Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions

The Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II was the first of this type of inscription found anywhere in the Levant (modern Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and Syria).

The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, ^[3] are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans. Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, pottery ostraca, ornaments, and range from simple names to full texts. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} The older inscriptions form a Canaanite–Aramaic dialect continuum, exemplified by writings which scholars have struggled to fit into either category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla Inscription. ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]}

The Northwest Semitic languages are a language group that contains the Aramaic language, as well as the Canaanite languages including Phoenician and Hebrew.

Languages

Phoenician alphabet

Aramaic alphabet

This article lists the notable inscriptions written in Canaanite (previously known as "Phoenician" and today split into Phoenician-proper, paleo-Hebrew, Punic etc.), as well as Old Aramaic. These inscriptions share an alphabet, as shown in these 1903 comparison tables.

The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in Ancient Near East. Their language was adopted as an international language of diplomacy, particularly during the late stages of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as well as the spread of Aramaic speakers from Egypt to Mesopotamia. ^[12] The first known Aramaic inscription was the Carpentras Stela, found in southern France in 1704; it was considered to be Phoenician text at the time. ^{[13] [14]}

Only 10,000 inscriptions in Phoenician-Punic, a Canaanite language, are known, ^{[7] [15]} such that "Phoenician probably remains the worst transmitted and least known of all Semitic languages." ^[16] The only other substantial source for Phoenician-Punic are the excerpts in Poenulus , a play written by the Roman writer Plautus (see Punic language § Example for an analysis). ^[7] Within the corpus of inscriptions only 668 words have been attested, including 321 hapax legomena (words only attested a single time), per Wolfgang Röllig's analysis in 1983. ^[17] This compares to the Bible's 7,000–8,000 words and 1,500 hapax legomena, in Biblical Hebrew. ^{[17] [18]} The first published Phoenician-Punic inscription was from the Cippi of Melqart, found in 1694 in Malta; ^[19] the first published such inscription from the Phoenician "homeland" was the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II published in 1855. ^{[1] [2]}

Fewer than 2,000 inscriptions in Ancient Hebrew, another Canaanite language, are known, of which the vast majority comprise just a single letter or word. ^{[20] [21]} The first detailed Ancient Hebrew inscription published was the Royal Steward inscription, found in 1870. ^{[22] [23]}

List of notable inscriptions

The inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic script (Canaanite and Aramaic) have been catalogued into multiple corpora (i.e., lists) over the last two centuries. The primary corpora to have been produced are as follows:

• Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (1828). Miscellanea Phoenicia, sive Commentarii de rebus Phoenicum, quibus inscriptiones multae lapidum ac nummorum, nominaque propria hominum et locorum explicantur, item Punicae gentis lingua et religiones passim illustrantur. S. et J. Luchtmans.: Hamaker's review assessed 13 inscriptions ^[24]
• Wilhelm Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae . In the 1830s, only approximately 80 inscriptions and 60 coins were known in the entire Phoenicio-Punic corpus ^{[24] [25]}
• Schröder, Paul [in German] (1869). Die phönizische sprache. Entwurf Einer Grammatik, Nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben. Halle, Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.: The first study of Phoenician grammar, listed 332 texts known at the time ^{[24] [26]}
• CIS: Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum; the first section is focused on Phoenician-Punic inscriptions (176 "Phoenician" inscriptions and 5982 "Punic" inscriptions) ^[4]
• KAI: Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften, considered the "gold standard" for the last fifty years ^[27]
• NSI: George Albert Cooke, 1903: Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish ^[28]
• NE: Mark Lidzbarski, 1898: Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik, nebst ausgewählten Inschriften: I Text and II Plates ^[28]
• KI: Lidzbarski, Mark (1907). Kanaanäische Inschriften (moabitisch, althebräisch, phönizisch, punisch). A. Töpelmann.
• TSSI: Gibson, J. C. L. (1971). Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: I. Hebrew and Moabite Inscriptions. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-813159-5. Volume III. Phoenician Inscriptions, Including Inscriptions in the Mixed Dialect of Arslan Tash (Oxford: OUP, 1982; ISBN   978-0-19-813199-1)
• TAD: Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni (1986–2000), Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
• Renz, J.; Röllig, W. (1995). Handbuch der althebräischen Epigraphik (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN   978-3-534-12297-4.
• Jongeling, K. (2008). Handbook of Neo-Punic Inscriptions. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN   978-3-16-149303-4.
• Sass, Benjamin; Finkelstein, Israel (2013). "The West Semitic Alphabetic Inscriptions, Late Bronze II to Iron IIA: Archeological Context, Distribution and Chronology". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 2 (2): 149. doi:10.1628/219222713X13757034787838.

The inscriptions listed below include those which are mentioned in multiple editions of the corpora above (the numbers in the concordance column cross-refer to the works above), as well as newer inscriptions which have been published since the corpora above were published (references provided individually).

Name	Image	No.	Discovered	Date	Location found	Current Location	Concordance
							KAI	CIS / RÉS	NE	KI	NSI	TSSI	Ref.
Ahiram Sarcophagus		1	1923	c.1000 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	1					III 4
Byblos Necropolis graffito		1	1923	c.1000 BCE	Byblos	in situ	2					III 5
Byblos bronze spatulas		1	1926–1932	1000–900 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	3					III 1
Byblos clay cone inscriptions		2	1950	1100–1000 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut						III 2,3
Yehimilk inscription		1	1930	c.960/950 BCE	Byblos	Byblos Castle	4					III 6
Abiba’l inscription		1	1895	c.940/930 BCE	Byblos	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	5	R 505				III 7
Osorkon Bust		1	1881	c.920 BC	Byblos	Louvre	6					III 8
Safatba'al inscription		1	1936	c.900 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	7					III 9
Abda sherd		1	1926–1932	c.900 BCE	Byblos		8					III 10
Son of Safatba'al inscription		1	1926–1932	c.500/475 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	9
Yehawmilk Stele		1	1869	c.450/425 BCE	Byblos	Louvre	10	I 1	416	5	3	III 25
Batnoam sarcophagus		1	1926–1932	c.450–425 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	11					III 26
Byblos altar inscription		1	1923	200–100 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	12
Byblos marble inscription		1	1957	500 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	280
Tabnit sarcophagus		1	1887	500 BC	Sidon	Museum of the Ancient Orient	13	R 1202	417,1	6	4	III 27
Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II		1	1855	c. 525 BC	Sidon	Louvre	14	I 3, R 1506	417,2	7	5	III 28
Bodashtart inscriptions		22-24	1858, 1900-2	300s BC	Sidon	Louvre and Museum of the Ancient Orient	15–16	I 4, R 766, 767		8–10	6, Appendix I
Abdmiskar cippus		1	1890	300 BCE	Sidon	Louvre	282	R 930	418,3	11	7
Eshmun inscription		1	1901		Sidon	Museum of the Ancient Orient		R 297
KAI 283					Sidon		283						[29]
Tyre Cistern inscription		1	1885		Tyre	Louvre			418,c		8
Throne of Astarte		1	1907		Tyre	Louvre and National Museum of Beirut	17	R 800				III 30
Abdbaal the centurion inscription		1			near Tyre	Louvre							[30]
KAI 284					Tyre		284						[31]
Baalshamin inscription		1	1861	132 BC	Umm al-Amad	Louvre	18	I 7	418,d	12	9		[32]
Phoenician sun dial		1	1860–1945		Umm al-Amad	National Museum of Beirut		I 9
Umm al-Amad votive inscription		1	1861		Umm al-Amad, Lebanon	Louvre		I 8	419,2	13
Phoenician Adoration steles		1	1900		Umm al-Amad, Lebanon	Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Louvre		R 250, R 307		14–15
Phoenician Sphinx inscription		1	1962		Umm al-Amad	National Museum of Beirut						III 32
El-Osiris inscription					Umm al-Amad	Louvre		R 504
Masub inscription		1	1885	222 BC	Masub	Louvre	19	R 1205	419e	16	10	III 31
Arwad bilingual		1	1916		Arwad	Louvre
Tortosa bomos inscription		1			Tortosa, Syria	Louvre		R 56
Phoenician arrowheads		c. 70	1926 onwards	11th century BCE	various	various	20–22					III p. 6
Hasanbeyli inscription		1	1894		Hasanbeyli	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	23
Kilamuwa Stela		1	1893	c. 850/825 BCE	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	24					III 13
Kilamuwa scepter		1	1943		Sam'al		25					III 14
Karatepe bilingual		1	1946	c. 750 BCE	Karatepe	Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum	26					III 15
İvriz inscription			1986		75 meter upstream from the İvriz relief [33]		unpublished						[34]
Arslan Tash amulets		2	1933		Arslan Tash	National Museum of Aleppo	27					III 23–24
Carchemish Phoenician inscription		1	1950		Carchemish	British Museum	28
Ur Box inscription		1	1927		Ur	British Museum	29					III 20
Honeyman inscription		1	1939	900 BCE	Cyprus	Cyprus Museum	30					III 12
Baal Lebanon inscription		1	1877	700s BC	Cyprus	Cabinet des Médailles	31	I 5	419	17	11	III 17
Phoenician metal bowls		c. 5-10	1849 onwards	700s BC	Nimrud, Cyprus, Italy and others	various		I 164, II 46–49				III 19
Kition Resheph pillars		2	1860	341 BC	Cyprus	Louvre	32	I 10, 88	420,1	18, 30	12, 23
Pococke Kition inscriptions		31	1738	300s BC	Cyprus	Ashmolean Museum	33, 35	I 11, 46, 57–85	420,4	19, 23, 27, 28	13, 16, 18, 19	III 35
Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions		4	1894	300s BC	Cyprus	British Museum, Cyprus Museum, Ashmolean Museum	34	R 1206	420,3	22	21-22
Pierides Kition inscriptions		7	1881		Cyprus	Louvre		12, 13, 14, 50–53		20, 25–26	14
Eshmun obelisk		1	1881		Cyprus	British Museum		I 44	420,2	21	15
Kellia inscription		1	1844		Cyprus		36	I 47	420,5	24	17
Kition Tariffs		2	1879	300s BC	Cyprus	British Museum	37	I 86A–B, 87		29	20	III 33
Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions		1	1950s	c. 327 BC	near Dromolaxia, Cyprus	Larnaca District Archaeological Museum (n. 1425)							[35]
Idalion bilingual and Idalion Temple inscriptions		6	1869	391–254 BC	Idalion, Cyprus	British Museum	38–40	I 89–94	421,1–3	31–33	24–27	III 34
Tamassos bilinguals		2	1885	363 BC	Tamassos, Cyprus	British Museum	41	R 1212–1213	421c	34	30
Anat Athena bilingual		1	1850	312 BCE	Cyprus	in situ	42	I 95, R 1515	422,1	35	28
Larnakas tis Lapithou pedestal inscription		1	1893	275 BCE	Cyprus	Louvre	43	R 1211	422,2	36	29	III 36
Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions		3	1914–68	300–200 BCE	Rhodes	Archaeological Museum of Rhodes	44–45					III 39
Nora Stone		1	1773		Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari	46	I 144	427c	60	41	III 11	[36]
Cippi of Melqart		1	1694	100s BC	Malta	Louvre and National Museum of Archaeology, Malta	47	I 122	425f	53	36		[36]
Banobal stele		1	1900		Memphis	Egyptian Museum	48	R 1, 235		37
Abydos graffiti			1868		Abydos	in situ	49	I 99–110, R 1302ff.	423a	38-42	31
Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti			1842		Abu Simbel	in situ		I 111-113	423b	43
Phoenician papyrus letters		2	1937–1940		Cairo and Saqqara	Egyptian Museum	50–51
Phoenician Harpocrates statues		2	1770, 1963		unknown	National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) and British Museum	52	R 1507	424	44		III 37, 38
Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions		18	1795 etc.		Athens, Piraeus	British Museum, Louvre, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Archaeological Museum of Piraeus	53–60	I 115–120, R 388, 1215	424,1–3, 425,1–5	45–52	32–35	III 40–41
Mdina steles		2	1816		Malta	National Museum of Archaeology, Malta	61	I 123A–B	426,2	54	37	III 21,22	[36]
Benhisa inscription		1	1761		Malta	Cabinet des Médailles		I 124	426,3	55			[36]
Gozo stele		1	1855		Malta	Gozo Museum of Archaeology	62	I 132	426,4	56	38		[36]
Lilybaeum stele		1	1882		Sicily	Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas	63	I 138		57			[36]
Bashamem inscription		1	1877	200 BC	Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari	64	I 139	427a	58	39		[36]
Giardino Birocchi inscription		1	1912		Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari	65						[36]
Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription		1	1861		Sardinia	Turin Archaeology Museum	66	I 143	427b	59	40		[36]
Tharros Punic inscriptions		14	1870		Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari, Museo nazionale archeologico ed etnografico G. A. Sanna	67	I 158		62			[36]
Olbia pedestal		1	1911		Sardinia		68	R 1216					[36]
Marseille Tariff		1	1845	300s BC	Marseille	Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne	69	I 165	428	63	42		[36]
Avignon Punic inscription		1	1897		Avignon	Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne	70	R 360		64		III 18	[36]
Douïmès medallion		1	1894	700 BCE	Carthage	Carthage National Museum	73	I 6057, R 5	429,1	70
Carthage Tariff		1	1858	300 BC	Carthage	British Museum	74	I 167	429b	66	43
			1920		Carthage		75	I 3916
Carthage Festival Offering inscription		1	1872	300 BC	Carthage	Turin Archaeology Museum	76	I 166	430,3	67	44		[37]
			1906		Carthage		77	I 3921
Mitsri genealogy inscription		1	1922	300s BCE	Carthage		78	I 3778
KNMY's child sacrifice(?) inscription		1	1922		Carthage		79	I 3785
			1871		Carthage	British Museum	80	I 175	430,4	68	46
			1898	200 BC	Carthage	Carthage National Museum	81	I 3914		69	45
Persephone Punic stele		1	1881		Carthage	Turin Archaeology Museum	82	I 176		71			[37]
			1873		Carthage		83	I 177	430,6	72	47
Son of Baalshillek marble base		1	1858		Carthage	British Museum	84	I 178	430,7	73
Carthaginian tombstones			1817 onwards	Carthage	Carthage National Museum, others	85	various		74
Pricot de Sainte-Marie steles		>2,000	1874–75		Carthage	Bibliothèque nationale de France, Louvre	86–88	I 264, 221, 1885		76, 80, 83
Punic Tabella Defixionis			1899	200 BC	Carthage	Carthage National Museum	89	I 6068, R 18, 1590		85	50
			1904		Carthage	Carthage National Museum	90	I 5953, R 537		87
			1899		Carthage	Carthage National Museum	91	I 5991, R 1227		88
Sibbolet funeral inscription		1	1902		Carthage	Carthage National Museum	92	I 5948, R 768		89
			1905		Carthage	Carthage National Museum	93	I 5950, R 553		90
			1907		Carthage		94	I 2992					[38]
			1906		Carthage		95	R 786, 1854
			1901		Carthage		96	I 5988, R 183, 1600
Hadrumetum Punic inscriptions		12	1867, 1946		Sousse	Sousse Archaeological Museum, the Louvre and the Maison méditerranéenne des Sciences de l'homme	97–99		432,1–3	91–92
Punic-Libyan bilinguals		2	1631		Dougga	British Museum	100–101		433,c	93	52
Cirta steles		c. 1,000	1857–61, 1875, 1950	300-100BCE	Constantine	Musée national Cirta	102–116, 162–164	R 327, 334, 339, 1544	433,1–9 and 434,10–12	94–99	51
Quintus Markius trilingual inscription		1		middle of 1st century BC	Henchir-Alouin (near Uthina)								[39]
El Amrouni mausoleum		1	1894		Remada		117		435b	101
Bourgade inscriptions		c. 40	1852		Carthage and wider Tunisia		133–135		436,3–12
Thinissut sanctuary inscription		1	1908		Bir Bouregba	Nabeul Museum	137	R 942, 1858
			1900		Bou Arada		140	R 679
Maktar and Mididi inscriptions		>150	1890s		Maktar and Mididi		145–158	R 161–181, 2221	436,11		59a-c
Wilmanns Neopunic inscriptions		5	1873-74		Tunisia	Louvre and Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	139, 142, 159		435,2, 437a		53, 55
Cherchell Neopunic inscriptions		2	1875, 1882		Cherchell	Louvre	161		439,2		56–57
Ain Nechma inscriptions		40	1843		Guelma	Louvre	166–169		437		58
Sant'Antioco bilingual		1	1881		Sardinia	Museo archeologico comunale Ferruccio Barreca	172	I 149	434,1	100			[36]
Mesha Stele		1	1868		Dhiban	Louvre	181		415	1	1	I 16
Gezer calendar		1	1908		Gezer	Museum of the Ancient Orient	182	R 1201				I 1
Samaria Ostraca		102	1910		Sebastia	Museum of the Ancient Orient	183–188					I 2–3
Nimrud ivory inscriptions			1845, 1961		Nimrud	British Museum						I 6
Siloam inscription		1	1880		Jerusalem	Museum of the Ancient Orient	189			3	2	I 7
Ophel ostracon		1	1924		Jerusalem	Rockefeller Museum	190					I 9
Royal Steward inscription		1	1870		Jerusalem	British Museum	191					I 8
Lachish letters		1	1935		Tel Lachish	British Museum and Israel Museum	192–199					I 12
Yavne-Yam ostracon		1	1960		Mesad Hashavyahu	Israel Museum	200					I 10
Tel Qasile ostraca		2	1945–1946		Tel Qasile	Israel Museum						I 4
Hazor inscriptions			1956	800s BC	Tel Hazor							I 5
Wadi Murabba'at papyrus			1952	600s BC	Wadi Murabba'at							I 11
Arad ostraca		>200	1960s	c.600 BC	Tel Arad	Bible Lands Museum						I 13, II 31
Al Jib jar handles		>60	1956–1959	700s BC	Al Jib	Jordan Archaeological Museum and the Penn Museum						I 14
Khirbet Beit Lei graffiti		7	1961	400s BC	Khirbet Beit Lei	Israel Museum						I 15
Melqart stele		1	1939		Bureij	National Museum of Aleppo	201					II 1
Stele of Zakkur		1	1903		Tell Afis	Louvre	202					II 5
Hama graffiti			1931–38		Hama		203–213					II 6 I–V
Hadad Statue		1	1890	700s BC	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	214		440-2		61	II 13
Panamuwa II inscription		1	1888	730s BC	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	215		442		62	II 14
Bar-Rakib inscriptions		8	1891	730s BC	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and Museum of the Ancient Orient	216–221		443, 444		63	II 15–17
Sefire steles		3	1930–1956		As-Safira	National Museum of Damascus and National Museum of Beirut	222–224, 227					II 8–9, 22
Neirab steles		2	1891	600s BC	Al-Nayrab	Louvre	225–226		445		64–65	II 18–19
Tayma stones		21	1878–1884	300s–400s BC	Tayma	Louvre	228–230	II 113–115	447,1–3		69–70	II 30
Tell Halaf inscription		1	1933		Tell Halaf	destroyed	231					II 10
Arslan Tash ivory inscription		1	1931		Arslan Tash	Louvre	232					II 2
Assur ostracon and tablets		10	1903–1913		Assur	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	233-6					II 20
Kesecek Köyü inscription		1	1915		Kesecek Köyü	Peabody Museum of Natural History	258					II 33
Gözne Boundary Stone		1	1907		Gözne		259					II 34
Sardis bilingual inscription		1	1912	394 BC	Sardis	İzmir Archaeological Museum	260
Sarıaydın inscription		1	1892	400 BC	Sarıaydın	in situ	261		446a		68	II 35
Limyra bilingual		1	1840		Limyra		262	II 109	446b
Assyrian lion weights			1845–1860	800–500 BC	Nimrud, Abydos (Hellespont)	British Museum, Louvre	263	II 1–14, 108	446c		66-67
Farasa bilingual inscription		1	1900			In situ	265
Adon Papyrus		1	1942		Saqqara	Egyptian Museum	266					II 21
Saqqara Aramaic Stele		1	1877	482 BC	Saqqara	destroyed	267	II 122	448a1		71	II 23
Serapeum Offering Table		1	1855	400 BC	Saqqara	Louvre	268	II 123	448a2		72
Carpentras Stela		1	1704		Carpentras	Bibliothèque Inguimbertine	269	II 141	448b1		75	II 24
Elephantine papyri and ostraca			1815–1945	300s BC	Elephantine	various	270–271	II 137–139, 154–155			73–74	II 26, 28
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri		8	1936	400s BC	Hermopolis	Cairo University Archaeological Museum						II 27
Abydos Aramaic papyrus		1	1964	400s BC	unknown	National Archaeological Museum of Madrid						II 29
Blacas papyrus		1	1825		Saqqara	British Library		II 145			76
Turin Aramaic Papyrus		1	1823–24			Museo Egizio		II 144
Ankh-Hapy stele		1	1860	525–404 BCE	unknown	Vatican Museums	272	II 142	448b2			II 7
Aramaic Inscription of Taxila		1	1915		Taxila	Taxila Museum	273
Stele of Serapeitis		1	1940		Armazi	Georgian National Museum	276
Pyrgi Tablets		3	1964		Pyrgi	National Etruscan Museum	277					III 42
					Bahadırlı		278					II 36
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription		1	1958		Chil Zena	National Museum of Afghanistan	279
Baalshillem Temple Boy		1	1963–1964		Sidon	National Museum of Beirut	281					III 29
Sarepta Tanit Inscription					Sarafand		285						[40]
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription		1	1996		Tel Miqne	Israel Museum	286
Çebel Ires Daǧı inscription		1	1980		Çebel Ires Daǧı	Alanya Archaeological Museum	287
Kition KAI 288–290					Kition		288–290
Tekke Bowl Inscription (Knossos)				1,000s BCE	Crete	Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Χ4346)	291						[41] [42]
Hellenistic Greek-Phoenician bilingual					Kos		292						[43]
Demetrias inscription					Demetrias		293
Seville statue of Astarte		1	1960–1962	700 BCE	Seville	Archeological Museum of Seville	294					III 16
Grotta Regina Punic inscriptions					Sicily		295						[44] [36]
Mozia Punic inscriptions					Sicily		296–298						[45] [36] [46]
Temple of Antas Punic inscriptions					Sardinia		299–301						[36] [47]
Agrigentum inscription		1	1934	406 BCE	Carthage		302	I 5510					[48]
Carthage Administration Inscription		1	1964		Carthage	Carthage National Museum	303
El-Kerak Inscription		1	1958		Al-Karak	Jordan Archaeological Museum	306					I 17
Amman Citadel Inscription		1	1961		Amman	Jordan Archaeological Museum	307
Tel Siran inscription		1	1972		Amman	Jordan Archaeological Museum	308
Hadad-yith'i bilingual inscription		1	1979		Tell Fekheriye	National Museum of Damascus	309
Tel Dan Stele		1	1993		Tel Dan	Israel Museum	310
Deir Alla Inscription		1	1967		Deir Alla	Jordan Archaeological Museum	312
Tell Sheikh Hamad inscriptions							313–314						[49]
Tell Shiukh Fawqani inscription			1996				315						[50]
KAI 316							316						[51] [52] [53] [54]
Aramaic Fugitive Decree			1971		Unknown		317						[55] [56]
Daskyleion steles			1965		Dascylium	Museum of the Ancient Orient	318					II 37
Letoon trilingual		1	1973		Xanthos	Fethiye Museum	319
Bukan inscription			1985		Bukan		320						[57] [58]
Çineköy inscription		1	1997		Çine, Yüreğir	Adana Archaeology Museum							[59] [60]
Kuttamuwa stele		1	2008		Sam'al	Gaziantep Archaeology Museum							[61]
Nebi Yunis ostraca			1960s		Nebi Yunis (Ashdod)							II 32
Tel el Maskhuta silver bowls			1950s		Tel el Maskhuta							II 25
Luristan Aramaic inscriptions			1964		Luristan							II 11–12
Tel Dan bowl			1960s		Tel Dan							II 4
Ein Gev jar			1961		Ein Gev							II 3
Ataruz altar inscriptions			2010	c. 800 BCE	Khirbat Ataruz								[62]
Ishbaal Inscription			2012	1020–980 BCE	Khirbet Qeiyafa								[63]
Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon		1	2009	c. 1000 BCE	Khirbet Qeiyafa	Israel Museum							[64]
Hashub Inscription			1957	400s BCE	Tel Zeton	Old Jaffa Museum of Antiquities							[65]
Cadiz Phoenician gold ring inscription			1961			Instituto Valencia of Don Juan	71						[66]
Ibiza Phoenician inscriptions			1923			Archaeological Museum of Alicante	72						[67]
Tripolitania Punic inscriptions			1806		Leptis Magna, Breviglieri, other		118–132	R 662	434, B-a
Bithia inscription			1933		Sardinia		173
Sirte inscription			1928		Sirte		180
Hatran Aramaic inscriptions			1951		Hatra		237–257						[68] [69]
Arebsun inscription			1895		Afşin	Museum of the Ancient Orient	264						[70]
Lake Sivan inscriptions			1906		Armenia		274–275
KAI 136 (Neopunic)			1955		Tunisia		136
Bur Tlelsa Neopunic inscription			1914		Tunisia		138
Jebel Massoudj Neopunic inscription			1940		Tunisia		141						[71] [72]
Henchir Guergour Neopunic inscriptions			1882		Tunisia		143–144
Guelaât Bou Sbaâ Neopunic inscriptions			1884		Algeria		165
Djinet Neopunic inscriptions			1952		Algeria		170
Zattara Neopunic inscriptions			1916		Algeria		171
Hazael horse frontlet		1	1984	800 BCE	Samos	Archaeological Museum of Vathi	311
Bactria Aramaic documents			1993–2002	353–324 BCE	Bactria	Khalili Collections
Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription		1	1932	c.260 BCE	Afghanistan	in situ
Aramaic inscription of Laghman		1	1970	c.260 BCE	Afghanistan	in situ
Palmyra Tariff		1	1881	100s CE	Palmyra	Hermitage Museum
Tablet De Geest		1	2000	200s CE	Socotra	in situ

Bibliography

• Röllig, Wolfgang [in German] (1983). The Phoenician Language: Remarks on the Present State of Research. pp. 375–385. 2, Rom 1983{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

See also

• List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology
• Carthaginian tombstones
• Epigraphy
• Ancient Hebrew writings

References

1. Lehmann, Reinhard G. [in German] (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology" (PDF). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter. 427: 209–266. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-08. Alas, all these were either late or Punic, and came from Cyprus, from the ruins of Kition, from Malta, Sardinia, Athens, and Carthage, but not yet from the Phoenician homeland. The first Phoenician text as such was found as late as 1855, the Eshmunazor sarcophagus inscription from Sidon.
2. Turner, William Wadden (1855-07-03). The Sidon Inscription. p. 259. Its interest is greater both on this account and as being the first inscription properly so-called that has yet been found in Phoenicia proper, which had previously furnished only some coins and an inscribed gem. It is also the longest inscription hitherto discovered, that of Marseilles—which approaches it the nearest in the form of its characters, the purity of its language, and its extent — consisting of but 21 lines and fragments of lines.
3. Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften . 1961. Seit dem Erscheinen von Mark Lidzbarskis "Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik" (1898) und G. A. Cooke's "Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions" (1903) ist es bis zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt nicht wieder unternommen worden, das nordwestsemitische In schriftenmaterial gesammelt und kommentiert herauszugeben, um es Forschern und Stu denten zugänglich zu machen.... Um diesem Desideratum mit Rücksicht auf die Bedürfnisse von Forschung und Lehre abzu helfen, legen wir hiermit unter dem Titel "Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften" (KAI) eine Auswahl aus dem gesamten Bestände der einschlägigen Texte vor{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
4. Mark Woolmer (ed.). "Phoenician: A Companion to Ancient Phoenicia". A Companion to Ancient Phoenicia, ed. Mark Woolmer: 4. Altogether, the known Phoenician texts number nearly seven thousand. The majority of these were collected in three volumes constituting the first part of the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS), begun in 1867 under the editorial direction of the famous French scholar Ernest Renan (1823–1892), continued by J.-B. Chabot and concluded in 1962 by James G. Février. The CIS corpus includes 176 "Phoenician" inscriptions and 5982 "Punic" inscriptions (see below on these labels).^{[ self-published source? ]}
5. Parker, Heather Dana Davis; Rollston, Christopher A. (2019). "Teaching Epigraphy in the Digital Age". In Hamidović, David; Clivaz, Claire; Savant, Sarah Bowen (eds.). Ancient Manuscripts in Digital Culture. pp. 189–216. doi:10.1163/9789004399297_011. ISBN   978-90-04-39929-7. JSTOR   10.1163/j.ctvrxk44t.14. S2CID   182624532. p. 190: Of course, Donner and Röllig's three-volume handbook entitled KAI has been the gold standard for five decades now
6. Suder, Robert W. (1984). Hebrew Inscriptions: A Classified Bibliography. Susquehanna University Press. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-941664-01-1.
7. Doak, Brian R. (2019-08-26). The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN   978-0-19-049934-1. Most estimates place it at around ten thousand texts. Texts that are either formulaic or extremely short constitute the vast majority of the evidence.
8. Kaufman, Stephen A. (1986). "The Pitfalls of Typology: On the Early History of the Alphabet". Hebrew Union College Annual. 57: 1–14. JSTOR   23507690.
9. McCarter Jr., P. Kyle (1 January 1991). "The Dialect of the Deir Alla Texts". In Jacob Hoftijzer and Gerrit Van der Kooij (ed.). The Balaam Text from Deir ʻAlla Re-evaluated: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Leiden, 21–24 August 1989. BRILL. pp. 87–. ISBN   90-04-09317-6. It may be appropriate to observe at this point that students of the Northwest Semitic languages seem to be becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the usefulness of the Canaanite-Aramaic distinction for categorizing features found in texts from the Persian Period and earlier. A careful reevaluation of the binary organization of the Northwest Semitic family seems now to be underway. The study of the Deir 'Alla texts is one of the principal things prompting this reevaluation, and this may be counted as one of the very positive results of our work on these texts… the evidence of the Zakkur inscription is crucial, because it shows that the breakdown is not along Aramaic-Canaanite lines. Instead, the Deir 'Alla dialect sides with Hebrew, Moabite, and the language spoken by Zakkur (the dialect of Hamath or neighboring Lu'ath) against Phoenician and the majority of Old Aramaic dialects.
10. KAUFMAN, STEPHEN A. (1985). "המיון של הדיאלקטים השמיים הצפוניים-מערביים מתקופת המקרא" [THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH WEST SEMITIC DIALECTS OF THE BIBLICAL PERIOD AND SOME IMPLICATIONS THEREOF]. Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies. ט: 41–57. JSTOR   23529398. The very term "Canaanite" is meaningful only vis-a-vis something else – i.e. Aramaic, and, as we shall see, each new epigraphic discovery of the early first millennium seems to contribute further evidence that the division between Canaanite and Aramaic cannot be traced back any distance into the second millennium and that the term "Canaanite," in a linguistic as opposed to an ethnic sense, is irrelevant for the Late Bronze Age. Ugaritic is a rather peripheral member of the Late Bronze Age proto-Canaanite-Aramaic dialect continuum, a dead-end branch of NW Semitic, without known descendants. Our inability to reach a universally acceptable decision on the classification of Ugaritic is by no means due only to our less than total knowledge of the language. As witnessed by the case of the Ethiopian dialects studied by Hetzron, even when we do have access to relatively complete information, classification is by no means a certain thing. How much more so, then, in the case of dialects attached in a few short, broken inscriptions! The dialect of ancient Samal has been the parade example of such a case within the NW Semitic realm. Friedrich argued long and hard for its independent status; of late, however, a consensus seems to have developed that Samalian is Aramaic, albeit of an unusual variety. The achievement of such a consensus is due in no small part to the ongoing recognition of the dialectal diversity within Aramaic at periods much earlier than previously considered, a recognition largely due to the work of our main speaker, Prof. J.C. Greenfield. When we tum to the dialect of the language of the plaster texts from Deir 'Alla, however, scholarly agreement is much less easy to perceive. The texts were published as Aramaic, or at least Aramaic with a question mark, a classification to which other scholars have lent their support. The savants of Jerusalem, on the other hand, seem to be agreed that the language of Deir 'Alla is Canaanite – perhaps even Ammonite. Now frankly I have never been much interested in classification. My own approach has always been rather open-ended. If a new language appears in Gilead in the 8th century or so, looks somewhat like Aramaic to its North, Ammonite and Moabite to its South, and Hebrew to its West (that is to say: it looks exactly like any rational person would expect it to look like) and is clearly neither ancestor nor immediate descendant of any other known NW Semitic language that we know, why not simply say it is Gileadite and be done with it? Anyone can look at a map and see that Deir 'Alla is closer to Rabbat Ammon than it is to Damascus, Samaria or Jerusalem, but that doesn't a priori make it Ammonite. Why must we try to squeeze new evidence into cubbyholes designed on the basis of old evidence?
11. Garr, W. Randall (2004). "The Dialectal Continuum of Syria-Palestine". Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. pp. 205–. ISBN   978-1-57506-091-0.
12. Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na’ama (2005). The Semitic Languages. Oxon: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN   0415057671.
13. Gibson, J. C. L. (30 October 1975). Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: II. Aramaic Inscriptions: Including Inscriptions in the Dialect of Zenjirli. OUP Oxford. p. 120. ISBN   978-0-19-813186-1. The Carpentras stele: The famous funerary stele (CIS ii 141) was the first Syrian Semitic inscr. to become known in Europe, being discovered in the early 18 cent.; it measures 0.35 m high by 0.33m broad and is housed in a museum at Carpentras in southern France.
14. Daniels, Peter T. (31 March 2020). "The Decipherment of Ancient Near Eastern Languages". In Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 7–8. ISBN   978-1-119-19329-6. Barthélemy was not done. On 13 November 1761, he interpreted the inscription on the Carpentras stela (KAI 269), again going letter by letter, but the only indication he gives of how he arrived at their values is that they were similar to the other Phoenician letters that were by now well known… He includes a list of roots as realized in various languages – and also shows that Coptic, which he conjectured was the continuation of the earlier language of the hieroglyphs, shares a variety of grammatical features with the languages listed above. The name "Semitic" for those languages lay two decades in the future, and the group "Aramaic," which from the list includes Syriac, Chaldaean [Jewish Aramaic], and Palmyrene, as well as the Carpentras stela, seems to have been named only about 1810 though it was recognized somewhat earlier (Daniels 1991)
15. Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology". Biblische Exegese und hebräische Lexikographie. pp. 209–266. doi:10.1515/9783110267044.209. ISBN   978-3-11-026612-2. Quote: "Nearly two hundred years later the repertory of Phoenician-Punic epigraphy counts about 10.000 inscriptions from throughout the Mediterranean and its environs."
16. Rollig, 1983
17. Rollig, 1983, "The Phoenician-Punic vocabulary attested to date amounts to some 668 words, some of which occur frequently. Among these are 321 hapax legomena and about 15 foreign or loan words. In comparison with Hebrew with around 7000–8000 words and 1500 hapax legomena (8), the number is remarkable."
18. Ullendorff, Edward (1971). "Is Biblical Hebrew a Language?". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 34 (2): 241–255. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00129520. JSTOR   612690. S2CID   162745779.
19. Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology" (PDF). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 427: 210 and 257. ISBN   978-3-11-026612-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-02-21. Soon thereafter, at the end of the 17th century, the abovementioned Ignazio di Costanzo was the first to report a Phoenician inscription and to consciously recognize Phoenician characters proper... And just as the Melitensis prima inscription played a prominent part as the first-ever published Phoenician inscription... and remained the number-one-inscription in the Monumenta (fig. 8), it now became the specimen of authentic Phoenician script par excellence... The Melitensis prima inscription of Marsa Scirocco (Marsaxlokk) had its lasting prominence as the palaeographic benchmark for the assumed, or rather deduced "classical" Phoenician ("echtphönikische") script.
20. Millard, Alan (1993). "Review of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions. Corpus and Concordance". The Journal of Theological Studies. 44 (1): 216–219. doi:10.1093/jts/44.1.216. JSTOR   23967100. …every identifiable Hebrew inscription dated before 200 BC… First ostraca, graffiti, and marks are grouped by provenance. This section contains more than five hundred items, over half of them ink-written ostraca, individual letters, receipts, memoranda, and writing exercises. The other inscriptions are names scratched on pots, scribbles of various sorts, which include couplets on the walls of tombs near Hebron, and letters serving as fitters' marks on ivories from Samaria.... The seals and seal impressions are set in the numerical sequence of Diringer and Vattioni (100.001–100.438). The pace of discovery since F. Vattioni issued his last valuable list (Ί sigilli ebraici III', AnnaliAnnali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientate di Napoli 38 (1978), 227—54) means the last seal entered by Davies is 100.900. The actual number of Hebrew seals and impressions is less than 900 because of the omission of those identified as non-Hebrew which previous lists counted. A further reduction follows when duplicate seal impressions from different sites are combined, as cross references in the entries suggest... The Corpus ends with 'Royal Stamps' (105.001-025, the Imlk stamps), '"Judah" and "Jerusalem" Stamps and Coins' (106.001-052), 'Other Official Stamps' (107.001), 'Inscribed Weights' (108.001-056) and 'Inscribed Measures' (109.001,002).... most seals have no known provenance (they probably come from burials)... Even if the 900 seals are reduced by as much as one third, 600 seals is still a very high total for the small states of Israel and Judah, and most come from Judah. It is about double the number of seals known inscribed in Aramaic, a language written over a far wider area by officials of great empires as well as by private persons.
21. Graham I. Davies; J. K. Aitken (2004). Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN   978-0-521-82999-1. This sequel to my Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions includes mainly inscriptions (about 750 of them) which have been published in the past ten years. The aim has been to cover all publications to the end of 2000. A relatively small number of the texts included here were published earlier but were missed in the preparation of AHI. The large number of new texts is not due, for the most part, to fresh discoveries (or, regrettably, to the publication of a number of inscriptions that were found in excavations before 1990), but to the publication of items held in private collections and museums.
22. AVIGAD, N. (1953). "The Epitaph of a Royal Steward from Siloam Village". Israel Exploration Journal. 3 (3): 137–152. JSTOR   27924525. The inscription discussed here is, in the words of its discoverer, the first 'authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah', for it was discovered ten years before the Siloam tunnel inscription. Now, after its decipherment, we may add that it is (after the Moabite Stone and the Siloam tunnel inscription) the third longest monumental inscription in Hebrew and the first known text of a Hebrew sepulchral inscription from the pre-Exilic period.
23. Clermont-Ganneau, 1899, Archaeological Researches In Palestine 1873–1874, Vol 1, p.305: "I may observe, by the way, that the discovery of these two texts was made long before that of the inscription in the tunnel, and therefore, though people in general do not seem to recognise this fact, it was the first which enabled us to behold an authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah."
24. Lehmann, Reinhard G. [in German] (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology" (PDF). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter. 427: 240. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-08. Basically, its core consists of the comprehensive edition, or re-edition of 70 Phoenician and some more non-Phoenician inscriptions... However, just to note the advances made in the nineteenth century, it is noteworthy that Gesenius' precursor Hamaker, in his Miscellanea Phoenicia of 1828, had only 13 inscriptions at his disposal. On the other hand only 30 years later the amount of Phoenician inscribed monuments had grown so enormously that Schröder in his compendium Die phönizische Sprache. Entwurf einer Grammatik nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben of 1869 could state that Gesenius knew only a quarter of the material Schröder had at hand himself.
25. "Review of Wilhelm Gesenius's publications". The Foreign Quarterly Review. L. Scott. 1838. p. 245. What is left consists of a few inscriptions and coins, found principally not where we should a priori anticipate, namely, at the chief cities themselves, but at their distant colonies... even now there are not altogether more than about eighty inscriptions and sixty coins, and those moreover scattered through the different museums of Europe.
26. Rollig, 1983, "This increase of textual material can be easily appreciated when one looks at the first independent grammar of Phoenician, P.SCHRODER'S Die phonizische Sprache Entuurf einer Grammatik, Halle 1869, which appeared just over 110 years ago. There on pp. 47–72 all the texts known at the time are listed — 332 of them. Today, if we look at CIS Pars I, the incompleteness of which we scarcely need mention, we find 6068 texts."
27. Parker, Heather Dana Davis; Rollston, Christopher A. (2019). "9". In Hamidović, D.; Clivaz, C.; Savant, S. (eds.). Teaching Epigraphy in the Digital Age. Vol. 3. Alessandra Marguerat. LEIDEN; BOSTON: Brill. pp. 189–216. ISBN   978-90-04-34673-4. JSTOR   10.1163/j.ctvrxk44t.14. Of course, Donner and Röllig's three-volume handbook entitled KAI has been the gold standard for five decades now{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
28. Bevan, A. A. (1904). "North-Semitic Inscriptions". The Journal of Theological Studies. 5 (18): 281–284. doi:10.1093/jts/os-V.18.281. JSTOR   23949814.
29. KAI 283, 15 legible lines, left side damaged
30. Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1897). "Une inscription phénicienne de Tyr". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 41 (4): 347–349. doi:10.3406/crai.1897.71008.
31. KAI 284, 21 inscriptions, few words
32. AO 4831
33. "İvriz Monument". Hittite Monuments. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
34. Yakubovich, Ilya; Hawkins, J.D. (2015). "Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia". Anatolian Studies. 65: 49. doi:10.1017/S0066154615000010. ISSN   0066-1546. JSTOR   24878375. S2CID   162771440.
35. Honeyman, A. M. (1960). "Inscriptions from Cyprus". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (3/4): 111–112. ISSN   0035-869X.
36. ICO: Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia (1967). Le iscrizioni fenicie e puniche delle colonie in Occidente. Studi semitici (in Italian). Istituto di studi del Vicino Oriente, Università. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
37. Moriggi, Marco (2011). "Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions in the Museo di Antichità di Torino (Turin, Italy)". Egitto e Vicino Oriente. 34: 81–94. JSTOR   24233436.
38. Vassel, Eusèbe (1907). "Notes sur quelques stèles puniques". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 51 (5): 262–265. doi:10.3406/crai.1907.72083.
39. Berger, Philippe; Cagnat, René Louis Victor (1899). "L'inscription trilingue d'Henchir Alaouin". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres . 43 (1): 48–54. doi:10.3406/crai.1899.71329.
40. Pritchard J.B., The Tanit Inscription from Sarepta, in H.G. Niemeyer (ed.), Phönizier im Westen (Madrider Beiträge 8), Mainz am Rhein, 1982, 83-92. Amadasi Guzzo M. G., Two Phoenician Inscriptions Carved in Ivory: Again the Ur Box and the Sarepta Plaque, Orientalia 59/1, 1990, 58-66.
41. Cross, Frank Moore (1980). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (238): 15–17. doi:10.2307/1356511. ISSN   0003-097X. JSTOR   1356511. S2CID   222343641.
42. Bourogiannis, Giorgos. The Phoenician presence in the Aegean during the Early Iron Age: Trade, settlement and cultural interaction, Rivista di Studi Fenici46, 2018, p. 63.
43. "ERC MAP - View Source #13".
44. Bisi, A.M.; Amadasi, M.G. (1969). Grotta Regina, I.: Rapporto preliminare della Missione congiunta con la Soprintendenza alle antichità della Sicilia occidentale (in Italian). Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. p. Number 38A. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
45. Amadasi, M.G. (1986). Scavi a Mozia, le iscrizioni. Collezione di studi fenici (in Italian). Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. p. Numbers 23, 24, 31. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
46. https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/1611No. 23 = KAI 296 No. 24 = KAI 297 No. 31 = KAI 298 Amadasi Guzzo M.G., Scavi a Mozia - Le iscrizioni, Rome 1986
47. https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/1660n.1 in Garbini G., Le iscrizioni fenicie, in R. Zucca (ed.), Il tempio del Sardus Pater ad Antas, Rome, 2019, 67-86
48. Schmitz, Philip C. (1994). "The Name 'Agrigentum' in a Punic Inscription (CIS I 5510.10)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 53 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1086/373651. JSTOR   545353. S2CID   161397507.
49. TelShHa 3 and TelShHa 5
50. FALES, F. M; BACHELOT, L.; ATTARDO, E. (1996). "An Aramaic Tablet from Tell Shioukh Fawqani, Syria". An Aramaic Tablet from Tell Shioukh Fawqani, Syria. 46: 81–121. INIST   2463380.
51. Bordreuil, Pierre, "Une tablette araméenne inédite de 635 av. J.-C.." Sem 23 (1973): 95–102 + pls. I-V.
52. Fales, Frederick Mario, "Sulla tavoletta aramaica A.O. 25.341." AION 36 (1976): 541–47.
53. Kaufman, Stephen A., "An Assyro-Aramaic egirtu ša Šulmu." Pp. 119–27 In Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein. Ellis, M. de Jong, ed. Hamden, Ct.: Archon, 1977.
54. Wesselius, J.W., "A Document Concerning the Sustenance of a Mother by Her Sons." AION 45 (1985): 506–8.
55. Bhayro, Siam (2008). "The Aramaic 'Fugitive' Decree: A New Interpretation". Aramaic Studies. Brill. 6 (1): 1–15. doi: 10.1163/147783508x371268 . ISSN   1477-8351. S2CID   162356215.
56. J.W. Wesselius, ‘The Aramaic Decree about Fugitives Reconsidered’, in E. Talstra (ed.), Narrative and Comment:Contributions to Discourse Grammar and Biblical Hebrew presented to Wolfgang Schneider(Amsterdam: Societas Hebraica Amstelodamensis,1995), pp.199–209(p.201)
57. Sokoloff, Michael (1999). "The Old Aramaic Inscription from Bukān: A Revised Interpretation". Israel Exploration Journal. 49 (1/2): 105–115. JSTOR   27926880.
58. https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/2347Lemaire A., Une inscription araméenne du VIIIe s. av. J.-C. trouvée à Bukân (Azebaïdjan Iranien), Sudia Iranica 27, 1998, 15-30.
59. Tekoglu, Recai; Lemaire, André; Ipek, Ismet; Kasim Tosun, A. (2000). "La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 144 (3): 961–1007. doi:10.3406/crai.2000.16174. INIST   13488688.
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