AMD CrossFire

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AMD CrossFire
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AMD CrossFire (also known as CrossFireX) is a brand name for the multi-GPU technology by Advanced Micro Devices, originally developed by ATI Technologies. [1] The technology allows up to four GPUs to be used in a single computer to improve graphics performance. [2]

Contents

Associated technology used in mobile computers with external graphics cards, such as in laptops or notebooks, is called AMD Hybrid Graphics.

The CrossFire brand name was retired by AMD in September 2017, however the company continues to develop and support the technology for DirectX 11 applications. [3] For DirectX 12 applications, AMD has the mGPU (also known as multi-GPU) branding, with the difference being that software developers must create mGPU compatible profiles for their applications where before AMD created the profiles for DirectX 11 applications. [4]

Configurations

First-generation

CrossFire was first made available to the public on September 27, 2005. [5] The system required a CrossFire-compliant motherboard with a pair of ATI Radeon PCI Express (PCIe) graphics cards. Radeon x800s, x850s, x1800s and x1900s came in a regular edition, and a "CrossFire Edition" which has "master" capability built into the hardware. "Master" capability is a term used for 5 extra image compositing chips, which combine the output of both cards. [6] One had to buy a Master card, and pair it with a regular card from the same series. The Master card shipped with a proprietary DVI Y-dongle, which plugged into the primary DVI ports on both cards, and into the monitor cable. This dongle serves as the main link between both cards, sending incomplete images between them, and complete images to the monitor. Low-end Radeon x1300 and x1600 cards have no "CrossFire Edition" but are enabled via software, with communication forwarded via the standard PCI Express slots on the motherboard. ATI currently has not created the infrastructure to allow FireGL cards to be set up in a CrossFire configuration. The "slave" graphics card needed to be from the same family as the "master".

An example of a limitation in regard to a Master-card configuration would be the first-generation CrossFire implementation in the Radeon X850 XT Master Card. Because it used a compositing chip from Silicon Image (SiI 163B TMDS), the maximum resolution on an X850 CrossFire setup was limited to 1600×1200 at 60 Hz, or 1920×1440 at 52 Hz. This was considered a problem for CRT owners wishing to use CrossFire to play games at high resolutions, or owners of Widescreen LCD monitors. As many people found a 60 Hz refresh rate with a CRT to strain one's eyes, the practical resolution limit became 1280×1024, which did not push CrossFire enough to justify the cost. [7] The next generation of CrossFire, as employed by the X1800 Master cards, used two sets of compositing chips and a custom double density dual-link DVI Y-dongle to double the bandwidth between cards, raising the maximum resolution and refresh rate to far higher levels.

Second-generation (Software CrossFire)

When used with ATI's "CrossFire Xpress 3200" motherboard chipset, the "master" card is no longer required for every "CrossFire Ready" card (with the exception of the Radeon X1900 series). With the CrossFire Xpress 3200, two normal cards can be run in a Crossfire setup, using the PCI Express bus for communications. This is similar to X1300 CrossFire, which also uses PCI Express, except that the Xpress 3200 had been built for low-latency and high-speed communication between graphics cards. [8] While performance was impacted, this move was viewed as an overall improvement in market strategy, because Crossfire Master cards were expensive, in high demand, and largely unavailable at the retail level.

Although the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset is indeed capable of CrossFire through the PCI Express bus for every Radeon series below the X1900s, the driver accommodations for this CrossFire method have not yet materialized for the X1800 series. ATI has said that future revisions of the Catalyst driver suite will contain what is required for X1800 dongleless CrossFire, but has not yet mentioned a specific date. [9]

Third-generation (CrossFireX)

A CrossFireX connection on a graphics card Sapphire Radeon HD 5870 - 2 CrossFire connections PNrdeg0311.jpg
A CrossFireX connection on a graphics card
Top view AMD CrossFireX - bridge connector-top oblique PNrdeg0372.jpg
Top view
Bottom view of a CrossFireX bridge interconnect AMD CrossFireX - bridge connector-bottom oblique PNrdeg0369.jpg
Bottom view of a CrossFireX bridge interconnect
AMD CrossFireX and some R700 GPUs, in Radeon HD 4000 series R700 interconnect.svg
AMD CrossFireX and some R700 GPUs, in Radeon HD 4000 series
An example of CrossFire usage, with two Radeon HD 4850 cards (RV770 GPU) Computer system with 3,16Ghz Core 2 Duo, 6GB RAM and 2x Radeon HD 4850 in CrossFire.jpg
An example of CrossFire usage, with two Radeon HD 4850 cards (RV770 GPU)

With the release of the Radeon X1950 Pro (RV570 GPU), ATI has completely revised CrossFire's connection infrastructure to further eliminate the need for past Y-dongle/Master card and slave card configurations for CrossFire to operate. ATI's CrossFire connector (CrossFire Bridge Interconnect, or CFBI link) is now a ribbon-like connector attached to the top of each graphics adapter, similar to nVidia's SLI bridges, but different in physical and logical natures. [10] As such, Master Cards no longer exist, and are not required for maximum performance. Two dongles can be used per card; these were put to full use with the release of CrossFireX. Radeon HD 2900 and HD 3000 series cards use the same ribbon connectors, but the HD 3800 series of cards only require one ribbon connector, to facilitate CrossFireX. [11] Unlike older series of Radeon cards, different HD 3800 series cards can be combined in CrossFireX, each with separate clock control.

Since the release of the codenamed Spider desktop platform from AMD on November 19, 2007, the CrossFire setup has been updated with support for a maximum of four video cards with the 790FX chipset; the CrossFire branding was then changed to "ATI CrossFireX". The setup, which, according to internal testing by AMD, will bring at least 3.2x performance increase in several games and applications which required massive graphics capabilities of the computer system, is targeted to the enthusiast market. [12]

A later development to the CrossFire infrastructure includes a dual GPUs with on-board PCI Express bridge that was released in early 2008, the Radeon HD 3870 X2 and later in Radeon HD 4870 X2 graphics cards, featuring only one CrossFire connector for dual card, four GPU scalability. When using two GPUs on board the same system, the HDMI ports on the GPUs cannot both work at the same time.

An earlier CrossFireX and chipset compatibility chart is shown here: [13] The latest compatibility charts, as of April 2014, shows AMD 890, 990 and A75 chipsets—and many Intel chipsets including Z68 and X79 chipsets—as being compatible with CrossFireX; they also show which GPU cards may be paired with an external bridge (HD 7750, HD 5750, HD 4350, HD 4550, HD 4650, HD 4670 cards may be paired without an external bridge, though the charts also indicate that some models manufactured by other than AMD may still require the bridge). [14]

Fourth generation (XDMA)

XDMA might be similar the AMD DirectGMA (Direct Graphics Memory Access) to be found on AMD FirePro, and Radeon Pro branded product lines. AMD DirectGMA.svg
XDMA might be similar the AMD DirectGMA (Direct Graphics Memory Access) to be found on AMD FirePro, and Radeon Pro branded product lines.

The Radeon R9 290 and R9 290X graphics cards (released on October 24, 2013 [15] and based on Graphics Core Next 1.1 "Volcanic Islands") as well as GPUs using newer versions of GCN no longer have bridging ports. Instead, they use XDMA to open a direct channel of communication between the multiple GPUs in a system, operating over the same PCI Express bus which is used by AMD Radeon graphics cards. [16] [17] [18] [19]

PCI Express 3.0 lanes provide up to 17.5 times higher bandwidth (15.754 GB/s for a ×16 slot) when compared to current external bridges (900 MB/s), rendering the use of a CrossFire bridge unnecessary. Thus, XDMA was selected for greater GPU interconnection bandwidth demands generated by AMD Eyefinity, and more recently by 4K resolution monitors. Bandwidth of the data channel opened by XDMA is fully dynamic, scaling itself together with the demands of the game being played, as well as adapting to advanced user settings such as vertical synchronization (vsync). [16] [20]

Additionally, some newer cards are capable of pairing with 7000-series cards based on the Graphics Core Next 1.0 "Southern Islands" architecture. For example, an R9-280X card can be used in a CrossFireX setup together with a HD 7970 card, largely due to them being the same product at different clock rates. [21]

GPUOpen offers some MIT-licensed source-code for DirectGMA applications with multiple AMD GPUs in conjunction with Direct3D 11, OpenGL and OpenCL: https://github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/DirectGMA_P2P

Hybrid CrossFireX (dual graphics)

There is also a "hybrid" mode of CrossFireX that combines on-board graphics using the AMD northbridge architecture with select graphic cards, [22] for increased performance. The current[ when? ] generation [23] is called Hybrid CrossFireX and is available for motherboards with integrated AMD chipsets in the 7 and 8 series GPUs, referred to as Hybrid CrossFireX. [24] [25]

This combination results in power-savings when simple or 2D graphics are used and performance increases of 25% to over 200% in 3D graphics over using a non CrossFire option. [26] [27] As of March 2012, it appears that this is now called "AMD Radeon Dual Graphics" and means using A-series APUs together with video cards. [28] [29]

Comparisons to Nvidia SLI

Similarities

In some cases CrossFire doesn't improve 3D performance – in some extreme cases, it can lower the framerate due to the particulars of an application's coding. This is also true for Nvidia's SLI, as the problem is inherent in multi-GPU systems. This is often witnessed when running an application at low resolutions. [30]

When using CrossFire with AFR, the subjective framerate can often be lower than the framerate reported by benchmarking applications, and may even be poorer than the frame rate of its single-GPU equivalent. This phenomenon is known as micro stuttering and also applies to SLI since it is inherent to multi-GPU configurations. [31] AMD CrossFireX, and NVIDIA SLI setups both require bridges, and a power supply unit (PSU) capable of supplying enough power to the GPUs. 6 pin (75 watt 3+3, becoming rare now), 8 pin (150 watt 4+4), and 16 pin (300 watt 8+8) power plugs are all common in today's graphics cards.

Advantages

CrossFire can be implemented with GPU cards of the same generation, and manufacture (this is compared to Nvidia's SLI, which generally only works if all cards have the same GPU, and brand). This allows buyers who have varying budgets over time to purchase different cards and still get the benefits of increased performance. With the latest generation cards, they will only crossfire with other cards in their sub series. For example, GPU in the same series can be crossfired with each other. So a 5800 series GPU (e.g. a 5830) can run together with another 5800 series GPU (e.g. 5870). However, GPUs not in the same hundred series cannot be crossfired successfully (e.g. a 5770 cannot run with a 5870). The only exception is that the HD 7870 XT cards can be used with a HD 7900 series GPU (e.g., a 7950) in a crossfire configuration because they feature the same GPU. [32]

AMD CrossFire, and SLI configurations can run many monitors of varying size and resolutions. Both SLI, and CrossFire setups only allow up to four 8K (7680x4320) monitors, or eight 4K monitors (3840x2160). Each monitor requires its own dedicated graphics card (except for 4K, and standard HD), in that case up to two monitors can be on one dedicated graphics card.

Disadvantages

Major downside of CrossFire is that it works only in fullscreen mode, requiring extrinsic support for software or games when run in borderless/windowed mode. [33]

The first generation CrossFire implementations (the Radeon X800 to X1900 series) require an external y-cable/dongle to operate in CrossFire mode due to the PCI Express bus not being able to provide enough bandwidth to run CrossFire without losing a significant amount of performance.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphics card</span> Expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display device

A graphics card is a computer expansion card that generates a feed of graphics output to a display device such as a monitor. Graphics cards are sometimes called discrete or dedicated graphics cards to emphasize their distinction to an integrated graphics processor on the motherboard or the central processing unit (CPU). A graphics processing unit (GPU) that performs the necessary computations is the main component in a graphics card, but the acronym "GPU" is sometimes also used to erroneously refer to the graphics card as a whole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ATI Technologies</span> Canadian technology corporation

ATI Technologies Inc., commonly called ATI, was a Canadian semiconductor technology corporation based in Markham, Ontario, that specialized in the development of graphics processing units and chipsets. Founded in 1985, the company listed publicly in 1993 and was acquired by AMD in 2006. As a major fabrication-less or fabless semiconductor company, ATI conducted research and development in-house and outsourced the manufacturing and assembly of its products. With the decline and eventual bankruptcy of 3dfx in 2000, ATI and its chief rival Nvidia emerged as the two dominant players in the graphics processors industry, eventually forcing other manufacturers into niche roles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphics processing unit</span> Specialized electronic circuit; graphics accelerator

A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit initially designed to accelerate computer graphics and image processing. After their initial design, GPUs were found to be useful for non-graphic calculations involving embarrassingly parallel problems due to their parallel structure. Other non-graphical uses include the training of neural networks and cryptocurrency mining.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radeon</span> Brand of computer products

Radeon is a brand of computer products, including graphics processing units, random-access memory, RAM disk software, and solid-state drives, produced by Radeon Technologies Group, a division of AMD. The brand was launched in 2000 by ATI Technologies, which was acquired by AMD in 2006 for US$5.4 billion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scalable Link Interface</span> Brand name; multi-GPU technology by Nvidia

Scalable Link Interface (SLI) is the brand name for a now discontinued multi-GPU technology developed by Nvidia for linking two or more video cards together to produce a single output. SLI is a parallel processing algorithm for computer graphics, meant to increase the available processing power.

The Radeon Xpress 200 is a computer chipset released by ATI. The chipset supports AMD 64-bit processors as well as supporting Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D and Celeron processors. Additionally, it includes support for DDR400 RAM and DDR-2 667 RAM on the Intel Edition.

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The Xpress 3200 is a revision of the Xpress 200 computer chipset released by ATI. The chipset supports AMD64 processors for Socket 939 and Socket AM2.

Chrome 20 Series is a graphics accelerator by S3 Graphics, the successor of GammaChrome S18.

AMD 580 chipset series is a computer chipset series designed by the AMD Graphics Product Group, for the AMD processors. It was designed for usage with ATI's CrossFire Multi GPU Technology, with both PCI Express slots running at x16 lanes each.

The AMD 700 chipset series is a set of chipsets designed by ATI for AMD Phenom processors to be sold under the AMD brand. Several members were launched in the end of 2007 and the first half of 2008, others launched throughout the rest of 2008.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sapphire Technology</span>

Sapphire Technology Limited is a Hong Kong-based technology company, founded in 2001, which produces graphics cards for personal computers and workstations, motherboards, TV tuner cards, digital audio players and LCDTVs

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AMD Hybrid Graphics technology, is a collective brand from AMD for its Radeon line of discrete and integrated GPU, promoting higher performance and productivity while saving energy consumption in GPUs.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radeon 200 series</span> Series of video cards

The Radeon 200 series is a series of graphics processors developed by AMD. These GPUs are manufactured on a 28 nm Gate-Last process through TSMC or Common Platform Alliance.

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References

  1. ↑ "AMD Crossfire Technology". AMD.com. AMD. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  2. ↑ "AMD CrossFireX". club-3d.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  3. ↑ "AMD Radeon phases out the CrossFire brand as multi-GPU gets more complicated". pcworld.com. IDG Communications, Inc. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  4. ↑ "AMD Radeon phases out the CrossFire brand as multi-GPU gets more complicated". PCWorld. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  5. ↑ "ATI Launches Crossfire... Finally". Slashdot. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  6. ↑ "ATI's CrossFire dual-graphics solution - The Tech Report - Page 1". The Tech Report. 2005-09-26. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  7. ↑ "Computer Hardware Reviews and News". Hardocp. 2005-09-26. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  8. ↑ "CrossFire Xpress 3200: RD580 for AM2". AnandTech. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  9. ↑ Smalley, Tim. "ATI gets dongle-less X1800 CrossFire working". bit-tech.net. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  10. ↑ "AnandTech". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  11. ↑ "Review - RV670: AMD ATI Radeon HD 3870". bit-tech.net. 2007-11-30. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  12. ↑ Laird, Jeremy (19 November 2007). "Who's afraid of AMD's new Spider platform?". techradar.com. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  13. ↑ "Compatibility Chart". Game.Amd.Com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
  14. ↑ "Crossfire Compatibility Chart". support.amd.com. American Microdevices. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  15. ↑ "Radeon R9 290X | VideoCardz.com". VideoCardz.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  16. 1 2 "AMD Gaming: Modernizing multi-GPU gaming with XDMA". Community.amd.com. 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
  17. ↑ "Report: Radeon R9-290X Won't Need CFX Bridge, to be $600". Tom's Hardware. 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  18. ↑ "AMD Soft Launches "Volcanic Islands" GPUs With Programmable Audio in Hawaii". Daily Tech. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  19. ↑ Joel Hruska (2014-09-02). "AMD Radeon R9 285 review: The GCN 1.2 torpedo that takes out Nvidia's GTX 760". extremetech.com. Retrieved 2014-10-13.
  20. ↑ Ryan Smith (2013-10-23). "XDMA: Improving Crossfire". The AMD Radeon R9 290X Review. anandtech.com. p. 4. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
  21. ↑ Mujtaba, Hassan (10 October 2013). "AMD Radeon R9 280X Compatible With HD 7970 in CrossFire Mode". WCCF Tech. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  22. ↑ "Combination Options Chart". Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  23. ↑ "ATI CrossFireX | GAME.AMD.COM". AMD. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  24. ↑ Triple Hybrid CrossfireX working AMD forums, retrieved 23 September 2010
  25. ↑ "AMD 790GX Chipset". AMD. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  26. ↑ Bell, Brandon (4 March 2008). "AMD CrossFireX and Hybrid Graphics Performance Preview" . Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  27. ↑ Toepelt, Bert (4 March 2008). "Benchmark Analysis - 65% More Performance Through Hybrid-Crossfire". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  28. ↑ "AMD Radeon Dual Graphics". Amd.com. 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  29. ↑ "AMD Radeon Dual Graphics". Amd.com. 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  30. ↑ Kreiss, Tino; Töpelt, Bert; Schuhmann, Daniel (2005-12-02). "Performance Comparison Between Single Configurations And SLI Setups". Tom's Hardware . Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  31. ↑ Raffael Vötter (2008-02-08). "Video proof: Micro stuttering may destroy the performance gains from current multi GPU technologies". PC Games Hardware Online. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  32. ↑ "Complete List of AMD CrossFire GPU Combinations". GameDebate. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
  33. ↑ "ATI Crossfire". HardwareHeaven. Archived from the original on 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
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