Betanodavirus

Last updated

Betanodavirus
Journal.ppat.1005203.Fig.S2.tif
Electron micrographs of grouper nervous necrosis virus particles
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Magsaviricetes
Order: Nodamuvirales
Family: Nodaviridae
Genus:Betanodavirus

Betanodavirus, or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is a genus of nonenveloped positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Nodaviridae. [1] Member viruses infect fish and cause viral nervous necrosis (VNN) and viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). [2] The genus contains four species. [3]

Contents

History

Betanodaviruses were first reported between 1989 and 1991. They were linked with high mortality rates in young fish and were initially described as a picornavirus-like virus. They were discovered around the same time in Australia, Norway, France and Japan. [4] [5] [6] [7] The oldest evidence related to the virus, however, dates back to 1984 in Queensland (Australia) where a disease outbreak with the clinical signs and histopathological lesions corresponding to NNV was reported. [8]

Virology

Structure

EM image and structure of grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV). Journal.ppat.1005203.g001.png
EM image and structure of grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV).

Viruses in the genus Betanodavirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries and T=3 symmetry. [2] The diameter is around 37 nm. The virus-like particle contains 180 subunits of the capsid protein, and each capsid protein (CP) shows three major domains: (i) the N-terminal arm, an inter-subunit extension at the inner surface; (ii) the shell domain (S-domain), a jelly-roll structure; and (iii) the protrusion domain (P-domain) formed by three-fold trimeric protrusions. [9]

Genomes

Genomes are linear, segmented, bipartite, and around 21.4kb in total length. [2] The genome is split in two segments RNA1 and RNA2 that together encode three genes. [4]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the internal initiation model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Fish serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion and contact. [2]

Disease

Betanodaviruses affect teleost fish. A number of species are reported susceptible, more than 40 species, most of them marine. Transmission routes are passive diffusion and contact. [2] The disease is more likely to occur in larvae or juveniles but it can also affect adults. [10]

Clinical signs and lesions

Vacuoles in retina of Australian bass larva infected with NNV Vacuoles in retina of Australian bass larva experimentally infected with NNV.jpg
Vacuoles in retina of Australian bass larva infected with NNV

Viral nervous necrosis can have a clinical or sub-clinical presentation. Signs include: abnormal behaviour like lethargy, anorexia, spiral swimming; and change in pigmentation. Mortalities of affected populations can be of up to 100%. [11] Microscopical lesions are mostly located in brain, retina and spinal cord where necrosis of the neurons and the presence of round empty spaces called vacoules are commonly associated with the disease.[ citation needed ]

Evolution

The most recent common ancestor of the four extant genotypes has been dated to ~1300 CE. [12] An early reassortment event appears to have occurred in the early 1980s in Southern Europe.[ citation needed ]

Taxonomy

The following species are recognized: [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA virus</span> Subclass of viruses

An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picornavirus</span> Family of viruses

Picornaviruses are a group of related nonenveloped RNA viruses which infect vertebrates including fish, mammals, and birds. They are viruses that represent a large family of small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a 30 nm icosahedral capsid. The viruses in this family can cause a range of diseases including the common cold, poliomyelitis, meningitis, hepatitis, and paralysis.

<i>Birnaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Birnaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Salmonid fish, birds and insects serve as natural hosts. There are currently 11 species in this family, divided among seven genera. Diseases associated with this family include infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish, which causes significant losses to the aquaculture industry, with chronic infection in adult salmonid fish and acute viral disease in young salmonid fish.

<i>Caliciviridae</i> Family of viruses

The Caliciviridae are a family of "small round structured" viruses, members of Class IV of the Baltimore scheme. Caliciviridae bear resemblance to enlarged picornavirus and was formerly a separate genus within the picornaviridae. They are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA which is not segmented. Thirteen species are placed in this family, divided among eleven genera. Diseases associated with this family include feline calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, and Norwalk group of viruses (gastroenteritis). Caliciviruses naturally infect vertebrates, and have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and amphibians. The caliciviruses have a simple construction and are not enveloped. The capsid appears hexagonal/spherical and has icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of 35–39 nm.

<i>Dicistroviridae</i> Family of viruses

Dicistroviridae is a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Invertebrates, including aphids, leafhoppers, flies, bees, ants, and silkworms, serve as natural hosts. There are 15 species in this family, assigned to three genera. Diseases associated with this family include: DCV: increased reproductive potential. extremely pathogenic when injected with high associated mortality. CrPV: paralysis and death.

<i>Nodaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Nodaviridae is a family of nonenveloped positive-strand RNA viruses. Vertebrates and invertebrates serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this family include: viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in fish. There are nine species in the family, assigned to two genera.

White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. The disease is highly lethal and contagious, killing shrimp quickly. Outbreaks of this disease have wiped out the entire populations of many shrimp farms within a few days, in places throughout the world.

<i>Aphthovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Aphthovirus is a viral genus of the family Picornaviridae. Aphthoviruses infect split-hooved animals, and include the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). There are seven FMDV serotypes: A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia 1, and four non-FMDV serotypes belonging to three additional species Bovine rhinitis A virus (BRAV), Bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) and Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White trevally</span> Species of fish

The white trevally, also known as striped jack,) is a jack of the family Carangidae widespread in tropical and warm temperate areas between 40°N and 47°S, in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. It has a deep body and a greenish colour with metallic overtones and a dark spot above the gills. The fins are yellow. Trevally are strong fighters and the flesh is good to eat if a little dry. It is often used as cut bait. Its maximum size is about 120 cm (47 in).

<i>Marnaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Marnaviridae is a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses in the order Picornavirales that infect various photosynthetic marine protists. Members of the family have non-enveloped, icosahedral capsids. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm and causes lysis of the host cell. The first species of this family that was isolated is Heterosigma akashiwo RNA virus (HaRNAV) in the genus Marnavirus, which infects the toxic bloom-forming Raphidophyte alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. As of 2021, there are twenty species across seven genera in this family, as well as many other related virus sequences discovered through metagenomic sequencing that are currently unclassified.

<i>Enterovirus E</i> Species of virus

Enterovirus E is a picornavirus of the genus Enterovirus. The virus may also be referred to as enteric cytopathic bovine orphan virus (ECBO). It is endemic in cattle populations worldwide, and although normally fairly nonpathogenic, it can cause reproductive, respiratory, or enteric disease – particularly when the animal is concurrently infected with another pathogen.

<i>Ranavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Ranavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Iridoviridae. There are six other genera of viruses within the family Iridoviridae, but Ranavirus is the only one that includes viruses that are infectious to amphibians and reptiles. Additionally, it is one of the three genera within this family which infect teleost fishes, along with Lymphocystivirus and Megalocytivirus.

<i>Picornavirales</i> Order of viruses

Picornavirales is an order of viruses with vertebrate, invertebrate, protist and plant hosts. The name has a dual etymology. First, picorna- is an acronym for poliovirus, insensitivity to ether, coxsackievirus, orphan virus, rhinovirus, and ribonucleic acid. Secondly, pico-, meaning extremely small, combines with RNA to describe these very small RNA viruses. The order comprises viruses that historically are referred to as picorna-like viruses.

Megalocytivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Iridoviridae and one of three genera within this family which infect teleost fishes, along with Lymphocystivirus and Ranavirus. Megalocytiviruses are an emerging group of closely related dsDNA viruses which cause systemic infections in a wide variety of wild and cultured fresh and saltwater fishes. Megalocytivirus outbreaks are of considerable economic importance in aquaculture, as epizootics can result in moderate fish loss or mass mortality events of cultured fishes.

<i>Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus</i> RNA virus infecting salmonid fish

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a double-stranded RNA virus from the family Birnaviridae, in the genus Aquabirnavirus. Causing the highly infectious disease Infectious pancreatic necrosis, the virus primarily affects young salmonids resulting in high mortality, occasionally surpassing 90 percent in the early stages. IPNV or IPNV-like viruses have been isolated worldwide from at least 32 families of saltwater and freshwater salmonids and non-salmonids fish including salmon, flatfish, pike, eels and others. Other aquatic organisms infected include 11 molluscs and 4 species of crustaceans. Due to its wide host range and high mortality, the virus is of great concern to global aquaculture. In addition to persistence in hosts, IPNV is also perpetual in the environment, surviving across a range of conditions and capable of infecting fish with as little as 101TCID50/ml of the virus. Found in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia, the virus has led to significant losses in the mariculture of Atlantic salmon, brook trout, and rainbow trout.

<i>Alphanodavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphanodavirus is a genus of non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Nodaviridae. Insects, mammals, and fishes serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: Nodamura virus paralysis in infected wax moth larvae. Member viruses can also provoke paralysis and death to suckling mice and suckling hamsters. There are five species in this genus.

Aquabirnavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Birnaviridae. Salmonid fish serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. A disease associated with this genus, Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in salmonid fish, causes significant losses to the aquaculture industry. Chronic infection in adults, and acute viral disease in young salmonid fish can occur.

<i>Nodamura virus</i> Species of virus

Nodamura virus (NoV) is a member of the family Nodaviridae, which was originally isolated from mosquitoes in Japan near the village of Nodamura in 1956. Other members of Nodaviridae are flock house virus (FHV) and black beetle virus (BBV). NoV has been found to multiply in several insect and tick species; however, these infected individuals seem to be asymptomatic. Nodamura virus is the only member of the genus Alphanodavirus that can infect insects, fish, and mammals.

Tilapia tilapinevirus, or Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is a negative-strand RNA virus that infects both wild and aquacultured populations of tilapia. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Tilapinevirus, which in turn is the only genus in the family Amnoonviridae. Thus far it has been recorded in various regions across Asia, Africa, and South America. The virus was first discovered and identified in 2014 when the Sea of Galilee in Israel experienced a major noticeable decline in tilapia catch quantities.

Triatoma virus (TrV) is a virus belonging to the insect virus family Dicistroviridae. Within this family, there are currently 3 genera and 15 species of virus. Triatoma virus belongs to the genus Cripavirus. It is non-enveloped and its genetic material is positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. The natural hosts of triatoma virus are invertebrates. TrV is a known pathogen to Triatoma infestans, the major vector of Chagas disease in Argentina which makes triatoma virus a major candidate for biological vector control as opposed to chemical insecticides. Triatoma virus was first discovered in 1984 when a survey of pathogens of triatomes was conducted in the hopes of finding potential biological control methods for T. infestans.

References

  1. Sahul Hameed, AS; Ninawe, AS; Nakai, T; Chi, SC; Johnson, KL; ICTV Report, Consortium (January 2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Nodaviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 100 (1): 3–4. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001170 . PMID   30431412.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  3. Cann, Alan (2001). Principles of Molecular Virology. Academic Press. pp. 870–871. ISBN   9780121585334 . Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  4. 1 2 Mori, Koh-Ichiro; Nakai, Toshihiro; Muroga, Kiyokuni; Arimoto, Misao; Mushiake, Keiichi; Furusawa, Iwao (1992). "Properties of a new virus belonging to nodaviridae found in larval striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) with nervous necrosis". Virology. 187 (1): 368–71. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(92)90329-N. PMID   1736540.
  5. Glazebrook, J. S; Heasman, M. P; Beer, S. W (1990). "Picorna-like viral particles associated with mass mortalities in larval barramundi, Lates calcarifer Bloch". Journal of Fish Diseases. 13 (3): 245–9. Bibcode:1990JFDis..13..245G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1990.tb00780.x.
  6. Bloch, B., Gravningen, K. & Larsen, J. L. (1991). Encephalomyelitis among turbot associated with picornavirus-like agent. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 10.
  7. Breuil, G; Bonami, J.R; Pepin, J.F; Pichot, Y (1991). "Viral infection (picorna-like virus) associated with mass mortalities in hatchery-reared sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae and juveniles". Aquaculture. 97 (2–3): 109–16. Bibcode:1991Aquac..97..109B. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90258-9.
  8. MacKinnon, M.R. (1988). Rearing and growth of larval and juvenile Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)in Queensland. Paper presented at: Management of wild and cultured sea bass/barrumundi (Lates calcarifer) (Darwin, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research)
  9. Chen, Nai-Chi; Yoshimura, Masato; Guan, Hong-Hsiang; Wang, Ting-Yu; Misumi, Yuko; Lin, Chien-Chih; Chuankhayan, Phimonphan; Nakagawa, Atsushi; Chan, Sunney I; Tsukihara, Tomitake; Chen, Tzong-Yueh; Chen, Chun-Jung (2015). "Crystal Structures of a Piscine Betanodavirus: Mechanisms of Capsid Assembly and Viral Infection". PLOS Pathogens. 11 (10): e1005203. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005203 . PMC   4619592 . PMID   26491970.
  10. Nakai, T.; Mori, K.; Sugaya, T.; Nishioka, T.; Mushiake, K.; Yamashita, H. (2009). "Current knowledge of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) and its causative betanodaviruses". The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh. 61 (1–4): 198–207. doi: 10.46989/001c.20559 . hdl: 10524/19288 .
  11. Arimoto, Misao; Sato, Jun; Maruyama, Keigo; Mimura, Gen; Furusawa, Iwao (1996). "Effect of chemical and physical treatments on the inactivation of striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV)". Aquaculture. 143 (1): 15–22. Bibcode:1996Aquac.143...15A. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(96)01261-6.
  12. He, Mei; Teng, Chun-Bo (2015). "Divergence and codon usage bias of Betanodavirus, a neurotropic pathogen in fish". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 137–42. Bibcode:2015MolPE..83..137H. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.016. PMID   25497669.
  13. "ICTV Report Nodaviridae".