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Assam is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi). The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur to the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor, a 22-kilometre-wide (14 mi) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India. Assamese and Boro are the official languages of Assam, while Bengali is an official language in the three districts of Barak Valley.
The Ahom or Tai-Ahom is an ethnic group from the Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The members of this group are admixed descendants of the Tai people who reached the Brahmaputra valley of Assam in 1228 and the local indigenous people who joined them over the course of history. Sukaphaa, the leader of the Tai group and his 9,000 followers established the Ahom kingdom, which controlled much of the Brahmaputra Valley in modern Assam until 1826.
Buranjis are a class of historical chronicles and manuscripts associated with the Ahom kingdom written initially in Ahom Language and later in Assamese language as well. The Buranjis are an example of historical literature which is rare in India. They bear resemblance to Southeast Asian traditions of historical literature. The Buranjis are generally found in manuscript form, though a number of these manuscripts have been compiled and published, especially in the Assamese language.
The Pala dynasty of Kamarupa kingdom ruled from 900 CE. Like the Pala Empire of Bengal, the first ruler in this dynasty was elected, which probably explains the name of this dynasty "Pala". But unlike the Palas of Bengal, who were Buddhists, the Palas of Kamarupa were Hindus. The Hindu orthodoxy drew their lineage from the earlier Varman dynasty and thus ultimately from Narakasura i.e. Bhauma dynasty. The dynasty is unrelated to the previous Varman and Mlecchna dynasties.
South Asian ethnic groups are an ethnolinguistic grouping of the diverse populations of South Asia, including the nations of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. While Afghanistan is variously considered to be a part of both Central Asia and South Asia, Afghans are generally not included among South Asians.
Sukaphaa, also Siu-Ka-Pha, the first Ahom king in medieval Assam, was the founder of the Ahom kingdom and the architect of Assam. A prince of the Su/Tsu (Tiger) clan of the Mao-Shan sub-tribe originally from present-day Mong Mao, Yunnan Province, China, the kingdom he established in 1228 existed for nearly six hundred years and in the process unified the various ethnic groups of the region that left a deep impact on the region. In reverence to his position in Assam's history the honorific Chaolung is generally associated with his name.
The Assam Accord was a Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) signed between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the Assam Movement. It was signed in the presence of the then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in New Delhi on 15 August 1985. Later, the Citizenship Act was amended for the first time the following year, in 1986. It followed a six-year agitation that started in 1979. Led by the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), the protestors demanded the identification and deportation of all illegal foreigners – predominantly Bangladeshi immigrants. They feared that past and continuing large scale migration was overwhelming the native population, impacting their political rights, culture, language and land rights. The Assam Movement caused the estimated death of over 855 people. The movement ended with the signing of the Assam Accord.
Garhgaon is a town in Assam, India and was the capital of the Ahom kingdom for many years. It was built by the Ahom king Suklenmung in 1540. Suklenmung who interverned against a Toungoo dynasty attack on MongKwang in Kachin State of Myanmar was married to the princess Nang Sao Seng, the daughter of Chao Siu-Kwei of MongKwang. It is said that the Ahom capital Garhgoan was built at the suggestion of this Mong Kwang queen Nang Sao Seng In 1575, Mongkwang king Chao Ka Pha II took shelter in Ahom territory after his state was devastated by the Burmese. It lies 13 km east of present-day Sivasagar town, headquarters of Sivasagar district. The palace structures were made of wood and stones. In 1747 Pramatta Singha, son of Rudra Singha, constructed the brick wall of about 5 km in length surrounding the Gargaon palace and the masonry gate leading to it.
The Al-Shams was an anti-Bangladesh paramilitary wing of several Islamist parties in East Pakistan composed of local Bengalis and Muhajirs that along with the Pakistan Army and the Al-Badr, is accused of conducting a mass killing campaign against Bengali nationalists, civilians, religious and ethnic minorities during 1971. The group was banned by the independent government of Bangladesh, but most of its members had fled the country during and after the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to Bangladesh's independence.
Habung is a historical region in present-day Lakhimpur district of Assam, India, although Tai-ahom claim it to be a part of present-day Dhemaji district. As per epigrahic records, Habung (Ha-vrnga-Vishaya) was a vishaya or province where Brahmins were settled by Ratna Pala of the Pala dynasty of Kamarupa in the 10th century.
The Assamese people are a socio-ethnic linguistic identity that has been described at various times as nationalistic or micro-nationalistic. This group is often associated with the Assamese language, the easternmost Indo-Aryan language, and Assamese people mostly live in the Brahmaputra Valley region of Assam, where they are native and constitute around 56% of the Valley's population. The use of the term precedes the name of the language or the people. It has also been used retrospectively to the people of Assam before the term "Assamese" came into use. They are an ethnically diverse group formed after centuries of assimilation of Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan and Tai populations, and constitute a tribal-caste continuum—though not all Assamese people are Hindus and ethnic Assamese Muslims numbering around 42 lakh constitute a significant part of this identity The total population of Assamese speakers in Assam is nearly 15.09 million which makes up 48.38% of the population of state according to the Language census of 2011.
The Turungpeople or Tai Turung, are a numerically small Buddhist community in the northeastern Indian state of Assam. They speak their own Turung language.
During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, members of the Pakistani military and Razakar paramilitary force raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape. Most of the rape victims of the Pakistani Army and its allies were Hindu women. Some of these women died in captivity or committed suicide, while others moved from Bangladesh to India. Imams and Muslim religious leaders declared the women "war booty”. The activists and leaders of Islamic parties are also accused to be involved in the rapes and abduction of women.
Moran (Morān) is an extinct Boro-Garo language which was spoken in Assam in Northeast India and related to Dimasa language. The census returned 78 speakers in 1901, 24 in 1911 and none in 1931, and the only source of this language exists in a 1904 article by P R Gurdon. The speakers of this language have shifted to the Assamese language. The name "Moran" reportedly means 'forest dweller'.
Bangladeshis in India are members of the Bangladesh diaspora who currently reside in India. The mass migration into India since Bangladesh independence has led to the creation of anti-foreigner movements, instances of mass violence and political tension between Bangladesh and India, but it has also created measurable economic benefits for both nations.
The All People's Party or Sarbadal was a political party in Assam, northeast India. The party was founded in Dibrugarh by Ahom elites on May 8, 1945. It united different groups that sought to challenge the Indian National Congress in elections. The All India Muslim League, the Tribal League and the Ahom Sabha took part in the founding of the party. The party sought to mobilise the Kachari, Muttock and Deuri communities, to compete against caste Hindus for political influence. To a large extent, the party represented tea garden labourers. During its initial period, the party demanded that the British colonial government should create a separate Ahom constituency. The party cooperated with the Muslim League, being united in their opposition against the Congress party.
Assamese Brahmins are the Brahmins present in the Assamese society. There they promoted learning, Vedic religion, astrology, ayurveda and as well as imparting general vedic knowledge to the public. The Brahmins migrated to Assam from Videha (Mithila), Kannauj, Bengal and many other places.
Ahomisation was an assimilation process in the former Ahom kingdom of Assam by which the people from different ethnic groups in the region became a part of what is now considered as the Ahom population.
Hinduism is the dominant religion practised in the state of Assam. According to some scholars, it is home to some of the most complex and poorly understood traditions in Hinduism. People follow traditions belonging to Shaivism, Shaktism, Tantra, and an indigenous form of Vaishnavism called Ekasarana Dharma; taken together the practitioners constitute around 61% of the state population as per the 2011 Census. Hindus form a majority in 17 out of the 29 districts of Assam. By region, there is a significant diversity among the ethnic groups that profess the Hindu faith, traditions, and customs. As per as 2011 Census, In Brahmaputra valley of Assam, Hindus constitute 62% of the population, the majority being ethnic Assamese. In the autonomous Bodoland region of Assam, Hindus constitute 71.3% of the region's population, most being of the Bodo tribe. In the Barak valley region of southern Assam, Hindus constitute 50% of the region's population, most being ethnic Sylhetis, a subgroup of Bengalis. The Hill Tribes of Assam, particularly the Karbi people of Karbi Anglong and Dimasa people of Dima Hasao, are mainly Hindus.
Sheikh Osman Ali Sadagar was a politician, cultivator and educationist. He served as a member of the inaugural Assam Legislative Assembly, and opposed the integration of Assam into the Dominion of Pakistan. Sadagar is considered to be a pioneer of the cultural and linguistic Assamisation of the Miya community. The Chor Chapori Literary Council named the Osman Ali Sadagar Honorary Award in his memory.
References
- 1 2 Longhi, Lorraine (13 December 2013). "Connecting with Yasmin Saikia on the study of peace". ASU News. Arizona State University . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- 1 2 Baruah, Sanjib (2005). "Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India". The American Historical Review . 110 (4): 1150–1151. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.4.1150a. ISSN 0002-8762 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ "Yasmin Saikia". search.asu.edu. Arizona State University . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- 1 2 3 4 Boruah, Maitreyee (28 October 2004). "A historian who digs the past for a better future". The Telegraph (India) . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Kumar, Meenakshi (5 February 2012). "Suffering beyond a war". The Hindu . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- 1 2 3 "People's Peace – Syracuse University Press". press.syr.edu. Syracuse University Press . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Castillo, Isabella (September 16, 2015). "ASU professor travels to war ravaged countries to study impacts of war". The State Press . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Fan, Sherry (September 23, 2022). "ASU's Center of Muslim Experience in the US opens". The State Press . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- 1 2 "New ASU center aims to showcase Muslim contributions, accomplishments in US". ASU News. Arizona State University. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ "Peace Studies: Chair | Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict". csrc.asu.edu. Arizona State University . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Beeson, Dawn R. (18 July 2022). "ASU South Asia expert poised to make global impact in new role". ASU News. Arizona State University . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Sharma, Jayeeta (2007). "Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to Be Tai-Ahom in India". The Journal of Asian Studies . 66 (1): 277–279. ISSN 0021-9118 – via JSTOR.
- 1 2 Chowdhury, Elora Halim; Atallah-Gutierrez, Devin G. (2012). "Review of Debunking "Truths," Claiming Justice: Reflections on Yasmin Saikia, "Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971"". Human Rights Quarterly . 34 (4): 1201–1211. ISSN 0275-0392 . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Sholder, Hannah (15 May 2012). "Yasmin Saikia, Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal . doi: 10.4000/samaj.3393 . ISSN 1960-6060 . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ↑ Additional reviews of Fragmented Memories
- Aggarwal, Ravina (2006). "Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to Be Tai-Ahom in India". American Anthropologist . 108 (2): 434–435. ISSN 0002-7294 – via JSTOR.
- Fisher, Michael H. (2006). "Review of Fragmented Memories: Struggling to Be Tai-Ahom in India". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 37 (2): 337–338. ISSN 0022-1953 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Additional reviews of Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh
- Ahsan, Syed Badrul (4 February 2012). "Dhaka's Despair". The Indian Express . Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- Zutshi, Chitralekha (September 2012). "Yasmin Saikia. Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971". H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- Nair, Neeti (2013). "Review of Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971". The American Historical Review . 118 (1): 169–170. ISSN 0002-8762 – via JSTOR.
- Jahan, Rounaq (2014). "Review of Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971". The Journal of Asian Studies . 73 (3): 842–844. ISSN 0021-9118 – via JSTOR.
- Kilinçoğlu, Sevil Çakir (2015). "Review of Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971". The Oral History Review . 42 (1): 164–166. ISSN 0094-0798 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Review of People's Peace
- Rinker, Jeremy A. (October 2020). "People's Peace: Prospects for a Human Future". Peace & Change . 45 (4): 609–612. doi:10.1111/pech.12437. ISSN 0149-0508.
