2005 Portuguese legislative election

2005 Portuguese legislative election

←  2002 20 February 2005 2009  →
230 seats to the Portuguese Assembly 116 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered	8,944,508 0.5%
Turnout	5,747,834 (64.3%) 2.8 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader José Sócrates Pedro Santana Lopes Jerónimo de Sousa Party PS PSD PCP Alliance CDU Leader since 26 September 2004 1 July 2004 27 November 2004 Leader's seat Castelo Branco [1] Lisbon [2] Lisbon [3] Last election 96 seats, 37.8% 105 seats, 40.2% 12 seats, 6.9% Seats won 121 75 14 Seat change 25 30 2 Popular vote 2,588,312 1,653,425 433,369 Percentage 45.0% 28.8% 7.5% Swing 7.2 pp 11.4 pp 0.6 pp   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Paulo Portas Francisco Louçã Party CDS–PP BE Leader since 22 March 1998 24 March 1999 Leader's seat Aveiro [4] Lisbon [5] Last election 14 seats, 8.7% 3 seats, 2.7% Seats won 12 8 Seat change 2 5 Popular vote 416,415 364,971 Percentage 7.2% 6.4% Swing 1.5 pp 3.6 pp
Vote winner strength by district Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election Pedro Santana Lopes PSD Prime Minister after election José Sócrates PS

The 2005 Portuguese legislative election took place on 20 February. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

These elections were called after the decision of President Jorge Sampaio on 30 November 2004 to dissolve the Parliament as an answer to the political instability caused by the government led by Pedro Santana Lopes (PSD) in coalition with the PP. Santana Lopes had become Prime Minister in July 2004, after José Manuel Durão Barroso left the country in order to become President of the European Commission in a decision that divided the country, because many Portuguese were expecting that the Socialist President Jorge Sampaio would dissolve the Parliament and call a legislative election. However, after five unstable months, President Sampaio decided to dissolve Parliament and call fresh elections. The Prime Minister nevertheless announced the resignation of the government on 11 December, in an action with no practical effects whatsoever.

The campaign started officially on 6 February and the major topics were the problematic state of the country's finances, unemployment, abortion and even José Sócrates's alleged homosexuality. ^{[6] [7]}

Headed by Sócrates, the centre-left Socialist Party (PS) won the election with a landslide victory, winning in 19 of the 22 electoral constituencies, including in districts such as Viseu and Bragança that historically voted for the right. The Socialist Party conquered its first absolute majority, receiving 45% of the electorate vote and 52% of the seats in the Parliament, making this the Socialists' largest ever victory in terms of vote percentage and seat count as of 2022. The centre-right parties, mainly the Social Democrats, were punished for their performance in government, and lost more than 11% of votes they had garnered in the previous election. On the left, the Left Bloc achieved its best result ever and made the biggest climb, gaining 5 MPs, while the CDU (Communists and the Greens) gained 2 MPs and reversed their downward trend of the last elections.

Voter turnout was the highest since 1995, as 64.3% of the electorate cast a ballot.

Background

Fall of the government

See also: 2002 Portuguese legislative election § Fall of the government

Deep disagreements and disputes within the Social Democratic Party began to derail the government led by Pedro Santana Lopes. ^[8] One of those disputes, the resignation of Youth and Sports Minister, Henrique Chaves, which was a close ally of Santana, precipitated the fall of the government, as Chaves accused Santana of not being "loyal and truthful". ^[9] Following this, President Jorge Sampaio had "enough" of crisis and accused the government of "contradictions and lack of coordination that contributed to its discredit". ^[10] Therefore, Sampaio used his power of dissolution of Parliament and called a snap election, the only time till date such power was used in Portuguese democracy. ^{[11] [12]} A new election was called, by the President, for February 2005. ^[13]

Leadership changes and challenges

PSD 2004 leadership election

Following the resignation of José Manuel Durão Barroso as Prime Minister and PSD leader to become President of the European Commission, the Social Democratic Party (PSD) initiated the process to elect a new leader. ^[14] Pedro Santana Lopes, by then Mayor of Lisbon, was the sole candidate for the leadership ^[15] and his name was overwhelmingly confirmed in a National Party Council meeting on 1 July 2004. ^[16] The results were the following:

Ballot: 1 July 2004

Candidate		Votes	%
	Pedro Santana Lopes	98	97.0
Against		3	3.0
Turnout		101
Source: Results

Two weeks later, on 17 July 2004, Santana Lopes was sworn in as Prime Minister. ^[17]

PS 2004 leadership election

Main article: 2004 Portuguese Socialist Party leadership election

On early July 2004, PS leader Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues resigned from the leadership against President Jorge Sampaio decision to nominate Pedro Santana Lopes as Prime Minister, following the resignation of Durão Barroso, rather than calling a snap legislative election. ^[18] New elections to select a new leader were called for 25 and 26 September 2004. Former environment minister José Sócrates, Manuel Alegre and the son of former President Mário Soares, João Soares, contested the leadership ballot. ^[19] José Sócrates was elected by a landslide ^[20] and the results were the following:

Ballot: 25 and 26 September 2004

Candidate		Votes	%
	José Sócrates	18,432	78.6
	Manuel Alegre	3,903	16.7
	João Soares	927	4.0
Blank/Invalid ballots		175	0.7
Turnout		23,437
Source: Results

PCP 2004 leadership election

In the fall of 2004, PCP leader Carlos Carvalhas decided to step down from the party's leadership after 12 years in the post. ^[21] Jerónimo de Sousa was selected as candidate for the leadership and was elected in the party's congress during the weekend of 27 and 28 November 2004. ^[22] The results were the following:

Ballot: 27 November 2004

Candidate		Votes	%
	Jerónimo de Sousa	164	93.7
Against		1	0.6
Abstention		10	5.7
Turnout		175
Source: Results

Electoral system

Official logo of the election.

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved. ^[23]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. ^[24] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties. ^[25]

For these elections, and compared with the 2002 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following: ^[26]

District	Number of MPs	Map
Lisbon	48	18 6 38 5 4 15 9 4 10 5 10 10 48 2 3 17 3 8 6 5 2 2
Porto	38
Braga	18
Setúbal	17
Aveiro	15
Leiria, Santarém and Coimbra	10
Viseu	9
Faro	8
Madeira (+1) and Viana do Castelo	6
Azores, Castelo Branco and Vila Real	5
Bragança and Guarda	4
Beja and Évora	3
Portalegre (–1), Europe and Outside Europe	2

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 9th legislature (2002–2005) and that also partook in the election:

Name			Ideology	Political position	Leader	2002 result
						%	Seats
	PPD/PSD	Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata	Liberal conservatism Classical liberalism	Centre-right	Pedro Santana Lopes	40.2%	105 / 230
	PS	Socialist Party Partido Socialista	Social democracy	Centre-left	José Sócrates	37.8%	96 / 230
	CDS-PP	CDS – People's Party Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular	Christian democracy Conservatism	Centre-right to right-wing	Paulo Portas	8.7%	14 / 230
	PCP	Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português	Communism Marxism–Leninism	Far-left	Jerónimo de Sousa	6.9% [lower-alpha 1]	10 / 230
	PEV	Ecologist Party "The Greens" Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes"	Eco-socialism Green politics	Left-wing	Heloísa Apolónia		2 / 230
	BE	Left Bloc Bloco de Esquerda	Democratic socialism Anti-capitalism	Left-wing	Francisco Louçã	2.7%	3 / 230

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Refs
	PSD	« Por amor a Portugal. »	"For love of Portugal"	[27]
	PS	« Voltar a acreditar em Portugal »	"Believing in Portugal again"	[28]
	CDS–PP	« O voto útil para Portugal »	"The useful vote for Portugal"	[29]
	CDU	« Agora é consigo »	"Now it's up to you"	[30]
	BE	« Faz toda a diferença »	"It makes all the difference"	[31]

Candidates' debates

2005 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P Present   A Absent invitee N Non-invitee
			PSD Santana	PS Sócrates	CDS–PP Portas	CDU Jerónimo	BE Louçã	Refs
18 Jan	SIC Notícias		N	N	N	P	P	[32]
20 Jan	SIC Notícias		N	N	P	N	P	[33]
25 Jan	SIC Notícias		N	N	P	P	N	[32]
3 Feb	RTP2, SIC, Antena 1, TSF	Maria Flor Pedroso Rodrigo Guedes de Carvalho José Gomes Ferreira Ricardo Costa	P	P	N	N	N	[34]
15 Feb	RTP1	Judite de Sousa José Alberto Carvalho	P	P	P	P	P	[35]
Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate
Date	Organisers	Polling firm/Link
			PSD	PS	CDS–PP	CDU	BE	Notes
3 Feb	RTP2, SIC, Antena 1, TSF	Aximage	20.2	50.4	—	—	—	29.6% Tie

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2005 Portuguese legislative election

Voter turnout

The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

Turnout	Time
	12:00			16:00			19:00
	2002	2005	±	2002	2005	±	2002	2005	±
Total	18.00%	21.93%	3.93 pp	45.88%	50.94%	5.06 pp	61.48%	64.26%	2.78 pp
Sources [36] [37] [38] [39]

National summary of votes and seats

Summary of the 20 February 2005 Assembly of the Republic elections results

Parties		Votes	%	±	MPs					MPs %/ votes %
					2002	2005	±	%	±
	Socialist	2,588,312	45.03	7.2	96	121	25	52.61	10.9	1.17
	Social Democratic [lower-alpha 2]	1,653,425	28.77	11.4	105	75	30	32.61	13.0	1.13
	Unitary Democratic Coalition [lower-alpha 3]	433,369	7.54	0.6	12	14	2	6.09	0.9	0.81
	People's	416,415	7.25	1.5	14	12	2	5.22	0.9	0.72
	Left Bloc	364,971	6.35	3.6	3	8	5	3.48	2.2	0.55
	Portuguese Workers' Communist	48,186	0.84	0.2	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	New Democracy	40,358	0.70	—	—	0	—	0.00	—	0.0
	Humanist	17,056	0.30	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	National Renovator	9,374	0.16	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Workers Party of Socialist Unity	5,535	0.10	0.0	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Democratic Party of the Atlantic	1,618	0.03	—	—	0	—	0.00	—	0.0
Total valid		5,578,782	97.06	1.0	230	230	0	100.00	0.0	—
Blank ballots		103,537	1.80	0.8
Invalid ballots		65,515	1.14	0.2
Total		5,747,834	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		8,944,508	64.26	2.8
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Vote share PS   45.03% PSD   28.77% CDU   7.54% CDS-PP   7.24% BE   6.35% PCTP/MRPP   0.84% PND   0.70% Others   0.59% Blank/Invalid   2.94%

Parliamentary seats PS   52.61% PSD   32.61% CDU   6.09% CDS-PP   5.22% BE   3.48%

Distribution by constituency

Results of the 2005 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic by constituency

Constituency	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	Total S
	PS		PSD		CDU		CDS-PP		BE
Azores	53.1	3	34.4	2	1.7	-	4.0	-	2.9	-	5
Aveiro	41.1	8	35.7	6	3.5	-	9.8	1	5.1	-	15
Beja	51.0	2	12.3	-	24.1	1	2.9	-	4.7	-	3
Braga	45.4	9	32.9	7	4.8	1	7.8	1	4.6	-	18
Bragança	42.1	2	39.0	2	2.0	-	9.7	-	2.5	-	4
Castelo Branco	56.0	4	26.7	1	3.8	-	5.3	-	3.7	-	5
Coimbra	45.4	6	31.9	4	5.5	-	5.5	-	6.3	-	10
Évora	49.7	2	16.7	-	20.9	1	3.7	-	4.6	-	3
Faro	49.3	6	24.6	2	6.9	-	5.8	-	7.7	-	8
Guarda	46.8	2	34.7	2	2.9	-	7.0	-	3.4	-	4
Leiria	35.6	4	39.8	5	4.6	-	8.9	1	5.5	-	10
Lisbon	44.1	23	23.7	12	9.8	5	8.2	4	8.8	4	48
Madeira	35.0	3	45.2	3	3.6	-	6.6	-	3.8	-	6
Portalegre	54.9	2	20.2	-	12.1	-	4.2	-	4.6	-	2
Porto	48.5	20	27.8	12	5.4	2	6.9	2	6.7	2	38
Santarém	46.1	6	26.4	3	8.6	1	6.9	-	6.5	-	10
Setúbal	43.6	8	16.1	3	20.0	3	5.1	1	10.3	2	17
Viana do Castelo	42.0	3	33.5	2	3.8	-	11.4	1	4.5	-	6
Vila Real	43.8	3	40.2	2	2.6	-	6.8	-	2.4	-	5
Viseu	40.4	4	40.2	4	2.2	-	8.6	1	3.3	-	9
Europe	54.3	1	27.2	1	4.2	-	3.4	-	2.3	-	2
Outside Europe	26.3	-	57.7	2	1.0	-	3.5	-	0.7	-	2
Total	45.0	121	28.8	75	7.5	14	7.2	12	6.4	8	230
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Maps

• 
  Strongest party by district.
• 
  Most voted political force by municipality.
• 
  Share of vote for CDU by district.

Graphics

• 
  Seats won by party.
• 
  Gains and losses by party.
• 
  Share of vote by party.

Further reading

• Freire, André; Marina Costa Lobo (May 2006). "The Portuguese 2005 legislative election: Return to the left". West European Politics . 29 (3): 581–588. doi:10.1080/01402380600620742. S2CID   154260314.

Notes

1. The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) contested the 2002 election in a coalition called Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) and won a combined 6.9% of the vote and elected 12 MPs to parliament.
2. From the Social Democratic electoral lists were elected two MPs from the People's Monarchist Party and other two MPs from Earth Party.
3. Portuguese Communist Party (12 MPs) and "The Greens" (2 MPs).

References

1. Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
2. Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
3. Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
4. Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
5. Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
6. Santos Costa, Filipe (2 February 2005). "Santana nega ter feito insinuações" [Santana denies having made insinuations]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
7. Paixão, Paulo (23 September 2009). "Temas que marcaram a campanha das legislativas de 2005" [Themes that marked the 2005 election campaign]. Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
8. "As "trapalhadas" de Santana em 2004 (que Rio apoiou e Marcelo arrasou) ", Observador, 21 December 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
9. "Henrique Chaves demite-se do Governo por falta de «lealdade e de verdade» de Santana", Jornal de Negócios, 28 November 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
10. "Jorge Sampaio anuncia a dissolução do Parlamento ", RTP, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
11. "Jorge Sampaio vai dissolver Assembleia da República ", Público, 30 November 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
12. "A bomba atómica de Sampaio", Correio da Manhã, 10 September 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
13. "Jorge Sampaio assinou hoje decreto de dissolução do Parlamento ", Público, 22 December 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
14. "Durão Barroso demite-se oficialmente", Jornal de Notícias, 5 July 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
15. "Santana Lopes considera legítima eleição pelo Conselho Nacional do PSD ", Público, 30 June 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
16. "Santana Lopes indigitado pelo PSD para primeiro-ministro", Público, 11 July 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
17. "Um Governo de amigos, políticos e estreantes ", Público, 17 July 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
18. "Ferro Rodrigues demite-se da liderança do PS ", Público, 9 July 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
19. "DEBATER AS IDEIAS ESCOLHER OS PROTAGONISTAS", Acção Socialista, 29 July 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
20. "Sócrates eleito Secretário Geral do PS", RTP , 26 September 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
21. "Carlos Carvalhas abandona liderança do PCP", Público, 5 October 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
22. "PCP: Jerónimo de Sousa eleito secretário-geral", Público, 28 November 2004. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
23. "Constitution of the Portuguese Republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
24. "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
25. Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
26. "Mapa Oficial n.º 5-A/2004" (PDF). CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - DR I Série-A, nº 301, 27 de Dezembro de 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
27. "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2005 – PSD". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
28. "PS recusa proposta de debate entre José Sócrates e Santana Lopes". TVI (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
29. "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2005 – CDS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
30. "Documents". PCP (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
31. "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2005 – BE". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
32. "Televisões apostam nos debates políticos". Correio da Manhã (in Portuguese). 18 January 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
33. "Portas e Louçã travaram debate aceso a propósito do aborto e da banca". Público (in Portuguese). 21 January 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
34. "Debate inovador ao estilo americano". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 3 February 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
35. "DEBATE: LEGISLATIVAS 2005". RTP1 (in Portuguese). 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
36. "21,93 por cento dos eleitores votaram até ao meio-dia". RTP (in Portuguese). 20 February 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
37. "Votaram 18 por cento dos eleitores até ao meio-dia". Público (in Portuguese). 17 March 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
38. "00, mais de metade dos eleitores já tinha votado". RTP (in Portuguese). 20 February 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
39. "Afluência às urnas ultrapassa 45 por cento às 16h00". Público (in Portuguese). 17 March 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2023.

External links

• Preliminary results of the 2005 election
• Angus Reid Consultants - Election Tracker

See also

• Politics of Portugal
• List of political parties in Portugal
• Elections in Portugal