CitySpire

Last updated

CitySpire
Cityspire 9th 54th jeh.jpg
Seen in June 2005
CitySpire
Alternative namesCitySpire Center
General information
Location150–156 West 56th Street
Coordinates 40°45′51″N73°58′47″W / 40.76417°N 73.97972°W / 40.76417; -73.97972
Construction started1985
Topped-outJune 1987
Completed1990
Owner Tishman Speyer
Height
Antenna spire814 ft (248 m)
Top floor75
Technical details
Floor count73
Floor area830,000 sq ft (77,110 m2)
Lifts/elevators10
Design and construction
Architect(s) Murphy/Jahn
Developer Ian Bruce Eichner
Structural engineerRobert Rosenwasser Associates

CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center) is a mixed-use skyscraper at 150 West 56th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1990 and designed by Murphy/Jahn Architects, the building measures 814 feet (248 m) tall with 75 stories. CitySpire was developed by Ian Bruce Eichner on a site adjacent to the New York City Center theater. When completed, CitySpire was the second-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower.

Contents

The skyscraper has an octagonal plan with a dome inspired by that of the New York City Center. The facade is made of stone with glass windows, and it contains setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors. The building has entrances at 56th and 55th Streets, connected by a passageway that forms part of 6½ Avenue. The lowest 22 floors of the tower are for commercial use. Above are luxury apartments, which are larger on higher floors.

Eichner proposed CitySpire in 1984, acquiring unused air rights above City Center and making improvements to the theater to almost double the tower's area. After several agencies approved the project, City Center began construction in 1985 and was topped out by June 1987. A controversy ensued when the building exceeded its approved height by 11 or 14 feet (3.4 or 4.3 m); Eichner agreed to add dance-studio space to compensate for the height overrun, but he ultimately never built the space. Soon after CitySpire's opening in 1989, the building went into foreclosure, and there were complaints of a whistling noise from the roof for two years.

Site

CitySpire is at 150 West 56th Street, between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue three blocks south of Central Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building's land lot covers 24,237 square feet (2,251.7 m2) and has a frontage of 225.5 feet (68.7 m) along 56th Street. While the site is 200 feet (61 m) deep, extending south to 55th Street, only a small section of the lot has frontage on 55th Street. [1]

The building is directly west of the New York City Center and 125 West 55th Street; [1] the former is a New York City designated landmark at 135 West 55th Street. [2] Immediately to the north are Carnegie Hall, Carnegie Hall Tower, Russian Tea Room, and Metropolitan Tower from west to east. Other nearby buildings include 140 West 57th Street, 130 West 57th Street, and the Parker New York hotel to the northeast, as well as the 55th Street Playhouse to the southwest and 1345 Avenue of the Americas to the southeast. [1] [2]

The neighborhood was historically part of an artistic hub that developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall. [3] [4] [5] Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments, as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the American Society of Civil Engineers. [6] Just prior to CitySpire's construction, the site was occupied by six vacant lots at 132–158 West 56th Street and one on 137 West 55th Street. [7] These lots were acquired in the 1970s by Richard M. Chapman, who razed the buildings there. [8]

Architecture

CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center [9] [10] ) was designed by Murphy/Jahn and developed by Ian Bruce Eichner. [10] [11] It was constructed by Tishman Realty & Construction, with Robert Rosenwasser Associates as structural engineer. [12] CitySpire is 814 feet (248 m) tall with 75 above-ground levels and two basement stories; [9] [10] the concrete frame reaches a height of 800 feet (240 m). [13] When completed, CitySpire was the second-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower in Chicago. [14] [13]

Form and facade

Lower facade detail CitySpire Aug 2021 03.jpg
Lower facade detail

CitySpire was designed from the beginning as an octagonal tower with wings on the east and west. [13] [15] CitySpire has three setbacks on the east and west they are placed at the 23rd, 46th, and 62nd floors. [9] [16] Most of the building is no more than 80 feet (24 m) wide. [13] Because the building is so narrow, the upper stories sometimes sway during heavy storms. [17]

As proposed, the main shaft of the tower was to be clad in stone, while the wings were to be made of glass. [15] The facade is made of Sardinian "luna pearl" that is cut into 13⁄16-inch (21 mm) slabs, measuring about 15 pounds per square foot (73 kg/m2). Each slab is attached to the aluminum curtain wall frame on all sides, supported only by the curtain wall. The stone panels are entirely prefabricated and are insulated with fiberglass panels measuring 2+5⁄8 inches (67 mm) thick, along with neoprene gaskets and silicone caulk. [12] The setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors were designed with parapets of steel and concrete, which were reduced in size as part of a 1988 lawsuit settlement concerning the building's height. [18] Eichner disliked the parapets; he suggested that residents on the 46th floor "can look out at it and know they're looking at a wall instead of Central Park so that Helmut Jahn can rest easy knowing that his 'artistic integrity' is intact." [19] [20]

The roof has a copper-faced dome [17] which, as originally proposed, was supposed to be 13 feet (4.0 m) tall. [8] When it was ultimately installed in 1988, the dome contained eight steel ribs, each measuring 20 feet (6.1 m) long and weighing 700 pounds (320 kg). Each rib consisted of three sections. [21] The dome itself contains louvers and was designed with a green surface. [22] When the dome was constructed, wind created a loud whistling sound when passing through the louvers; this was remedied in 1992 with the removal of alternating panels. [23] [24] [25] Paul Sachner of Architectural Record initially likened the dome to that of the Nebraska State Capitol, [15] while Paul Goldberger of The New York Times said the dome was meant to relate to City Center. [26]

Structural features

The superstructure is made of concrete. [12] [16] [17] Because of CitySpire's mixed-use spaces, it contains nine different structural systems, since a unified grid of columns was infeasible for apartment layouts. Further, because Eichner wanted to maximize views of the surrounding city, the wind-resisting sections of the superstructure had to be placed in the interior. [16]

The lower stories, used as offices, were largely designed as a grid of concrete columns, allowing for flexible office layouts. [13] While the lower stories are largely composed of grids of columns, there are also sections of rectangular concrete panels, which are staggered across several levels to create a diagonal wind brace. The upper stories are designed as a "shear wall/open tube" structural system, in which shear walls extend from the elevator core at the center of the tower, connecting to the outer columns. [16]

Interior

CitySpire has a floor area of around 830,000 square feet (77,100 m2), and ten elevators rise the height of the building. [10] Before CitySpire was developed, the site was zoned to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications. [27] [28] Given the size of the lot, this would have provided up to 363,000 square feet (33,700 m2) of space. [28] Eichner obtained unused air rights above City Center, which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot; this allowed a 60-story tower. On top of this, Eichner was allowed to increase the building's floor area ratio by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center. [28] [29] This amounted to 128,000 square feet (11,900 m2) of extra space. [8] These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been. [28] [30] [31]

The interior floor-numbering system skips floors 13 and 25, so there are physically only 73 stories, though the top story is numbered 75. [23] The lowest 22 [32] [33] or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use. [16] [17] [34] There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors, [7] [33] [lower-alpha 1] as well as a mechanical story. [7] The building was designed with elaborate details. The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons, which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing. [20]

Base

Pedestrian corridor in the base CitySpire Aug 2021 15.jpg
Pedestrian corridor in the base

A pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire's base as part of its construction. [35] The arcade is one of nine passageways that form 6½ Avenue, a set of full-block passageways from 51st to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. [36] [37] It was built as a "through-block connection" under the Special Midtown District, created in 1982. [36] The connection itself was not opened until 1997, several years after the building opened; [24] the delay was largely due to the building's foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s. [38] The arcade, designed by Brennan Beer Gorman, consists of marble and granite walls as well as a 25-foot (7.6 m) ceiling. [39] [40] The passageway is decorated in an Art Deco-inspired style, with theater posters on the walls. [40] [37] The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls, but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement. [40]

The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other. [41] The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling. [14] The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street. [39] There is also a bar called Carnegie Club [42] (originally Carnegie Bar and Books). The bar, on the ground floor, has a ceiling 25 feet (7.6 m) high with an overhanging mezzanine. [43] A garage and cafe was also included in the base. [14] The building was planned with 305,000 square feet (28,300 m2) of office space. [8] Each of the office stories typically measures 193 by 80 feet (59 by 24 m), with polygonal cutouts at each corner. [16]

Tower

The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential condominiums, [8] but it was completed with 339 [17] or 340 condos. [23] [44] According to the New York City Department of City Planning, there are 340 condominiums in the entire building, of which 337 are residential units. [1] About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom, with the rest having multiple bedrooms. [45] Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building's shear walls. Due to the setbacks on the exterior, floors 47 through 61 typically measure 157 by 80 feet (48 by 24 m), while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across. [16]

The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement, though many of the units contain 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) terraces. For instance, one studio apartment has a living room, kitchen, and terrace. Some of the one-bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls. In some of the two-bedroom units, there is a foyer with a living/dining room, kitchens, and bedrooms leading off it. There are also duplex units with kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms on the lower tier, as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers. One of the larger duplexes, on floors 65/66, has four bedrooms; a living/dining area with a library and breakfast area; a family room; and a terrace measuring 44 by 36 feet (13 by 11 m). [14] On upper floors, the units tend to be larger, reaching 2,200 square feet (200 m2) below the penthouse. [17]

Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire, [46] but he ended up never living in the unit. [23] The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about $4.5 million as a "raw space"; it covers floors 72 through 75, though floor 72 is a guest suite. [47] [48] Klar had hired Juan Pablo Molyneux to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years. [47] The penthouse, covering 8,000 square feet (740 m2), has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms, as well as three terraces. [48] [49] The master bedroom takes up an entire story, while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures. [48] The penthouse also has a classical-columned foyer, a large dining room with a chandelier, a wine closet with space for 1,000 bottles, and a private elevator. [47] Molyneux personally disliked the design, calling it a "horror", [50] [51] though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person, having been dismissed before the design was completed. [51]

When CitySpire was built, it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard, a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee. [52] It was also advertised with a media room containing a large-screen TV; a lounge with bar; and a business center with stock quote and telex machines. [53] The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms, play area, and fitness center with pool. [14]

History

The neighboring New York City Center had opened in 1924 as the Mecca Temple, a house of worship for the Shriners. [54] [55] The Mecca Temple was acquired by the New York City government in 1943 and became a theater. [54] [56] In 1982, City Center completed a minor renovation to the lobby and orchestra. [32] [57] City Center planned another set of improvements to enlarge stage, storage, and balcony areas. [58] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated City Center as a city landmark in 1983; as a result, the commission was required to approve any major alterations to the theater. [59] Concurrently, Bruce Eichner bought Chapman's neighboring site for $18 million. [8] He also bought a parking garage, whose owner agreed to sell it on the condition a replacement parking garage was built. [28]

Development

Planning

Seen from 54th Street CitySpire Aug 2021 25.jpg
Seen from 54th Street

In May 1984, Eichner announced that he would build a 72-story skyscraper on the site, designed by Murphy/Jahn. [7] The building would contain 22 stories of offices and 49 stories of condominiums. [7] [32] It would be shaped like an octagon with setbacks and a domed roof. [60] A key part of Eichner's development was his proposal to purchase unused air rights above City Center. [7] [61] Eichner would also make improvements to City Center to obtain additional space. [7] [32] The sale was expected to raise $10 to 14 million for the New York City Opera, New York City Ballet, and City Center's sublessee 55th Street Dance Theater. [58] [60] The proposed air-rights sale received criticism both for its relatively low price [62] and for the fact that it would allow an excessively large building. [63] City Center Tower was one of several high-rise developments planned for the area at the time; Metropolitan Tower and Carnegie Hall Tower were being proposed as well. [64] [65]

The air-rights transfers needed the approval of several agencies. [7] In August 1984, the New York City Board of Estimate voted to allow the sale of air rights. [60] [66] The LPC was scheduled to hold a hearing for the proposed sale in November 1984, but an unrelated controversy over another landmark candidate took up all the time allotted for discussing the air-rights sale. [67] The LPC granted the project a "certificate of appropriateness" in January 1985, [68] which allowed the LPC to apply for a special zoning permit from the New York City Planning Commission (CPC) for the air-rights transfer. [69] Several agencies then needed to approve the tower itself. Following objections from members of the Board of Estimate and CPC, some elements of City Center Tower were downsized. [8] The CPC approved the tower in June 1985, [70] followed by the Board of Estimate that August. [71]

The building had been approved to a height of about 800 feet (240 m). [72] [lower-alpha 2] Though the City Center Tower was to be New York City's tallest residential tower upon its construction, Eichner cited a study that "proved" the top of the tower would not cast shadows on the street. [76] He described the tower as a "quintessential New York skyscraper", compared to the "undistinguished" glass-clad office buildings on Madison and Park Avenues. [77] Eichner received $157.5 million in construction financing. [28] [78] Both Eichner and his lawyer Howard Horenstein donated several thousand dollars to Mayor Ed Koch, who had voted in favor of the tower. [79] The donations were investigated in an ethics probe in 1987. [80]

Construction

By the time the Board of Estimate had approved City Center Tower, pouring of the concrete slabs was underway. [8] The project was being referred to as CitySpire by mid-1986, when European American Bank leased eight of the office stories. [81] The construction of CitySpire involved controversies over safety. Susan Guszynski of the Joffrey Ballet, a tenant in City Center, wrote a letter to the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) in late 1986, alleging that three Joffrey staff had been hit by falling concrete during one week that October. The Buildings Department subsequently received four additional complaints of falling objects, including one instance in which a portion of the facade fell from the roof. [82] Neighbors also filed lawsuits claiming that CitySpire's construction had led to debris pileups and various incidents. [83] [84] One neighbor claimed that he received death threats after complaining to the police about cracked windows, while another neighbor was allegedly raped after an attacker climbed into her apartment through CitySpire's scaffolding. [83]

Marketing for the residential units started in March 1987, with TV advertisements that featured celebrities such as Dick Cavett, Carol Channing, Lauren Hutton, Robert Joffrey, Lynn Redgrave, and Tommy Tune. [45] [52] Despite this, only 60 of the 340 condos were in contract by that August. The slow sales were attributed to the shortage of small apartments, as well as the tower's location in a traditionally non-residential neighborhood. [45] The advertisements also received complaints for including only white people; the director of the building's marketing team claimed they were just targeting the demographic who was most likely to buy apartments there. [85] Horenstein denied the advertisements were intended to discourage minorities. [85] [86]

Completion and height controversy

As seen from 56th Street and 7th Avenue CitySpire Center New York.JPG
As seen from 56th Street and 7th Avenue

The building had topped out by mid-1987. [72] [87] The building, as constructed, exceeded its approved height by either 11 feet (3.4 m) [18] [73] [88] or 14 feet (4.3 m). [89] The difference of 3 feet (0.91 m) was a calculation error from two different methods of measuring height, [46] but the extra 11 feet came from Eichner's decision to add 2 inches (51 mm) of cement to all the floor slabs to stiffen them. [46] [90] [91] The topped-out structure had to undergo a second public review from the Board of Estimate, Manhattan Community Board 5, and the CPC. [72] [88] Eichner voluntarily agreed to halt CitySpire's structural work, [92] though he saw the height overruns as being "of no consequence to anyone". [29] By November 1987, Eichner and city officials were discussing a compromise in which Eichner would give more arts funding but keep the extra height. [93] By the end of 1987, Eichner had sold 164 of the apartments, [94] and some of the commercial space was already occupied. [91] Residential prices at CitySpire had remained relatively low in the wake of Black Monday two months earlier. [95]

Community Board 5 officials voted against allowing the extra height in protest of the zoning law. [90] [93] The CPC rejected the additional height that December, saying Eichner could have pursued other options, including lowering ceiling heights, to stay within the 800-foot height limit. [96] [75] CPC chairwoman Sylvia Deutsch rejected Eichner's offer to add unrelated amenities and pay the city extra cash, and she also dismissed complaints from neighbors who opposed the project for unrelated reasons. [97] In April 1988, the city and Eichner tentatively reached a settlement in which Eichner agreed to build 7,200 square feet (670 m2) of dance studios above the pedestrian arcade and reduce some facade details. [18] [35] [24] The agreement, contingent on the dome not being completed, had not been ratified by the CPC or Board of Estimate. [92] Deutsch called the agreement "reasonable"; [24] [98] however, community groups thought it would set a precedent for developers who built past their height limits, [24] and some LPC members specifically opposed the design. [33]

Residents of the lower floors were allowed to move into the building by mid-1988, even though the upper stories did not have their occupancy certificate. [99] CitySpire's dome was completed in August 1988, apparently in violation of the settlement. [92] [99] While Community Board 5 had notified the DOB about the illegal work earlier, the dome had been completed by the time the DOB issued a stop-work order. [99] Koch ordered the dome dismantled that November. [21] [100] The ribs were partially removed so CitySpire would only exceed the permitted height by 1.5 feet (0.46 m). [74] City Center filed a lawsuit that month, alleging that Eichner had not renovated the theater as promised. City Center sought an injunction to forbid the DOB from issuing CitySpire a certificate of occupancy for the top twenty stories until the renovations were performed. [101] [102] A New York Supreme Court justice declined to issue the injunction, [74] [101] and the city allowed Eichner to open the 51st through 63rd floors. [74] Community Board 5 "demanded" the city deny CitySpire a special zoning permit for the extra height. [73]

The removal of the dome was temporary pending the approval of a zoning variance through the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure, which was granted in January 1989. [98] Soon after, the CPC voted to permit the completion of CitySpire's dome in exchange for the dance studios in the base. [24] [100] [74] The Board of Estimate continued to debate over whether the dance studios were an appropriate penalty for Eichner. [103] In March 1989, the Board of Estimate voted 6–5 to allow the dance studios as an appropriate penalty. [89] [104] The height agreement received opposition from city comptroller Harrison J. Goldin, who charged that Eichner was violating the law, and from critics who believed the dance studios, at 21 by 60 feet (6.4 by 18.3 m), were too small. [46] The dome was subsequently damaged in a fire in May 1989, [105] [106] which investigators determined was an arson. [107] Eichner had still not completed renovations at City Center like he had promised, [108] and the building's pedestrian arcade was not open to the public. [109]

Usage

Roof of CitySpire, which caused controversy for making a "whistling" sound in its early years Manhattan North-West, NYC cropped.jpg
Roof of CitySpire, which caused controversy for making a "whistling" sound in its early years

Eichner had sold 280 of the apartments and three-quarters of the office space by early 1989, [74] and the building was completed by 1990. [24] CitySpire's dance studios were supposed to be completed in September 1989, but it was not until mid-1990 that Eichner applied for a permit. Construction on the studios had not even started because, according to Hornstein, the plans had to be approved by several agencies. [108] [109] Eichner still had yet to sell the 50 remaining apartments and the remaining 20 percent of commercial space. Ten of these apartments were in the top stories that could not be completed until the studios were finished. [108] [109]

Noise pollution and bankruptcy

Shortly after CitySpire's completion, Eichner was concurrently negotiating construction loans with his lenders, [108] [110] which included Citibank and European American Bank. [110] He was also delinquent on $3.7 million of tax payments, which the city sued that July to recover. [78] In October 1990, European American Bank challenged the collateral behind $50 million worth of construction loans on the building. [111] The next month, the bank foreclosed on the loans. [78] That December, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) fined CitySpire for noise violations, making CitySpire the first building to be individually cited by the DEP for noise pollution. The DEP had received hundreds of complaints about a loud whistling noise that was audible several blocks away; the noise was caused by wind blowing through louvers on the dome. [22] [112] Neighbors reported being kept awake by the noise. [13] [113] [114] Monroe Price opined that "the community should attempt to understand what the building is trying to say", [24] [115] while Progressive Architecture said: "In a less restrictive era, we might look forward to developers' plans for 'The Wind Chime Centre' or 'One Kazoo Plaza'." [116]

At a hearing in February 1991, Judge Gerald Denaro of New York City's Environmental Control Board ordered a study on the noise coming from the dome. [117] The building faced a fine of up to $880 if it was found guilty of whistling. [117] [lower-alpha 3] West 56th Street Association, the building's legal owner, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the end of that month. [118] [119] The association, a limited partnership where Eichner was the general partner, faced lawsuits from both European American Bank and Bank of Nova Scotia. The association had also faced a receivership proceeding, as it had also failed to pay the condominium apartments' common charges. [118] The bankruptcy proceeding absolved Eichner from paying $11 million in unpaid taxes, [120] but the building's residential sales office had to shut down that year. [44]

In April 1991, Denaro ruled that CitySpire was guilty of violating the noise ordinance and fined the managing agent $220. [119] A federal judge ruled that September that the city's noise code was too vague to be enforced, [121] leading the New York City Council to draft a law to more strictly define noise. [122] By May 1992, the building's board of managers said the whistling would be fixed within several weeks. [123] Bankruptcy proceedings, meanwhile, had been stalled over an unpaid $324,000 capital gains tax. A reorganization plan for the tower was finally approved in September 1992, eighteen months after the building's owner had filed for bankruptcy. [124] The roof noise was stopped that October, and the receivers paid the city $2.1 million instead of renovating City Center's studios as a penalty. The receivers also sought to be exempted from their obligation to build studios above the pedestrian arcade, which was still unfinished. [125]

Late 1990s to present

Residential entrance as seen from 56th Street CitySpire Aug 2021 10.jpg
Residential entrance as seen from 56th Street

Euram, a subsidiary of European American Bank's parent ABN AMRO, took over the residential section and renovated 75 vacant units. The Bank of Nova Scotia rebranded the commercial section as Midland Tower. [23] Euram started marketing the vacant apartments in May 1993; ten of the units had been sold within a month, [23] and all the condos were sold by the following year. [44] Eichner continued to maintain offices at CitySpire. [126] Although the financial issues and noise complaints had been resolved, the studios and arcade, which had been a compromise for CitySpire's height, had still not been completed by 1995. The arcade was strewn with litter and blocked off with razor wire and wooden panels, and CitySpire's owners planned to renovate it for use. The owners planned to scrap the studios above the arcade, instead creating additional rehearsal space in City Center itself. [127]

Around 1996, Joseph Neumann and Credit Suisse First Boston acquired CitySpire for $38 million. The building had been offered for $50 million, but Neumann and First Boston were able to buy the building for less after beating a competing bid from Henry Elghanayan. [128] At the time, the building owed $1.9 million in taxes to the city government. [129] The office owners (composed of First Boston and external investors), along with the residential condo owners, bore the cost of the pedestrian arcade's $1 million renovation. [39] CitySpire's pedestrian arcade was finally completed in late 1997. Upon the arcade's completion, David W. Dunlap wrote for The New York Times that it had taken seven years between the authorization of the first transcontinental railroad and the laying of its golden spike, but it had taken twelve years between the arcade's approval and its opening. [24] [39] The arcade's opening completed the set of walkways from 51st to 57th Street. [39] In addition, some of the office space was converted into "prebuilt" offices. [130]

The office stories were owned by Singapore government investment fund GIC by 2001. [131] GIC leased space to Windels Marx, GE Capital, and The Recording Academy. [132] That year, Lehman Brothers and Morgan Stanley provided a $900 million mortgage to GIC for CitySpire's office stories and some of GIC's other properties. [133] The office section of CitySpire was acquired in 2004 by Tishman Speyer, who bought a 51 percent majority stake. GIC continued to hold a 49 percent stake. [134] [135]

In 2012, Tishman Speyer and an unidentified pension fund acquired CitySpire and several other buildings as part of a portfolio valued at $1.6 billion. [136] The same year, Douglas Elliman marketed the penthouse apartment for $100 million, which would have made it the most expensive residence in New York City had it been sold at that price. [47] [48] After receiving few offers, the penthouse's owner withdrew the unit from the market and offered it for sale himself, [49] [137] only to withdraw it again in 2015. [138] [139] At that point, the majority of CitySpire's residences, over sixty percent, were being used as pieds-a-terre rather than as primary residences. [34] As of 2021, CitySpire's commercial occupants include New York Road Runners, Windels Marx, and Brown Shoe Company. [140]

Critical reception

When CitySpire was being planned, Paul Goldberger praised Jahn for including design elements inspired by both City Center and earlier New York City skyscrapers. However, he said the design was "only partially successful in terms of its relationship to the City Center building itself", especially as both buildings' domes were rarely visible simultaneously. [26] [141] Harry Berkowitz of Newsday described the project as one of several designed by architects who "want little to do with the idea of adjusting to a neighborhood". [142] Paul M. Sachner wrote for Architectural Record that the plans "exemplify the 'high-tech historicist' quality" of Murphy/Jahn's work, but he said "many question the appropriateness of a 70-story building" on such a narrow site. [15] [32]

By the time CitySpire was completed, Goldberger believed it looked weaker than the neighboring Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan towers, even though CitySpire had looked better in conceptual depictions. [143] CitySpire, Carnegie Hall Tower, and Metropolitan Tower became known as the "Tuning Fork Trio" because of their shape and proximity to each other. [144] John McPhee of The New Yorker wrote in 2003 that the buildings "look like three chopsticks incongruously holding a cocktail blini", as they surrounded the small Russian Tea Room. [144]

CitySpire's construction also prompted discussion on the appropriateness of transferring air rights from city landmarks, such as City Center, to raise money for landmarks' upkeep. [63] [145] New York Landmarks Conservancy executive director Laurie Beckelman said that "we save [city landmarks] by putting them out of context" in allowing the transfers, and Community Board 5 district manager Joan E. Ramer said that "selling off a precious city resource without understanding the ramifications is simply irresponsible". [63] Former city planning commissioner Martin Gallent said the zoning exceptions allowed midtown Manhattan to be more "overly dense" than it already was. [145] After the height compromise in 1988, Goldberger said, "What is to prevent another developer from adding 22 feet to his building and offering to build two dance studios?" [29] [146] Goldberger also referred to CitySpire as a "case of the city selling its birthright for a mess of pottage". [147]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unisphere</span> Steel structure in Queens, New York

The Unisphere is a spherical stainless steel representation of the Earth in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens. The globe was designed by Gilmore D. Clarke as part of his plan for the 1964 New York World's Fair. Commissioned to celebrate the beginning of the space age, the Unisphere was conceived and constructed as the theme symbol of the World's Fair. The theme of the World's Fair was "Peace Through Understanding", and the Unisphere represented the theme of global interdependence, being dedicated to "Man's Achievements on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)</span> Catholic cathedral in New York City

St. Patrick's Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is the seat of the Archbishop of New York as well as a parish church. The cathedral occupies a city block bounded by Fifth Avenue, Madison Avenue, 50th Street, and 51st Street, directly across from Rockefeller Center. Designed by James Renwick Jr., it is the largest Gothic Revival Catholic cathedral in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deutsche Bank Center</span> Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Deutsche Bank Center is a mixed-use building on Columbus Circle in Manhattan, New York City. The building occupies the western side of Columbus Circle and straddles the border between Hell's Kitchen and the Upper West Side. It was developed by The Related Companies and Apollo Global Management, and designed by David Childs and Mustafa Kemal Abadan of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">40 Wall Street</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

40 Wall Street, also known as the Trump Building, is a 927-foot-tall (283 m) neo-Gothic skyscraper on Wall Street between Nassau and William streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. Erected in 1929–1930 as the headquarters of the Manhattan Company, the building was formerly known as the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building and the Manhattan Company Building. 40 Wall Street was designed by H. Craig Severance with Yasuo Matsui and Shreve & Lamb. The building is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP); it is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, an NRHP district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower</span> Residential skyscraper in Brooklyn, New York

The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, also known as One Hanson Place, is a skyscraper in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. Located at the northeast corner of Ashland Place and Hanson Place near Downtown Brooklyn, the tower was designed by Halsey, McCormack and Helmer and constructed from 1927 to 1929 as the new headquarters for the Williamsburgh Savings Bank. From the time of its construction until 2009, One Hanson Place was the tallest building in Brooklyn at 41 stories and 512 feet (156 m) tall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Bank of America Tower, also known as 1 Bryant Park, is a 55-story skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is located at 1111 Avenue of the Americas between 42nd and 43rd Streets, diagonally opposite Bryant Park. The building was designed by Cookfox and Adamson Associates, and it was developed by the Durst Organization for Bank of America. With a height of 1,200 feet (370 m), the Bank of America Tower is the eighth tallest building in New York City and the tenth tallest building in the United States as of 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axa Equitable Center</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Axa Equitable Center is an office skyscraper at 787 Seventh Avenue, between 51st and 52nd Streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1986 and designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes, the building measures 752 feet (229 m) tall with 54 stories. Equitable Center West was developed by the Equitable Life Assurance Society adjacent to Equitable's existing skyscraper at 1285 Avenue of the Americas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Tower (Manhattan)</span> Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Metropolitan Tower is a mixed-use skyscraper at 146 West 57th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1987 and designed by SLCE Architects, the building measures 716 ft (218 m) tall with 68 stories. Metropolitan Tower is designed with a black-glass facade, with a rectangular 18-story base topped by a 48-story triangular tower. It was developed by Harry Macklowe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnegie Hall Tower</span> Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Carnegie Hall Tower is a skyscraper at 152 West 57th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1990 and designed by César Pelli, the building measures 757 feet (231 m) tall with 60 stories. Due to the presence of Carnegie Hall and the Russian Tea Room on adjacent sites, the tower is only 50 feet (15 m) wide on 57th Street, making it among the world's most slender skyscrapers at its completion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The New York Times Building</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The New York Times Building is a 52-story skyscraper at 620 Eighth Avenue, between 40th and 41st Streets near Times Square, on the west side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Its chief tenant is the New York Times Company, publisher of The New York Times. The building is 1,046 ft (318.8 m) tall to its pinnacle, with a roof height of 748 ft (228 m). Designed by Renzo Piano and Fox & Fowle, the building was developed by the New York Times Company, Forest City Ratner, and ING Real Estate. The interiors are divided into separate ownership units, with the Times Company operating the lower office floors and Brookfield Properties operating the upper floors. As of 2023, the New York Times Building is tied with the Chrysler Building as the twelfth-tallest building in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manhattan Municipal Building</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The David N. Dinkins Municipal Building is a 40-story, 580-foot (180 m) building at 1 Centre Street, east of Chambers Street, in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The structure was built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 consolidation of the city's five boroughs. Construction began in 1909 and continued through 1914 at a total cost of $12 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Park Place</span> Residential skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Central Park Place is a residential condominium building in the Hell's Kitchen and Midtown Manhattan neighborhoods of New York City. The building is at 301 West 57th Street, at the northwest corner with Eighth Avenue. Davis Brody Bond designed Central Park Place, which is 628 feet (191 m) tall with 56 stories. Central Park Place's facade is made of gray-green glass and aluminum panels, a color scheme intended to associate the building with the nearby Central Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1540 Broadway</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

1540 Broadway, formerly the Bertelsmann Building, is a 44-story office building on Times Square in the Theater District neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), the building was developed by Broadway State Partners, a joint venture between Bruce Eichner and VMS Development. 1540 Broadway occupies a site bounded by Broadway to the west, 45th Street to the south, and 46th Street to the north. It was originally named for its anchor tenant, German media company Bertelsmann. The building is divided into two ownership units: HSBC and Edge Funds Advisors own the office stories, while Vornado Realty Trust owns retail space at the base.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Times Square Tower</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

Times Square Tower, also known as 7 Times Square, is a 48-story office skyscraper at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Located on the city block bounded by Broadway, 42nd Street, Seventh Avenue, and 41st Street, the building measures 724 feet (221 m) tall. The building was designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and developed by Boston Properties. The site is owned by the New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services, though Boston Properties and Norges Bank have a long-term leasehold on the building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">750 Seventh Avenue</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

750 Seventh Avenue is a 36-story office building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building was designed by Kevin Roche of Roche-Dinkeloo and developed by David and Jean Solomon. 750 Seventh Avenue occupies a site on the north side of 49th Street between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Since 1994, the building has mostly been occupied by the offices of financial services company Morgan Stanley. The building contains a black glass facade with large signs as well as etched-glass panels. On the upper stories, the exterior has setbacks in a spiral pattern, which terminate in an offset glass pinnacle. When the building opened, several critics compared its design to a smokestack and to a glass pyramid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Candler Building (New York City)</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Candler Building is a skyscraper at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Located at 220 West 42nd Street, with an alternative address of 221 West 41st Street, the building contains 24 stories. The building was designed by the firm of Willauer, Shape and Bready in the Spanish Renaissance style. It was constructed between 1912 and 1913 for Coca-Cola Company owner Asa Griggs Candler. The Candler Building was one of the last skyscrapers built in New York City before the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which required setbacks. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York City Center</span> Theater in Manhattan, New York

New York City Center is a performing arts center at 131 West 55th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Developed by the Shriners between 1922 and 1924 as a Masonic house of worship, it has operated as a performing arts complex owned by the government of New York City. City Center is a performing home for several major dance companies as well as the Manhattan Theatre Club (MTC), and it hosts the Encores! musical theater series and the Fall for Dance Festival annually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3 Times Square</span> Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

3 Times Square, also known as the Thomson Reuters Building, is a 30-story skyscraper at Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Located on Seventh Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Street, the building measures 555 feet (169 m) to its roof and 659 feet (201 m) to its spire. The building was designed by Fox & Fowle and developed by Rudin Management for news-media company Reuters. The site is owned by the New York City Economic Development Corporation, though Rudin and Reuters have a long-term leasehold on the building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Millennium Times Square New York</span> Hotel in Manhattan, New York

The Millennium Times Square New York is a hotel at 133 and 145 West 44th Street, between Times Square and Sixth Avenue, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Operated by Millennium & Copthorne Hotels, the hotel has 750 guest units, as well as a conference center with 33 conference rooms. The hotel incorporates a Broadway theater called the Hudson Theatre into its base.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store</span> Department store flagship in Manhattan, New York

The Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store is a department store in Midtown Manhattan, New York City on Fifth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets. The original 10-story structure at 611 Fifth Avenue has served as the flagship store of Saks Fifth Avenue since its completion in 1924. The store also occupies part of 623 Fifth Avenue, a 36-story tower completed in 1990.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ This is also cited as 50 floors. [32]
  2. ↑ The height is cited variously as 798 feet (243 m), [73] 799 feet (244 m), [74] [75] or 802.6 feet (244.6 m). [35] [18]
  3. ↑ The Real Deal suggests it would have been a daily fine. [25]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 "150 West 56 Street, 10019". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  2. 1 2 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 305. ISBN   978-0-19538-386-7.
  3. ↑ Gray, Christopher (May 9, 1999). "Streetscapes /57th Street Between Avenue of the Americas and Seventh Avenue; High and Low Notes of a Block With a Musical Bent". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Steinway Hall" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 13, 2001. pp. 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  5. ↑ Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. p. 232. ISBN   978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
  6. ↑ "Society House of the American Society of Civil Engineers" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 16, 2008. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Daniels, Lee A. (May 3, 1984). "72-story Tower Proposed Next to the City Center". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lyons, Richard D. (September 1, 1985). "The Long Battle for Approval of City Center Tower". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 "CitySpire Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "CitySpire - The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. April 7, 2016. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  11. ↑ Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006 , p. 632.
  12. 1 2 3 Donaldson, Barry (July 1987). "Stone: New technology and design" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 175. p. 144. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Žaknić, Ivan; Smith, Matthew; Rice, Dolores B.; Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (1998). 100 of the world's tallest buildings. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press. p. 112. ISBN   3-927258-60-1. OCLC   40110184.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "CitySpire". CityRealty. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Sachner, Paul M. (January 1985). "Redefining the Manhattan skyline: Three new projects by Murphy/Jahn" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 173. p. 57. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Cityspire, New York City" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 178. October 1990. p. 107. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stichweh, Dirk (2016). New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Publishing. p. 181. ISBN   978-3-7913-8226-5. OCLC   923852487.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Dunlap, David W. (April 20, 1988). "Pact Reached On Skyscraper Built Too Tall". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  19. ↑ Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006 , p. 634.
  20. 1 2 Adler 1993 , p. 69.
  21. 1 2 Dunlap, David W. (November 9, 1988). "Cityspire To Dismantle Part of Tower". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  22. 1 2 Gold, Allan R. (December 7, 1990). "A Manhattan Skyscraper Is Told to Stop Whistling". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dunlap, David W. (June 13, 1993). "Whistle Silenced, Cityspire Sales Resume". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006 , p. 636.
  25. 1 2 Warner, Adam (December 1, 2015). "This month in real estate history". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  26. 1 2 Goldberger, Paul (January 27, 1985). "Architecture View; the Tower Blight Has Struck West 57th Street". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  27. ↑ Moritz, Owen (January 13, 1985). "Another tall tale of Manhattan". New York Daily News. p. 188. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scardino, Albert (February 21, 1986). "Trading Air to Build Towers". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 Tumulty, Karen (May 2, 1989). "Battle for space, light high-rises cast shadow over N.Y.". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest   280814454.
  30. ↑ Lessley, Sara (September 27, 1986). "Pulling Money From Thin Air". Newsday. pp. 66, 100. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ Adler 1993 , p. 24.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006 , p. 633.
  33. 1 2 3 McCain, Mark (April 19, 1987). "Commercial Property: Mixed-Use Buildings; The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  34. 1 2 Satow, Julie (January 9, 2015). "Why the Doorman Is Lonely". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  35. 1 2 3 Saunders, D.J. (April 21, 1988). "A big step for dance companies". New York Daily News. p. 420. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  36. 1 2 Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006 , p. 625.
  37. 1 2 "Midtown Arcades: 6 1/2 Avenue and other POPS". Untapped New York. February 28, 2013. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  38. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (September 27, 1992). "Remaking Spaces for Public Use". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Dunlap, David W. (August 13, 1997). "Midtown, Midblock Walkway Nears Completion". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  40. 1 2 3 Kayden, Jerold S. (March 31, 2016). "156 West 56th Street". Privately Owned Public Space (APOPS). Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  41. ↑ "CitySpire - Commercial Real Estate NYC". Tishman Speyer. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  42. ↑ "The Carnegie Club - The Thousand Best". New York Magazine. February 20, 2019. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  43. ↑ "On West 56th, Another Pub That Blends Books and Beer". The New York Times. June 1, 1997. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  44. 1 2 3 Catalano, Joe (August 27, 1994). "Apartment Sales and Prices Are Looking Up in the City". Newsday. p. 55. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  45. 1 2 3 Sommerfield, Frank (August 31, 1987). "Cityspire's Hard Sell Falls Short". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 3, no. 35. p. 1. ProQuest   219160512.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Moss, Michael (March 30, 1989). "Board to Vote on CitySpire Deal". Newsday. pp. 6, 47. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Barrionuevo, Alexei (July 27, 2012). "Reaching for $100 Million". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Galante, Meredith (July 30, 2012). "House of the Day: At $100 Million, An Octagon-Shaped Penthouse In Midtown Is The New Most Expensive Listing In New York City". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  49. 1 2 Samtani, Hiten (May 16, 2013). "CitySpire triplex resurfaces as NYC's priciest owner sale ever". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  50. ↑ Hogarty, Dave (August 31, 2012). "Is The $100M City Spire Penthouse an Embarrassing Horror?". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  51. 1 2 Barrionuevo, Alexei (August 30, 2012). "The Torment of High-End Decorators". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  52. 1 2 Tuohy, Theesa (June 13, 1987). "The Stars Are Coming Out To Push Condos, Co-ops". Newsday. p. 63. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  53. ↑ Catalano, Joe (March 21, 1987). "Buildings Have More in Common". Newsday. p. 69. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  54. 1 2 Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. p. 197. ISBN   978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC   13860977.
  55. ↑ "Shriners Dedicate Mecca's New Home; Nobles From All Parts of the Country Here for Opening of $2,500,000 Mosque". The New York Times. December 30, 1924. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  56. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (March 16, 2010). "City Center to Begin $75 Million Renovation". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  57. ↑ Kisselgoff, Anna (October 5, 1982). "New City Center: a Place to Crown the Dance; an Appraisal". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  58. 1 2 "City Center Expansion Plan Detailed". The New York Times. October 30, 1984. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  59. ↑ New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 123. ISBN   978-0-470-28963-1.
  60. 1 2 3 Shepard, Joan (September 27, 1984). "Landmarkers to hear more about City Center plan". New York Daily News. p. 226. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  61. ↑ "City Center, Rumor Center". New York Daily News. July 12, 1984. p. 277. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ Shepard, Joan (October 24, 1984). "City attacked on air-rights sale". New York Daily News. p. 101. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  63. 1 2 3 Dunlap, David W. (August 26, 1984). "City's Plan to Sell Air Rights at Landmarks Draws Critics". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  64. ↑ Gottlieb, Martin (December 4, 1983). "Developers Looking West of Sixth Avenue". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  65. ↑ Moritz, Owen (May 4, 1986). "It's a not-so-grand canyon". New York Daily News. p. 12. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  66. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (August 17, 1984). "Board Approves a Contract for 2,500 Bus-stop Shelters". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  67. ↑ Shepard, Joan (November 16, 1984). "Commission eyes convent". New York Daily News. p. 145. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  68. ↑ Shepard, Joan (January 11, 1985). "That skyscraper over City Center looms ever closer". New York Daily News. p. 107. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  69. ↑ Oser, Alan S. (June 16, 1985). "Perspectives: Planning Policy; a Dissenting Voice on Transferring Air Rights". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  70. ↑ Moritz, Owen (June 25, 1985). "70-story tower OKd". New York Daily News. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  71. ↑ "Board Gives Approval For a 70-Story Tower". The New York Times. August 16, 1985. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  72. 1 2 3 Dunlap, David W. (June 23, 1987). "City to Review Cityspire Tower For Second Time". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  73. 1 2 3 Saunders, D.J. (January 18, 1989). "Tower hit". New York Daily News. p. 39. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Berkowitz, Harry (February 16, 1989). "City Makes Deal on Cityspire Dome". Newsday. pp. 55, 58. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  75. 1 2 Moss, Michael (December 22, 1987). "City Panel Rejects Illegal Skyscraper Built 14 Feet Too Tall". Newsday. pp. 21, 28. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  76. ↑ Polsky, Carol (November 19, 1986). "When the Sky's the Only Limit". Newsday. pp. 152, 153. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  77. ↑ McCain, Mark (April 19, 1987). "Commercial Property: Mixed-Use Buildings; The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  78. 1 2 3 Moss, Michael (November 11, 1990). "Bank Forecloses on CitySpire Condos". Newsday. p. 55. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  79. ↑ Schanberg, Sydney H. (July 22, 1986). "A Tidy $10-Million Gift for a Developer". Newsday. p. 67. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  80. ↑ Weber, Michael A. (November 7, 1987). "Ethics Probers Check Donations To City Officials". Newsday. pp. 4, 13. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  81. ↑ "EAB Consolidation". Newsday. May 17, 1986. p. 67. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  82. ↑ Friedman, Robert (August 9, 1987). "Objects rain from high-rise sites, alarming city officials, neighbors". Newsday. pp. 7, 23, 24. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  83. 1 2 Saunders, D.J. (November 10, 1988). "Neighbors want CitySpire to clean up act". New York Daily News. p. 493. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  84. ↑ Walls, Jeannette (November 7, 1988). "Cityspire Raises Neighbor's Ire". New York. Vol. 21, no. 44. New York Media, LLC. p. 13. ISSN   0028-7369. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  85. 1 2 Lavin, Carl H. (May 31, 1987). "Housing Groups Attack Ads Using Only Whites". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  86. ↑ Polsky, Carol (October 15, 1987). "Ad Plan Offered in Housing Bias Case". Newsday. pp. 9, 27. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  87. ↑ Adler 1993 , p. 119.
  88. 1 2 Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006 , pp. 634–636.
  89. 1 2 Moss, Michael (March 31, 1989). "Estimate Board OKs CitySpire Deal in Close Vote". Newsday. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  90. 1 2 Dunlap, David W. (November 4, 1987). "Enforcing of Height Limit Is Urged for Tower". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  91. 1 2 Moritz, Owen (December 22, 1987). "'Height' report: Take it all off!". New York Daily News. p. 20. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  92. 1 2 3 Dunlap, David W. (August 24, 1988). "New Dome Atop Cityspire Seen as Violating an Accord". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  93. 1 2 Polsky, Carol (November 4, 1987). "Compromise Hinted on CitySpire". Newsday. p. 19. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  94. ↑ Moss, Michael (December 27, 1987). "Towering Midtown Battleground; At Issue Is Legality Of Too-Tall Condo". Newsday. pp. 4, 27. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  95. ↑ McCain, Mark (December 13, 1987). "Battling the Doldrums in Condo Sales". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  96. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (December 22, 1987). "Planners Reject a Tower That Is 11 Feet Too Tall". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  97. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (January 27, 1988). "A Tough Stance by the Planning Chief". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  98. 1 2 Saunders, D.J. (January 20, 1989). "Ribs stay, Koch men tell tower builder". New York Daily News. p. 875. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  99. 1 2 3 Moss, Michael (August 23, 1988). "Developer Tops Off Too-Tall Tower Move violates agreement with city". Newsday. pp. 4. 26. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  100. 1 2 "CitySpire gets its dome". The Daily Times. March 5, 1989. p. 112. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  101. 1 2 Saunders, D.J. (December 9, 1988). "City Center loses high-rise round". New York Daily News. p. 69. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  102. ↑ Tyre, Peg; Walls, Jeannette (October 24, 1988). "Intelligencer: City Center Claim May Mire Cityspire". New York. Vol. 21, no. 42. New York Media, LLC. p. 17. ISSN   0028-7369. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  103. ↑ "Cityspire Penalty Debated". Newsday. March 12, 1989. p. 30. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  104. ↑ Lubasch, Arnold H. (March 31, 1989). "Board of Estimate Approves New Staten Island Jail". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  105. ↑ "Blaze hits Cityspire". New York Daily News. May 23, 1989. p. 125. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  106. ↑ "Firefighters Climb 48 Flights To Put Out Blaze in Cityspire". The New York Times. May 23, 1989. p. B2. ISSN   0362-4331. ProQuest   110304588.
  107. ↑ Moss, Michael (June 7, 1989). "Fire Atop CitySpire Is Declared Arson". Newsday. p. 37. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  108. 1 2 3 4 Moss, Michael (September 25, 1990). "Developer Late On Dance Date With City". Newsday. pp. 3, 35. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  109. 1 2 3 Dunlap, David W. (October 7, 1990). "Commercial Property: Trade-Offs; Delaying the Amenities-for-Building-Bonuses Pledge". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  110. 1 2 Kim, James (August 8, 1990). "High-flying developers hit hard in N.Y.C." Press and Sun-Bulletin. pp. 18, 15. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  111. ↑ Moss, Michael (October 14, 1990). "Towering Builders Totter Eichner brothers suffer big setbacks". Newsday. pp. 3, 29. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  112. ↑ McShane, Larry (December 9, 1990). "Whistling building irks New Yorkers". The Journal News. p. 81. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  113. ↑ Gold, Allan R. (February 11, 1991). "Must Whistling Skyscraper Change Tune? Hearing to Decide". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  114. ↑ Duggan, Dennis (February 12, 1991). "CitySpire Neighbors Not Whistling Dixie". Newsday. pp. 20, 37. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  115. ↑ Price, Monroe (December 12, 1990). "Opinion | Cityspire, Music at Its Peak". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  116. ↑ "Furthermore..." (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Vol. 72. February 1991. p. 125. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  117. 1 2 Gold, Allan R. (February 12, 1991). "Yes, Building Whistles, Judge Rules, but It May Be Legal". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  118. 1 2 Wechsler, Pat (February 28, 1991). "Story of CitySpire Reaches Chapter 11". Newsday. p. 59. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  119. 1 2 Gold, Allan R. (April 13, 1991). "Ear-Piercing Skyscraper Whistles Up a Gag Order". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  120. ↑ Feiden, Douglas (March 2, 1992). "N.Y. to Go After Assets of Top Tax Delinquents". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 8, no. 9. p. 1. ProQuest   219175269.
  121. ↑ Sutton, Larry (March 3, 1992). "Cityspire battlers say they ain't just whistling Dixie". New York Daily News. p. 438. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  122. ↑ Sutton, Larry (March 31, 1992). "Afraid some might consider the Council a lot of noise..." New York Daily News. p. 542. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  123. ↑ "Silence on the Way?". New York Daily News. May 13, 1992. p. 1184. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  124. ↑ Grant, Peter (June 7, 1993). "N.Y., feds make foreclosure less taxing". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 9, no. 23. p. 13. ProQuest   219143472.
  125. ↑ Wood, Sarah (November 22, 1992). "A Practical Penalty". Newsday. p. 61. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  126. ↑ Deutsch, Claudia H. (May 15, 1994). "Commercial Property/The Ian Bruce Eichner Phenomenon; A Deal-Maker's Comeback". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  127. ↑ Lambert, Bruce (December 17, 1995). "Neighborhood Report: Midtown; How Do You Solve a Problem Like Cityspire?". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  128. ↑ Deutsch, Claudia H. (March 24, 1996). "Veterans of the 80's Return to the Wars". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  129. ↑ Feiden, Douglas (April 15, 1996). "They beat city for 380M a yr". New York Daily News. p. 28. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  130. ↑ Walsh, Mark (April 21, 1997). "The return of the instant office". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 13, no. 16. p. 32. ProQuest   219128532.
  131. ↑ Easdown, Geoff (July 10, 2001). "Singapore Inc. leads airline fight". Herald Sun. p. 30. ProQuest   360279120.
  132. ↑ "Singapore fund seeks giant loan on portfolio". Commercial Mortgage Alert. September 26, 2003. pp. 1, 11. ProQuest   208408877.
  133. ↑ "Lehman, Morgan Stanley win huge loan". Commercial Mortgage Alert. October 10, 2003. pp. 1, 12. ProQuest   208447739.
  134. ↑ Cuozzo, Steve (November 30, 2004). "Inspired Tishman to Buy Majority of GIC". New York Post. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  135. ↑ Manning, Paddy (October 28, 2004). "US landlord's towering $560m float". The Australian. p. 43. ProQuest   357591957.
  136. ↑ "New Tishman JV Acquires Stakes in Office Portfolio in Deal Estimated at $1.6B". Commercial Property Executives. April 5, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  137. ↑ Budin, Jeremiah (May 16, 2013). "$100 Million City Spire Penthouse Now For Sale By Owner". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  138. ↑ Pham, Diane (October 20, 2015). "$100M Penthouse Listing at City Spire Is No More; Williamsburg's Futuristic Hotel Tops Out". 6sqft. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  139. ↑ Bockmann, Rich (October 14, 2015). "Owner of CitySpire PH takes his own $100M listing off market". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  140. ↑ "150 West 56th Street". TRD Research. March 13, 2019. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  141. ↑ Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006 , pp. 633–634.
  142. ↑ Berkowitz, Harry (July 24, 1989). "Creators Conform New York's building designers pay attention to neighborhood". Newsday. pp. 114, 123, 124. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  143. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (October 21, 1990). "Architecture View; Skyscrapers Battle It Out Near Carnegie Hall". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  144. 1 2 McPhee, John (March 31, 2003). "The Tee Room". The New Yorker. Vol. 79, no. 6. p. 49. ProQuest   233147246.
  145. 1 2 Polsky, Carol (December 9, 1987). "Landmark Battles Brewing". Newsday. p. 34. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021– via newspapers.com.
  146. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (March 19, 1989). "Architecture View". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  147. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (May 31, 1987). "Architecture View; the City's Birthright Sold for Air Rights". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.