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Sun Jian (155–191?),courtesy name Wentai,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He allied himself with Yuan Shu in 190 when warlords from eastern China formed a coalition to oust Dong Zhuo,a tyrannical warlord who held the puppet Emperor Xian in his power. Although he controlled neither many troops nor much land,Sun Jian's personal bravery and resourcefulness were feared by Dong Zhuo,who placed him among Yuan Shao,Yuan Shu and Liu Biao as the most influential men at that time. After the coalition disbanded in the next year,China fell into civil war. In 191,Sun Jian was killed in battle during an offensive campaign against Liu Biao.
Emperor Xian of Han,personal name Liu Xie (劉協),courtesy name Bohe,was the 14th and last emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220.
Dong Zhuo,courtesy name Zhongying,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han,Dong Zhuo was a general and powerful minister of the imperial government. Originally from Liang Province,Dong Zhuo seized control of the imperial capital Luoyang in 189 when it entered a state of turmoil following the death of Emperor Ling of Han and a massacre of the eunuch faction by the court officials led by General-in-Chief He Jin.
Yuan Shao,courtesy name Benchu (本初),was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He occupied the northern territories of China during the civil wars that occurred towards the end of the Han dynasty. He was also an elder half-brother of Yuan Shu,a warlord who controlled the Huai River region,though the two were not on good terms with each other.
Yuan Shu,courtesy name Gonglu,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He rose to prominence following the collapse of the Han central government in 189. He declared himself Emperor of China in 197 under the short-lived Zhong dynasty,two years before his death in 199.
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He Jin,courtesy name Suigao,was a Chinese military general and politician. He was the military Grand Marshal and regent of the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was an elder half-brother of Empress He,the empress consort of Emperor Ling,and a maternal uncle of Emperor Shao. In 189,he and his sister shared power as regents when the young Emperor Shao was put on the throne following Emperor Ling's death. During the time,the conflict between He Jin and the influential eunuch faction intensified. The eunuch faction lured He Jin into a trap in the imperial palace and assassinated him. While He Jin's subordinates,led by the warlord Yuan Shao,slaughtered the eunuch faction in revenge,the warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the power vacuum to enter the imperial capital Luoyang and seize control of the Han central government. Dong Zhuo's seizure of control and the subsequent breakdown of central command that followed brought forth the beginning of massive civil wars that lasted for nearly a century,during which time the Han dynasty came to an end and the Three Kingdoms period began in its place.
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Cai Yong,courtesy name Bojie,was Chinese astronomer,calligrapher,historian,mathematician,musician,politician,and writer of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was well-versed in calligraphy,music,mathematics and astronomy. One of his daughters,Cai Yan / Cai Wenji,was also a famous poet and musician.
Wang Kuang,courtesy name Gongjie,was a government official and minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
The Campaign against Dong Zhuo was a punitive expedition initiated by a coalition of regional officials and warlords against the warlord Dong Zhuo in 190 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. The members of the coalition claimed that Dong had the intention of usurping the throne by holding Emperor Xian hostage and by establishing a strong influence in the imperial court. They justified their campaign as to remove Dong from power. The campaign led to the evacuation of the capital Luoyang and the shifting of the imperial court to Chang'an. It was a prelude to the end of the Han dynasty and,subsequently,the Three Kingdoms period.
The Heishan bandits or Black Mountain bandits was a bandit confederacy in the Taihang Mountain range during the later years of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. They played a part in the internecine feuds that followed the Eastern Han dynasty's descent into chaos preceding the Three Kingdoms period,during which they eventually surrendered to the warlord Cao Cao.
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China. It followed the Qin dynasty,which had unified the Warring States of China by conquest. It was founded by Liu Bang. The dynasty is divided into two periods:the Western Han and the Eastern Han,interrupted briefly by the Xin dynasty of Wang Mang. These appellations are derived from the locations of the capital cities Chang'an and Luoyang,respectively. The third and final capital of the dynasty was Xuchang,where the court moved in 196 CE during a period of political turmoil and civil war.
The Liang Province rebellion from 184 to 189 started as an insurrection of the Qiang peoples against the Han dynasty in the western province of Liang in the second century AD in China,but the Lesser Yuezhi and sympathetic Han rebels soon joined the cause to wrestle control of the province away from central authority. This rebellion,which closely followed the Yellow Turban Rebellion,was part of a series of disturbances that led to the decline and ultimate downfall of the Han dynasty. Despite receiving relatively little attention in the hands of traditional historians,the rebellion nonetheless had lasting importance as it weakened Han Chinese power in the northwest and prepared that land for a number of non-Han-ruled states in the centuries to come.
Zhang Yang,courtesy name Zhishu,was a Chinese politician and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Originally from Yunzhong Commandery in the north,he eventually became the de facto ruler of Henei Commandery. Although threatened by powerful warlords such as Cao Cao and Yuan Shao,Zhang Yang still provided refuge for Emperor Xian of Han numerous times,eventually attaining the rank of Grand Marshal (大司馬).
Chen Ji,courtesy name Yuanfang,was an official and scholar who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Zhang Cheng,courtesy name Gongxian,was an official serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
The Battle of Chang'an,also known as the Sack of Chang'an,took place in the western Chinese imperial capital city of Chang'an on 28 June 192,at the end of the Han Dynasty,the prelude of the Three Kingdoms.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 de Crespigny 2007, p. 1077.
- ↑ de Crespigny 2007, p. 680.
- ↑ de Crespigny 2007, p. 316.
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
- Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).