and international talks,30 technical reports and about more than 20 patents.
Shenzhen International BT Leadership Summit is a biology-focused business conference. It is held each year in September. It is arranged by the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government. It is held at the Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center.
Michael Wang is a distinguished fellow,a senior scientist,and director of the Systems Assessment Center of the Energy Systems Division at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory. He is also a faculty associate in the Energy Policy Institute at The University of Chicago;a senior fellow at the Northwestern-Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering at Northwestern University.
The SM Culture Universe (SMCU) is a shared universe produced by SM Entertainment.
