Delaware and Raritan Canal

	Delaware and Raritan Canal
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. Historic district
	New Jersey Register of Historic Places
	A section of the canal as seen from a footbridge in 2013
Location	New Jersey, U.S.
Built	1834
NRHP reference No.	73001105
NJRHP No.	1600
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	May 11, 1973
Designated NJRHP	November 30, 1972

Last updated February 26, 2024

The Delaware and Raritan Canal (D&R Canal) is a canal in central New Jersey, built in the 1830s, that connects the Delaware River to the Raritan River. It was an efficient and reliable means of transportation of freight between Philadelphia and New York City, transporting anthracite coal from eastern Pennsylvania during much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The canal allowed shippers to cut many miles off the existing route from the Pennsylvania Coal Region down the Delaware, around Cape May, and up the occasionally treacherous Atlantic Ocean coast to New York City.

History

The idea of a canal between the Raritan and Delaware Rivers originated with William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, who suggested it in the 1690s. Such a canal would shorten the journey from Philadelphia to New York City by 100 miles, and relieve the need for boats to venture into the Atlantic Ocean.^[2]

19th century

In 1816, the New Jersey legislature created a commission of three people, including John Rutherfurd, a former United States Senator and a major landowner in New Jersey, which was authorized to survey and map a proposed route for a canal. Rutherfurd engaged John Randel Jr. to do the survey; Rutherfurd knew Randel from his work on the New York City Commissioners' Plan of 1811, for which Rutherfurd was one of the commissioners, and Randel was the chief surveyor. The route was to be "a level line as far as was practicable from Longbridge farm to the Delaware, and to the Raritan, in the shortest direction that the ground would admit, which line should be run with the greatest accuracy, and be esteemed the base line of the work." Randel spent two months surveying this route and, with the aid of a millwright, estimating water flow. They came to the conclusion that the canal would require less than an eighteenth of the water passing through the local streams, which would still leave enough water flow for local mills.^[3] Despite Randel's report, and the clear advantage of having such a canal, the opposition to the project managed to keep anything from happening until 1830.^[2]

On February 4, 1830, the New Jersey legislature passed legislation that created the charter for the D&R Canal. The charter for the Camden and Amboy Rail Road and Transportation Company was passed the same day. The D&R charter allocated $1.5 million of stock for construction which was required to be completed within eight years. The canal was to be considered a public highway although the corporation would be allowed to collect tolls and transit duties for passengers and cargo transported along the canal.^[4]

The canal was almost not dug due to the lack of subscriptions. When that occurred, Robert F. Stockton, the grandson of Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, pledged his and his family's personal fortune to continue the work. The canal system was dug mostly by hand tools, mostly by Irish immigrants. Work began in 1830 and was completed in 1834, at an estimated cost of $2,830,000. When the canal first opened, before the steam engine was developed, teams of mules were used to tow canal boats through it.

The canal's greatest usage occurred during the 1860s and 1870s when it was used primarily to transport coal from Pennsylvania to New York City during the American Industrial Revolution. On May 18, 1872, the D&R Canal Company was merged with several parallel railroads into the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company and leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad.

20th century

D&R Canal's importance waned as railroads were used to perform, more rapidly, the same function as canals, but it remained in operation until 1932. Years later, the section between Trenton and Bordentown was filled for various road and rail projects, leaving the feeder waters to solely supply the main canal from Trenton, New Jersey north to New Brunswick. Two other sections of the canal were piped underground: one in Trenton when the Trenton Freeway was constructed in 1952, and the other in New Brunswick when the Elmer Boyd Parkway Extension (Route 18) was constructed in 1984.

Route

The main section of the canal runs from Bordentown on the Delaware River to New Brunswick on the Raritan. A feeder canal section (which feeds water into the main canal) stretches 22 miles (35 km) northward from Trenton, upstream along the east bank of the Delaware to Bull's Island near Frenchtown. The feeder canal collects water from higher elevations to the north, and feeds it to the highest section of the main canal, which flows generally north and east to the end, and had flowed south into the Crosswicks Creek at Bordentown. The total length of the entire canal system was approximately 66 miles (106 km). The main section was 44 miles (71 km) long, 75 feet (23 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) deep; the feeder was 22 miles (35 km) long, 60 feet (18 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep.

Altered and abandoned sections

A section of the main D&R Canal in Trenton has been covered over (the water still flows below) by the Trenton Freeway (U.S. Route 1) and is inaccessible to public use. The portion of the canal that provided access to the Delaware River in Bordentown is also abandoned. In Trenton it has been covered by Route 129, which opened in 1996. Another section south of Trenton is located in Hamilton Township, New Jersey between the southern boundary of Trenton and the Crosswicks Creek.^[5]

The surviving, easternmost lock is also severed from the canal by Route 18 in New Brunswick.

Locks and spillways

Locks were used to overcome elevation differences along the D&R canal. Many of the locks are still present along the canal route; however, the lock gates have been replaced on the upstream side with small dams and water outfalls. The downstream gates have been removed, so the water in the locks is level with the water on the downstream side. Some of the locks have been buried or removed due to construction projects in the vicinity of the canal.

A number of spillways, which drained excess water from the canal into nearby waterways during periods of heavy flow, are located along the canal route. Spillways are evident as a dip in the towpath along the canal. Some have paving stones spaced closely enough for mules to walk, but are impassable for bicycles.

Associated rivers

Delaware River: Feeds the Delaware and Raritan Canal via a feeder canal that approaches from the north along the east bank of the Delaware River, starting at Bulls Island, to the southern terminus of the D&R Canal near Trenton.
Millstone River: Parallels the Delaware and Raritan Canal from Princeton north to Manville.
Raritan River: Parallels the Delaware and Raritan Canal from Manville north and east to New Brunswick. The northern terminus of the Delaware and Raritan Canal is in New Brunswick.

Landmark

The Delaware and Raritan Canal was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 1973.^[6] The many historic canal houses where the bridge tenders have lived (such as the Blackwells Mills Canal House and the Port Mercer Canal House) were listed as contributing properties.

State Park

In 1974, most of the canal system was declared a New Jersey state park. It remains one today, and is used for canoeing, kayaking, and fishing. A graded natural-surface trail along the side of the canal, which was the tow path that mules used to tow barges on the canal before steam powered barges, is now used for hiking, jogging, bicycling, and horseback riding. Some 36 miles (58 km) of the main canal, and all 22 miles (35 km) of the feeder canal, still exist. The feeder canal along the Delaware, being a former railroad rather than a towpath, is especially suited to bicycling. The park is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.

The canal is accessible from many points along its route, with small parking areas providing access at most road crossings. One of the most scenic and popular sections of the D&R Canal state park is the segment along Lake Carnegie in Princeton, New Jersey, which features the canal on one side of the path and the lake on the other side. Another attractive section borders the Colonial Park Arboretum and Gardens in East Millstone.

When the canal was used for transportation, New Jersey's landscape was mostly rural, and its primary business was agriculture. "Now," in the words of Howard Green, research director of the New Jersey Historical Commission, "It is one of the most beloved parks in the state, a sinewy, snake-like greenway through one of the most heavily populated parts of the world. It has gone from being the machine in the garden, to being garden in the machine."

Folklore

From 1972 onward, the canal developed a local legend. Residents of Griggstown, Franklin Township claimed to seeing a feral cow along the canal and the parallel Millstone,^[7] said to be a ghost of one that was one of many herded across and along the canal but no longer existed after the decade. An actual bull was found in a ditch on November 23, 2002, and was pulled out by local authorities only to be subsequently euthanized shortly afterward.^[8] It is not confirmed if the cow was the same as the urban legend.^[9]

Gallery

Rural area
The feeder canal, Lambertville, New Jersey
Another view from Lambertville
Raritan Canal at South Bound Brook
Parking area, lock, spillway and trail of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, Ewing Township, NJ

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The Raritan River is a major river of New Jersey. Its watershed drains much of the mountainous area of the central part of the state, emptying into the Raritan Bay on the Atlantic Ocean.

The Chesapeake & Delaware Canal is a 14-mile (22.5 km)-long, 450-foot (137.2 m)-wide and 35-foot (10.7 m)-deep ship canal that connects the Delaware River with the Chesapeake Bay in the states of Delaware and Maryland in the United States.

The Morris Canal (1829–1924) was a 107-mile (172 km) common carrier anthracite coal canal across northern New Jersey that connected the two industrial canals in Easton, Pennsylvania across the Delaware River from its western terminus at Phillipsburg, New Jersey to New York Harbor and New York City through its eastern terminals in Newark and on the Hudson River in Jersey City. The canal was sometimes called the Morris and Essex Canal, in error, due to confusion with the nearby and unrelated Morris and Essex Railroad.

The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company (UNJ&CC) was a United States-based railroad company established in 1872. It was formed by the consolidation of three existing companies: the Camden and Amboy Railroad, Delaware and Raritan Canal Company, and New Jersey Rail Road and Transportation Company. The Camden and Amboy and New Jersey Rail Road were among the earliest North American railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad leased the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company in 1872.

The Millstone River is a 38.6-mile-long (62.1 km) tributary of the Raritan River in central New Jersey in the United States.

The Six Mile Run Reservoir Site, part of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, is located in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It is adjacent to the Delaware and Raritan Canal. It covers 3,037 acres (12.29 km²). The reservoir plan was to flood the Six Mile Run watershed. The Six Mile Run is a tributary of the Millstone River that, with its tributaries, drains a large area in central Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey and western portions of North Brunswick and South Brunswick Townships in Middlesex County, New Jersey. It derives its name, along with other streams, from the distance early surveyors estimated it was from the point where the historic King's Highway left the Raritan River at New Brunswick to the point the roadway crossed the stream. The estimates were not very accurate but the stream names have remained in use ever since.

Griggstown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Franklin Township, in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 819. The area was first settled around 1733. The Millstone River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal both flow through Griggstown.

County Route 533 is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends 32.78 miles (52.75 km) from the White Horse Circle, in Hamilton Township to Middlesex CR 607 on the border of Bound Brook and Middlesex Borough. CR 533 shares a long concurrency with U.S. Route 206 through Princeton and Montgomery Township, while portions of the roadway in Somerset County are part of the Millstone River Valley Scenic Byway.

The Blackwells Mills Canal House is located at Blackwells Mills Road and Canal Road in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States, on the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Across the canal is Blackwells Mills, New Jersey.

The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, more commonly called the Delaware Canal, runs for 60 miles (97 km) parallel to the right bank of the Delaware River from the entry locks near the mouth of the Lehigh River and terminal end of the Lehigh Canal at Easton south to Bristol. At Easton, which today is the home of The National Canal Museum, the Delaware Canal also connected with the Morris Canal built to carry anthracite coal to energy-starved New Jersey industries.

Landing Lane Bridge is part of County Route 609 and spans the Raritan River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal in New Jersey. The two lane bridge connects Piscataway to the north with New Brunswick to the south. The approaching roadways on both sides are known as "Landing Lane." The Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park and towpath is accessible from the bridge.

The Lehigh Canal is a navigable canal that begins at the mouth of Nesquehoning Creek on the Lehigh River in the Lehigh Valley and Northeastern regions of Pennsylvania. It was built in two sections over a span of 20 years beginning in 1818. The lower section spanned the distance between Easton and present-day Jim Thorpe. In Easton, the canal met the Pennylvania Canal's Delaware Division and Morris Canals, which allowed anthracite coal and other goods to be transported further up the U.S. East Coast. At its height, the Lehigh Canal was 72 miles (116 km) long.

Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park is a New Jersey state park along the Delaware and Raritan Canal.

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The D&R Canal trail is a recreational trail in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The 77-mile (124 km) trail is made up of three segments that transverse three counties: a canal towpath from New Brunswick to Trenton; a canal towpath/rail trail from Trenton to Bull's Island; and a rail trail from Bull's Island to Frenchtown. The three combined trails together form the largest completed trail in New Jersey. Much of the trail runs along the existing Delaware & Raritan Canal within the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park.

References

Notes

↑ "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places — Mercer County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection — Historic Preservation Office. November 28, 2016. p. 1.
1 2 Holloway, Marguerite (2013). The Measure of Manhattan: The Tumultuous Career and Surprising Legacy of John Randel Jr., Cartographer, Surveyor, Inventor. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 183–84. ISBN 978-0-393-07125-2.
↑ Holloway, Marguerite (2013). The Measure of Manhattan: The Tumultuous Career and Surprising Legacy of John Randel Jr., Cartographer, Surveyor, Inventor. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 178–79. ISBN 978-0-393-07125-2. quoting the 1817 Report of the Commissioners to the New Jersey State Legislature
↑ Robertson, Aaron; Hulme, James S.; Wurts, A. (1850). Report of Commissioners Appointed to Investigate Charges Made Against the Directors of the Delaware and Raritan Canal and Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Companies. Trenton, NJ: Philips and Boswell.
↑ "The Delaware & Raritan Canal: The Past, The Present and the Promise". The Municipal Land User Center at The College of New Jersey. June 1, 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
↑ Historic Sites Survey Team (May 11, 1973). "NRHP Nomination: Delaware and Raritan Canal". National Park Service.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "Accompanying 17 photos, from 1971".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Shackleford, James (August 15, 2011). "The Legend of the Ghost Cow". South Brunswick, NJ Patch. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
↑ Chirco, Vicki. The Legend of the Griggstown Cow", New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry. Accessed June 1, 2023.
↑ Summers, Ken (August 2011). "The Bizarre Case of the Griggstown, New Jersey Ghost Cow". weekinweird.com. Retrieved June 18, 2023.

Bibliography

Delaware & Raritan Canal State Park, brochure, New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry, State Park Service, July 2002

External links

Delaware and Raritan Canal Commission
The Delaware & Raritan Canal Transmission Complex - The D&R Canal is still used by the State of New Jersey to transport water resources to population centers.
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NJ-713, " Delaware & Raritan Canal Lock "
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NJ-60-A, " Delaware & Raritan Canal, Lock "
HAER No. NJ-60-B, " Delaware & Raritan Canal, Locktender's House "
HAER No. NJ-61, " Delaware & Raritan Canal, Outlet Locks "
HAER No. NJ-62, " Delaware & Raritan Canal, Lock 6A "
HAER No. NJ-67, " Delaware & Raritan Canal, Six Mile Run Culvert "
HAER No. NJ-68, " Delaware & Raritan Canal, Ten Mile Run Culvert "
HAER No. NJ-129, " Delaware & Raritan Canal, Lock 4 "

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

40°09′06″N74°42′58″W / 40.1517°N 74.7161°W / 40.1517; -74.7161 (Southern terminus of main canal) - Southern terminus of canal
40°29′19″N74°26′02″W / 40.4886°N 74.4340°W / 40.4886; -74.4340 (Northern terminus of main canal) - Northern terminus of canal
40°24′55″N75°02′48″W / 40.4152°N 75.0467°W / 40.4152; -75.0467 (Northern terminus of feeder canal) - Northern terminus of feeder canal

Preceded by	The Delaware and Raritan Canal Company chartered February 4, 1830 merged May 18, 1872	Succeeded by The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company

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Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
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[NJRHP-1] "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places — Mercer County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection — Historic Preservation Office. November 28, 2016. p. 1.

[measure-2] 1 2 Holloway, Marguerite (2013). The Measure of Manhattan: The Tumultuous Career and Surprising Legacy of John Randel Jr., Cartographer, Surveyor, Inventor. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 183–84. ISBN 978-0-393-07125-2.

[3] Holloway, Marguerite (2013). The Measure of Manhattan: The Tumultuous Career and Surprising Legacy of John Randel Jr., Cartographer, Surveyor, Inventor. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 178–79. ISBN 978-0-393-07125-2. quoting the 1817 Report of the Commissioners to the New Jersey State Legislature

[commission-4] Robertson, Aaron; Hulme, James S.; Wurts, A. (1850). Report of Commissioners Appointed to Investigate Charges Made Against the Directors of the Delaware and Raritan Canal and Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Companies. Trenton, NJ: Philips and Boswell.

[5] "The Delaware & Raritan Canal: The Past, The Present and the Promise". The Municipal Land User Center at The College of New Jersey. June 1, 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2016.

[nrhpnom-6] Historic Sites Survey Team (May 11, 1973). "NRHP Nomination: Delaware and Raritan Canal". National Park Service.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "Accompanying 17 photos, from 1971".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[7] Shackleford, James (August 15, 2011). "The Legend of the Ghost Cow". South Brunswick, NJ Patch. Retrieved June 1, 2023.

[8] Chirco, Vicki. The Legend of the Griggstown Cow", New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry. Accessed June 1, 2023.

[9] Summers, Ken (August 2011). "The Bizarre Case of the Griggstown, New Jersey Ghost Cow". weekinweird.com. Retrieved June 18, 2023.

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v t e Princeton, New Jersey
Historic districts	Princeton Historic District Stony Brook Village Jugtown King's Highway Kingston Mill Mountain Avenue
Former municipalities	Borough of Princeton Princeton Township
Public schools	Princeton Public Schools Princeton High School Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children (defunct) Princeton Charter School
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Princeton addressed landmarks outside the municipality	American Boychoir School (defunct) Chapin School Educational Testing Service Forrestal Village MarketFair Mall Princeton Airport Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center (formerly located on Witherspoon Street, now in neighboring Plainsboro) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Robert Wood Johnson Foundation St. Joseph's Seminary (in Plainsboro; defunct) Sarnoff Corporation Terhune Orchards Washington Road Elm Allée Wilberforce School
See also: Princeton University and National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey

v t e National Register of Historic Places in Mercer County, New Jersey
Landmarks	Abbott Farm Archeological Site Westland Mansion Albert Einstein House Joseph Henry House Lawrenceville School Maybury Hill Morven Nassau Hall Old Barracks Maclean House Princeton Battlefield Prospect House William Trent House Washington Crossing State Park
Districts	Bear Tavern Road--Jacob's Creek Crossing Rural Historic District Berkeley Square Historic District Delaware and Raritan Canal Harbourton Historic District Jugtown Historic District King's Highway Historic District Kingston Mill Historic District Lake Carnegie Historic District Lawrence Township Historic District Mill Hill Historic District Mountain Avenue Historic District Pleasant Valley Historic District Princeton Historic District Riverview Cemetery State House Historic District Stockton Street Historic District Titusville Historic District Trenton Ferry Historic District Windsor Historic District
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Commercial buildings	Adams and Sickles Building American Cigar Company Broad Street National Bank Henry Clay and Bock & Co. Ltd. Cigar Factory Golden Swan-True American Hopewell Station In and Out Social Club Thomas Maddock's Sons Company New Jersey Division of Motor Vehicles Building Old Eagle Tavern Pennington Railroad Station Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Freight Station Princeton Railroad Station Roebling Machine Shop John A. Roebling's Sons Company, Trenton N.J., Block 3 Somerset Roller Mills Stokely-Van Camp Industrial Complex Trenton Bath House West Trenton Station
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Sites	Archeological Site No. 1-18th Century Vessel (28ME196) Crosswicks Creek Site III Mount Rose Distillery Princeton Ice Company Washington Road Elm Allée
Structures	Hog Island Cranes Morrisville–Trenton Railroad Bridge Trenton Battle Monument Trenton City/Calhoun Street Bridge
Former	Princessville Inn
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey and List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey

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