Demographics of London

Demographics of London
Population pyramid of London
Population	8,799,800 (2021)
Density	5,854/km2 (15,160/sq mi) (2020 estimates) [1]
Growth rate	7.7% (2011 - 2021) [2]
Life expectancy
• male	80.3 (2018-2020) [3]
• female	84.3 (2018-2020)
Fertility rate	1.52 (2021) [4]
Infant mortality rate	3.4 live deaths/1,000 live births (2018-2020) [5]
Nationality
Nationality	British
Major ethnic	White: 53.8% (2021) White British: 36.8% (2021)
Minor ethnic	Asian British: 20.8% (2021) Black British: 13.5% (2021) Mixed: 5.7% (2021) Other: 6.3% (2021)
Language
Spoken	British English (main language: 78.4%)

The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of Greater London as a whole. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater London Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup. The total population of London as of 2021 is 8,799,800. ^[6]

History

See also: History of London

Creation of Greater London - 1965

Through the London Government Act of 1963, the Greater London region was established officially in 1965. ^[7]

Migration boom - 1991 to today

From 1997 onwards, London has experienced a drastic change in the composition of the city's population, which has off set the decline of the population which had been occurring ^{[ citation needed ]}. In 1991, 21.7% of the city was foreign born but by 2011 this had risen to 36.7%.

In 2011, a historic tipping point occurred with the release of the 2011 census indicating that the White British population, which had before been the majority, was now no longer a majority of the city's population, although it remained by far the largest single ethnic group. ^[8]

Population

Population growth percentage in London between 2011 and 2021

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1801	1,011,157	—
1811	1,197,673	+1.71%
1821	1,450,122	+1.93%
1831	1,729,949	+1.78%
1841	1,917,013	+1.03%
1851	2,286,609	+1.78%
1861	3,094,391	+3.07%
1871	3,902,178	+2.35%
1881	4,709,960	+1.90%
1891	5,565,856	+1.68%
1901	6,226,494	+1.13%
1911	7,157,875	+1.40%
1921	7,553,526	+0.54%
1931	8,098,942	+0.70%
1941	7,987,936	−0.14%
1951	8,164,416	+0.22%
1961	7,781,342	−0.48%
1971	7,449,184	−0.44%
1981	6,608,513	−1.19%
1991	6,887,280	+0.41%
2001	7,172,036	+0.41%
2011	8,173,941	+1.32%
2021	8,799,800	+0.74%

See also: Historical population of London

The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner and Outer London is as follows:

(click "show" to expand)

London population over time [9] [10] [11]
Year	Inner London	Outer London	Greater London
1801	879,491	131,666	1,011,157
1811	1,040,033	157,640	1,197,673
1821	1,263,975	186,147	1,450,122
1831	1,515,557	214,392	1,729,949
1841	1,661,346	255,667	1,917,013
1851	1,995,846	290,763	2,286,609
1861	2,634,143	460,248	3,094,391
1871	3,272,441	629,737	3,902,178
1881	3,910,735	799,225	4,709,960
1891	4,422,340	1,143,516	5,565,856
1901	4,670,177	1,556,317	6,226,494
1911	4,997,741	2,160,134	7,157,875
1921	4,936,803	2,616,723	7,553,526
1931	4,887,932	3,211,010	8,098,942
1941	4,224,135	3,763,801	7,987,936
1951	3,680,821	4,483,595	8,164,416
1961	3,336,557	4,444,785	7,781,342
1971	3,030,490	4,418,694	7,449,184
1981	2,425,534	4,182,979	6,608,513
1991	2,625,245	4,262,035	6,887,280
2001	2,765,975	4,406,061	7,172,036
2011 [12]	3,231,900	4,942,100	8,173,900
2021	3,404,300	5,395,500	8,799,800

Age

London population pyramid from 1991 to 2021

• Population pyramid of each borough in London
• 
  Barking and Dagenham
• 
  Bexley
• 
  Brent
• 
  Bromley
• 
  Camden
• 
  City of London
• 
  Croydon
• 
  Ealing
• 
  Enfield
• 
  Hackney
• 
  Greenwich
• 
  Harrow
• 
  Hammersmith and Fulham
• 
  Haringey
• 
  Hillingdon
• 
  Havering
• 
  Hounslow
• 
  Islington
• 
  Kensington and Chelsea
• 
  Kingston upon Thames
• 
  Lambeth
• 
  Lewisham
• 
  Merton
• 
  Newham
• 
  Redbridge
• 
  Richmond upon Thames
• 
  Southwark
• 
  Sutton
• 
  Waltham Forest
• 
  Tower Hamlets
• 
  Wandsworth
• 
  Westminster

• Percentage of the population in age groups
• 
  Under 15s in London
• 
  15 to 64 year olds
• 
  Over 64 years old

Fertility

Fertility rate of each London borough in 2021

In 2021, a total of 110,961 live births occurred within the city. ^[13] The fertility rate of London in 2021 was 1.52, which is below replacement. ^[4]

• Birth statistics in London
• 
  Teenage conception rate in London

Population density

Population density in the 2011 census in Greater London.

The population density of London was 5,727 per km2 in 2011. ^[14]

Urban and metropolitan area

At the 2001 census, the population of the Greater London Urban Area was 8,278,251. ^[15] This area does not include some outliers within Greater London, but does extend into the adjacent South East England and East of England regions. In 2004 the London Plan of the Mayor of London defined a metropolitan region with a population of 18 million. ^[16] Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union and the population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000; it occupies an area of 8,920 square kilometres (3,440 sq mi). Another definition gives the population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000. ^[17]

Ethnicity

For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being of White British ethnic origin, ^[18] with small clusters of minority groups such as Jewish people, most notably in areas of the East End. From 1948 onwards and especially since the 1990s, the population has diversified in international terms at an increased rate. ^[18] In 2011, it was reported for the first time that White British people had become a minority within the city, establishing it was a majority-minority city within the country. ^[8] In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London. ^[19]

Ethnicity overall

London ethnic demographics over time

Ethnic makeup of London in single year age groups in 2021

Main article: Ethnic groups in London

Ethnic makeup of London over time in age groups

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents from estimates in 1971 and in the 1991 – 2021 censuses in Greater London.

Ethnic make-up of Greater London

Ethnic Group	Year
	1961 estimations [20] [21]		1971 estimations [18] [22]		1981 estimations [23]		1991 [24]		2001 [25]		2011 [26]		2021 [27]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	7,602,233	97.7%	6,901,596	92.6%	5,893,973	86.6%	5,333,580	79.80%	5,103,203	71.15%	4,887,435	59.79%	4,731,172	53.8%
White: British [Note 1]	–	–	6,500,000	87%	–	–	–	–	4,287,861	59.79%	3,669,284	44.89%	3,239,281	36.8%
White: Irish	–	–	401,596	5.4%	–	–	256,470	3.83%	220,488	3.07%	175,974	2.15%	156,333	1.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller [Note 2]	–	–			–	–	–	–	–	–	8,196	0.10%	7,031	0.1%
White: Roma	–	–			–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	37,689	0.4%
White: Other [Note 1]	–	–			–	–	–	–	594,854	8.29%	1,033,981	12.65%	1,290,838	14.7%
Asian or Asian British: Total	–	–	–	–	425,426	6.3%	690,031	10.33%	946,894	13.20%	1,511,546	18.49%	1,817,640	20.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian	–	–	–	–	232,881	–	347,091	5.19%	436,993	6.09%	542,857	6.64%	656,272	7.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani	–	–	–	–	59,440	–	87,816	1.31%	142,749	1.99%	223,797	2.74%	290,549	3.3%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi	–	–	–	–	41,792	–	85,738	1.28%	153,893	2.15%	222,127	2.72%	322,054	3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese [Note 3]	–	–	–	–	35,938	–	56,579	0.84%	80,201	1.12%	124,250	1.52%	147,520	1.7%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian	–	–	–	–	55,375	–	112,807	1.68%	133,058	1.86%	398,515	4.88%	401,245	4.6%
Black or Black British: Total	–	–	–	–	405,394	6%	535,216	8.01%	782,849	10.92%	1,088,640	13.32%	1,188,370	13.5%
Black or Black British: African	–	–	–	–	102,230	–	163,635	2.44%	378,933	5.28%	573,931	7.02%	697,054	7.9%
Black or Black British: Caribbean	–	–	–	–	239,956	–	290,968	4.35%	343,567	4.79%	344,597	4.22%	345,405	3.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black	–	–	–	–	63,208	–	80,613	1.20%	60,349	0.84%	170,112	2.08%	145,911	1.7%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total [Note 1]	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	226,111	3.15%	405,279	4.96%	505,775	5.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	70,928	0.99%	119,425	1.46%	132,555	1.5%
Mixed: White and Black African	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	34,182	0.48%	65,479	0.80%	77,341	0.9%
Mixed: White and Asian	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	59,944	0.84%	101,500	1.24%	125,188	1.4%
Mixed: Other Mixed	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	61,057	0.85%	118,875	1.45%	170,691	1.9%
Other: Total	–	–	–	–	80,793	1.2%	120,872	1.81%	113,034	1.58%	281,041	3.44%	556,768	6.3%
Other: Arab [Note 2]	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	106,020	1.30%	139,791	1.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	113,034	1.58%	175,021	2.14%	416,977	4.7%
Non-White: Total	179,109	2.3%	547,588	7.4%	911,626	13.5%	1,346,119	20.2%	2,068,888	28.85%	3,286,506	40.2%	4,068,553	46.2%
Total	7,781,342	100%	7,449,184	100%	6,805,599	100%	6,679,699	100.00%	7,172,091	100.00%	8,173,941	100.00%	8,799,725	100%

1. New category created for the 2001 census
2. New category created for the 2011 census
3. In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.

Distribution of ethnic groups in Greater London in the 2021 census

• 
  White (2021)
• 
  White-British (2021)
• 
  White-Irish (2021)
• 
  White-Other White (2021)
• 
  Asian (2021)
• 
  Asian-Bangladeshi (2021)
• 
  Asian-Chinese (2021)
• 
  Asian-Indian (2021)
• 
  Asian-Pakistani (2021)
• 
  Black (2021)
• 
  Black-African (2021)
• 
  Black-Caribbean (2021)
• 
  Other-Arab (2021)
• 
  Other-Any Other Ethnic Group (2021)

Population pyramid of London by ethnicity in 2021

• Population pyramids of each ethnic group in London
• 
  White: Total
• 
  White British
• 
  White Irish
• 
  White Other
• 
  Asian: Total
• 
  Asian Bangladeshi
• 
  Asian Indian
• 
  Asian Pakistani
• 
  Asian Chinese
• 
  Other Asian
• 
  Black: Total
• 
  Black: Caribbean
• 
  Black: African
• 
  Other Black
• 
  Mixed: Total
• 
  Other: Total
• 
  Other: Any other ethnic group
• 
  Other: Arabs

Ethnicity of school pupils

(click "show" to expand)

Ethnicity of school pupils within London

Ethnic group	School year [28] [29]
	2004		2008		2012		2015/16		2017/18		2019/20		2021/2022
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	467,230	51.4%	431,040	46.7%	416,490	42.8%	443,621	41.1%	522,187	40.4%	520,767	39.8%	506,271	38.7%
White: British	389,350	42.9%	339,610	36.8%	305,805	31.4%	295,572	27.4%	333,497	25.8%	324,358	24.8%	312,522	23.9%
White: Irish	10,610	1.2%	8,610	0.9%	7,610	0.8%	6,939	0.6%	7,322	0.6%	6,759	0.5%	6,268	0.5%
White: Traveller of Irish heritage	1,090	0.1%	920	0.1!	1,000	0.1%	1,031	0.1%	1,183	0.1%	1,205	0.1%	1,182	0.1%
White: Gypsy/Roma	780	0.09%%	950	0.1%	1,505	0.2%	1,643	0.2%	2,074	0.2%	2,359	0.2%	2,358	0.2%
White: Other	65,410	7.2%	80,950	8.8%	100,570	10.3%	138,436	12.8%	178,111	13.8%	186,086	14.2%	183,941	14.0%
Asian / Asian British: Total	159,370	17.5%	174,380	18.9%	198,280	20.4%	228,767	21.2%	283,443	22%	296,324	22.6%	305,069	23.2%
Asian / Asian British: Indian	57,990	6.4%	54,570	5.9%	54,490	5.6%	62,065	5.7%	78,700	6.1%	85,521	6.5%	89,639	6.8%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani	31,220	3.4%	34,680	3.8%	41,235	4.2%	47,931	4.4%	59,047	4.6%	60,415	4.6%	60,707	4.6%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi	38,880	4.2%	44,100	4.8%	51,300	5.3%	59,691	5.5%	73,994	5.7%	77,408	5.9%	79,954	6.1%
Asian / Asian British: Chinese	7,220	0.8%	6,970	0.8%	6,920	0.7%	7,883	0.7%	10,116	0.8%	10,475	0.8%	12,267	0.9%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians	24,060	2.6%	34,060	3.7%	44,335	4.6%	51,197	4.7%	61,586	4.8%	62,505	4.8%	62,502	4.8%
Black / Black British: Total	170,780	18.8%	188,750	20.5%	208,375	21.4%	226,215	20.9%	254,081	19.7%	244,988	18.7%	234,822	17.9%
Black: Caribbean	63,020	6.9%	59,750	6.5%	57,980	5.9%	55,414	5.1%	57,862	4.5%	53,733	4.1%	50,178	3.8%
Black: African	91,020	10%	110,090	11.92%	128,295	13.1%	145,447	13.5%	167,058	12.9%	162,680	12.4%	156,883	12.0%
Black: Other Blacks	16,740	1.8%	18,930	2.1%	22,100	2.3%	25,354	2.3%	29,161	2.3%	28,575	2.2%	27,761	2.1%
Mixed / British Mixed	57,720	6.4%	70,330	7.6%	84,615	8.7%	104,470	9.7%	134,226	10.4%	142,135	10.8%	150,285	11.3%
Other: Total	34,750	3.8%	44,290	4.8%	52,640	5.4%	60,865	5.6%	74,589	5.7%	77,413	5.9%	82,516	6.3%
Unclassified	18,760	2.1%	6,750	0.7%	13,470	1.4%	16,194	1.5%	22,232	1.7%	27,935	2.1%	30,359	2.3%
Total:	908,600	100%	922,890	100%	973,875	100%	1,080,132	100%	1,290,758	100%	1,309,562	100%	1,309,322	100%

• School pupils as a percentage of the school population in each borough in 2021/2022 school year
• 
  White: Total
• 
  White: British

Ethnicity of births

Ethnic Group	Year [30]
	1981 estimates [31]		2007		2010		2015		2019		2021 [32]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	–	80%	58,024	46.4%	65,117	49.5%	61,716	47.8%	57,405	48.7%	53,141	48%
White: British	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	25,827	23.3%
White: Other	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	27,314	24.7%
Asian / Asian British: Total	–	–	21,701	17.3%	24,445	18.5%	26,957	20.9%	24,616	20.9%	24,426	22.1%
Asian / Asian British: Indian	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8,259	7.5%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4,341	3.9%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,458	4.9%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6,368	5.8%
Black / Black British: Total	–	–	22,036	17.6%	22,293	16.9%	18,526	14.3%	15,319	13%	13,476	12.2%
Black: Caribbean	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,893	2.6%
Black: African	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8,697	7.9%
Black: Other Blacks	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,886	1.7%
Mixed / British Mixed	–	–	7,967	6.3%	9,424	7.1%	11,979	9.3%	12,041	10.2%	12,502	11.3%
Other: Total	–	–	6,337	5%	5,831	4.4%	6,770	5.2%	6,494	5.5%	5,367	4.8%
Not Stated	–	–	9,055	7.2%	4,391	3.3%	3,170	2.4%	1,880	1.5%	1,787	1.6%
Non-White: Total (not including Not stated)	–	20%	58,041	46.2%	61,993	46.9%	64,232	49.7%	58,470	49.6%	55,771	50.4%
Total:	–	100%	125,120	100%	131,501	100%	129,118	100%	117,755	100%	110,699	100%

• Ethnicity of births as a percentage of total births in 2021
• 
  White (49.6% including Not stated)
• 
  White: British (24.9% including Not stated)
• 
  Asian (22.1%)
• 
  Black (12.2%)
• 
  Mixed (11.3%)

Ethnicity in boroughs

This table shows the proportion of different multi-ethnic groups by London borough, as found in the 2021 census.

(click "show" to expand)

Broad multi-ethnic group make-up of London boroughs (2021)
Local authority	White	Mixed	Asian	Black	Other
Barnet	57.7	5.4	19.3	7.9	9.8
Barking and Dagenham	44.9	4.3	25.9	21.4	3.6
Bexley	71.9	3.5	9.9	12.2	2.5
Brent	34.6	5.1	32.8	17.5	10
Bromley	76.5	5.4	8.3	7.6	2.3
Camden	59.5	6.6	18.1	9.0	6.8
City of London	69.4	5.5	16.8	2.7	5.6
Croydon	48.4	7.6	17.5	22.6	3.9
Ealing	43.2	5.2	30.3	10.8	10.6
Enfield	52.1	5.9	11.5	18.3	12.1
Greenwich	55.7	6.0	13.2	21	4.2
Hackney	53.1	6.7	10.4	21.1	8.7
Haringey	57	7	8.7	17.6	9.7
Harrow	36.5	3.8	45.2	7.3	7.2
Havering	75.3	3.7	10.7	8.2	2
Hammersmith and Fulham	63.2	6.7	10.5	12.3	7.3
Hillingdon	48.2	4.4	33.3	7.8	6.3
Hounslow	44.1	4.7	36.7	7.2	7.3
Islington	62.2	7.5	9.9	13.3	7.1
Kensington and Chelsea	63.7	6.6	11.9	7.9	9.9
Kingston upon Thames	68.3	5.4	17.8	2.8	5.7
Lambeth	55	8.1	7.3	24	5.7
Lewisham	51.5	8.1	9	26.8	4.7
Merton	60.2	5.9	18.6	10.6	4.6
Newham	30.8	4.7	42.2	17.5	4.9
Redbridge	34.8	4.1	47.3	8.4	5.4
Richmond upon Thames	80.5	5.5	8.9	1.9	3.3
Southwark	51.4	7.2	9.9	25.1	6.3
Sutton	68.3	4.8	17.5	5.9	3.4
Tower Hamlets	39.4	5	44.4	7.3	3.9
Waltham Forest	52.8	6.5	19.9	15	5.8
Wandsworth	67.8	6.3	11.7	10.1	4.1
Westminster	55.2	6.5	16.8	8.1	13.5

• White multi-ethnic group over time
• 
  1991 (79.8%)
• 
  2001 (71.2%)
• 
  2011 (59.8%)
• 
  2021 (53.8%)

• Asian multi-ethnic group over time
• 
  1991 (10.3%)
• 
  2001 (13.2%)
• 
  2011 (18.5%)
• 
  2021 (20.8%)

• Black multi-ethnic group over time
• 
  1991 (8%)
• 
  2001 (10.9%)
• 
  2011 (13.3%)
• 
  2021 (13.5%)

Country of birth

Foreign born within London over time from 1851 to 2021

Foreign born in London by age over time

UK born and foreign born population pyramid in London in 2021. Males and females representing the UK born population while foreign males and females representing the foreign born population.

Foreign born and UK born percentage of age groups in London

The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,740 people or 40.7% of London's population are foreign-born (including 27.9% born in a non-European country). ^[33]

(click "show" to expand)

Country of Birth	Year
	1971 [34] [35]		1981 [36] [37]		1991 [38]		2001 [39]		2011 [40]		2021 [33]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Europe	6,568,348	90.76%	5,787,624	87.57%	5,639,192	84.4%	5,741,636	80%	6,174,371	75.5%	6,346,649	72.1%
United Kingdom	6,133,105	84.74%	5,405,576	81.79%	5,228,658	78.3%	5,231,701	72.9%	5,175,677	63.3%	5,223,986	59.3%
Republic of Ireland	236,396	3.26%	199,460	3.01%	214,033		157,556		129,807		–	–
European Community or Other Europe	198,847	2.74%	182,588	2.76%	196,501		352,379		865,681		1,122,663	12.8%
Asia	161,777	2.23%	234,599	3.54%	435,819	6.5%	634,917	8.9%	966,990	11.8%	1,146,247	13%
India	104,001	1.43%	139,140	2.10%	151,619		–	–	262,247		–	–
Pakistan	29,395	0.40%	35,616	0.53%	44,741		–	–	112,457		–	–
Bangladesh	–	–	22,102	0.33%	56,657		–	–	109,948		–	–
Other Asia	28,381	0.39%	37,741	0.57%	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Old Commonwealth	38,738	0.53%	37,064	0.56%	53,320		–	–	–	–	–	–
Africa	74,660	1.03%	144,072	2.18%	246,025		454,536		621,613		625,071	7.1%
America/Caribbean (also classed under New Commonwealth)	165,369	2.28%	167,399	2.53%	51,222		249,191		326,280		367,664	4.2%
Antarctica and Oceania (including Australasia) and Other	–	–	–	–	–	–	70,632		84,661		64,228	0.7%
British Overseas	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,994	–
Other: Total	227,829	3.14%	237,840	3.59%	1,119		21,179		26		–	–
Total	7,236,721	100.00%	6,608,598	100.00%	6,679,699	100%	7,172,091	100%	8,173,941	100%	8,799,726	100%

• Foreign born in the County of London (excluding Irish born in images)
• 
  1901 (5% overall including Irish born)
• 
  1911 (5% overall including Irish born)
• 
  1921 (4% overall including Irish born)
• 
  1931 (5% overall including Irish born)
• 
  1951 (8% overall including Irish born)

• Foreign born in London over time
• 
  1961 (9.8%)
• 
  1971 (15.3%)
• 
  1981 (18.2%)
• 
  1991 (21.7%)
• 
  2001 (27.1%)
• 
  2011 (36.7%)
• 
  2021 (40.7%)

Region of birth of mother [41]	2001		2006		2011		2016		2021
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
United Kingdom	59,104	56.7%	57,376	47.5%	57,450	43.2%	53,866	41.8%	47,958	43.2%
Foreign born	45,058	43.3%	63,522	52.5%	75,383	56.7%	74,923	58.2%	62,986	56.8%
EU	6,977	6.7%	11,309	9.4%	18,402	13.8%	22,573	17.5%	18,365	16.5%
Rest of Europe	3,380	3.2%	4,090	3.4%	4,160	3.1%	5,382	4.2%	5,933	5.3%
Middle East and Asia	13,489	13%	18,206	15%	25,478	19.2%	24,235	18.8%	21,394	19.2%
Africa	13,600	13.1%	20,043	16.6%	19,866	15%	15,600	12.1%	10,725	9.7%
Rest of the world	7,612	7.3%	9,874	8.2%	7,477	5.6%	7,133	5.5%	6,569	5.9%
Total	104,162	100%	120,898	100%	132,843	100%	128,803	100%	110,961	100%

• Born to foreign born mothers
• 
  2007
• 
  2014
• 
  2021

• Population pyramids of country of birth groupings in 2021
• 
  UK born
• 
  Foreign born: Total

Languages

Percentage of the population whose main language is English in London in 2021

According to the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language, with a further 1,406,912 (19.8%) speaking it as a second language or well to very well. ^[42] 271,693 (3.5%) could not speak English well, while 47,917 (0.6%) could not speak English at all. ^[42] 2,456 (<0.1%) spoke other UK minority languages, with the most common being Welsh and 2,926 (<0.1%) used British Sign Language. ^[43] This shows also great challenges for TfL and other government services, for example most ticket vending machines use only English, French and up to 2 other western Europe hemisphere languages, while as shown below most demand is for Indian languages, Polish, etc.

The most common main languages spoken in Greater London according to the 2011 and 2021 censuses are shown below. ^[44]

Main language

Languages spoken in London by usual residents aged 3+

2011			2021
Language	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
English	6,083,420	77.90%	6,650,973	78.40%
Polish	147,816	1.90%	112,068	1.30%
Bengali	114,267	1.50%	101,975	1.20%
Gujarati	101,676	1.30%	82,610	1.00%
French	84,191	1.10%	67,049	0.80%
Urdu	78,667	1.00%	63,626	0.80%
Portuguese	71,525	0.90%	94,205	1.10%
Turkish	71,242	0.90%	69,641	0.80%
Spanish	71,192	0.90%	117,457	1.40%
Arabic	70,602	0.90%	72,102	0.80%
Tamil	70,565	0.90%	70,673	0.80%
Punjabi	68,525	0.90%	74,205	0.90%
Malayalam	68,520	0.90%	74,205	0.90%
Somali	54,852	0.70%	37,346	0.40%
Italian	49,484	0.60%	81,293	1.00%
Romanian	39,653	0.50%	159,338	1.90%
Persian	39,645	0.50%	39,233	0.50%
Lithuanian	35,341	0.50%	30,768	0.40%
German	31,306	0.40%	19,074	0.20%
Greek	26,924	0.30%	36,015	0.40%
Russian	26,603	0.30%	31,906	0.40%
Other	441,968	5.66%

Proficiency in English

Language proficiency	London (aged 3 and over)
	2011 [45]		2021 [46]
	Number	%	Number	%
Main language is English	6,083,420	77.9%	6,650,973	78.4%
Main language is not English	1,726,522	22.1%	1,831,690	21.6%
Can speak English very well	763,502	9.8%	840,463	9.9%
Can speak English well	643,410	8.2%	636,226	7.5%
Cannot speak English well	271,693	3.5%	303,265	3.6%
Cannot speak English	47,917	0.6%	51,736	0.6%
Total	7,809,942	100%	8,482,663	100%

Religion

Main article: Religion in London

Religious makeup of London in single year age groups in 2021

London's religious landscape over the past two decades has undergone significant change. In 2001, Christians constituted the majority at 58.23%, but by 2021, this percentage had declined to 40.66%. Meanwhile, the population identifying with no religion saw a significant increase, rising from 15.76% in 2001 to 27.05% in 2021. This shift suggests a growing trend of secularization in the city.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Muslim population also experienced notable growth, increasing from 8.46% in 2001 to 14.99% in 2021. The number of individuals who chose not to state their religion slightly fluctuated during these years, from 8.66% in 2001 to 7.00% in 2021.

Hinduism saw steady growth, constituting 4.07% of the population in 2001 and rising to 5.15% in 2021. The Jewish community remained relatively stable but saw a slight decline from 2.09% to 1.65% over the same period. Sikhism also experienced growth, albeit modest, from 1.45% in 2001 to 1.64% in 2021. Other religions, including Buddhism, collectively accounted for small but fluctuating percentages, with Buddhism specifically ranging from 0.76% in 2001 to 0.88% in 2021.

These changes are influenced by various factors, including immigration, generational attitudes, and broader social trends.^{[ citation needed ]}

Religious affiliation of Londoners

Religion	2001 [47]		2011 [48]		2021 [49]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Christian	4,176,175	58.23%	3,957,984	48.42%	3,577,681	40.66%
No religion	1,130,616	15.76%	1,694,372	20.73%	2,380,404	27.05%
Muslim	607,083	8.46%	1,012,823	12.39%	1,318,754	14.99%
Religion not stated	621,366	8.66%	692,739	8.47%	615,662	7.00%
Hindu	291,977	4.07%	411,291	5.03%	453,034	5.15%
Jewish	149,789	2.09%	148,602	1.82%	145,466	1.65%
Sikh	104,230	1.45%	126,134	1.54%	144,543	1.64%
Other religion	36,558	0.51%	47,970	0.59%	86,759	0.99%
Buddhist	54,297	0.76%	82,026	1.00%	77,425	0.88%
Total	7,172,091	100.00%	8,173,941	100.00%	8,799,728	100.00%

Distribution of religions in Greater London according to the 2011 census.

• 
  Christianity
• 
  Islam
• 
  Hinduism
• 
  Judaism
• 
  Sikhism
• 
  Buddhism
• 
  Other religion
• 
  No religion

Population pyramid of London by religion in 2021

• Population pyramids of each religious group in London
• 
  Christian
• 
  No religion
• 
  None stated
• 
  Muslim
• 
  Hindu
• 
  Buddhist
• 
  Sikh
• 
  Jewish
• 
  Other religion

Social issues

Marriage and divorce

In 2019, a total of 29,139 marriages occurred within London. ^[50]

Abortion

In 2020, 27.7% of conceptions were aborted in the city. ^[51]

• Abortion in London
• 
  Percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020
• 
  Abortion rates by age group in London

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Sexual orientation	London (aged 16 and over)
	2021 [52]
	Number	%
Straight or Heterosexual	6,123,195	86.2%
Gay or Lesbian	158,760	2.2%
Bisexual	108,140	1.5%
All other sexual orientations	37,482	0.5%
Not answered	676,408	9.5%
Total	7,103,985	100%

Gender identity	London (aged 16 and over)
	2021 [53]
	Number	%
Gender identity the same as sex registered at birth	6,479,664	91.2
Gender identity different from sex registered at birth but no specific identity given	32,753	0.5%
Trans woman	11,266	0.2%
Trans man	11,480	0.2%
All other gender identities	8,862	0.1%
Not answered	559,960	7.9%
Total	7,103,985	100%

Health

In 2021, the suicide rate in total was 6.6 for every 100,000 people. ^[54] For males this was 9.9 and for females this was 3.4. ^[54]

• Variety of health issues in graphs
• 
  Suicide rates in London
• 
  Drug misuse rate in London
• 
  Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London
• 
  Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020

General health

General health (self-identified)	2001 [55]		2011 [56]		2021 [57]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Very good health	5,078,978	70.8%	4,127,788	50.5%	4,712,358	53.6%
Good health			2,725,645	33.3%	2,802,395	31.8%
Fair health	1,499,198	20.9%	915,035	11.2%	908,941	10.3%
Bad health	593,915	8.3%	305,343	3.7%	283,864	3.2%
Very bad health			100,130	1.2%	92,170	1.0%
Total	7,172,091	100%	8,173,941	100%	8,799,728	100%

Disability

Disability status	London
	1991 (long term illness) [58]		2001 (limiting long term illness) [59]		2011 [60]		2021 [61]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Disabled (under the Equality Act)	742,870	10.7%	1,111,284	15.5%	1,157,16	14.1%	1,164,456	13.2%
Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a little	–	–	–	–	605,501	7.4%	658,547	7.5%
Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a lot	–	–	–	–	551,664	6.7%	505,909	5.7%
Not disabled (under the Equality Act)	–	–	–	–	7,016,776	85.8%	7,635,272	86.8%
Not disabled under the Equality Act: No long term physical or mental health conditions	–	–	–	–	7,016,776	85.8%	7,175,718	81.5%
Not disabled under the Equality Act: Has long term physical or mental health condition but day-to-day activities are not limited	–	–	–	–	–	–	459,554	5.2%
Total	6,887,280	100%	7,172,091	100%	8,173,941	100%	8,799,728	100%

Income and industry

The vast majority of people within London work in the service sector. ^[62]

• Income and industry of London in images
• 
  Employment rate in London
• 
  Unemployment rate in London
• 
  Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020
• 
  Employment in public or private sector in London

Industry

London's industry over time

Industry sector	London (aged 16 and over in employment)
	1961 (10% sample) [63]		1981 (10% sample) [64]		1991 (10% sample) [65]		2001 [66]		2011 [67]		2021 [68]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
A: Agriculture, Forestry and fishing	772	0.2%	445	–	613	–	11,033	0.3%	2,363	0.1%	2,827	0.1%
B: Mining and quarrying	296	–	–	–	2,961	1%	4,487	0.1%	5,606	0.1%	4,957	0.1%
C: Manufacturing	156,035 (Production)	41.5%	58,649	19.1%	29,889	10.5%	253,358	7.6%	128,905	3.2%	131,674	3.0%
D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply			5,181	1.7%	3,195	1.1%	11,035	0.3%	10,358	0.3%	15,040	0.3%
E: Water supply; Sewerage, Waste management and Remediation activities									14,207	0.4%	12,732	0.3%
F: Construction			20,347	6.6%	18,395	6.5%	174,731	5.3%	262,356	6.6%	340,992	7.8%
G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	–	–	–	–	–	–	478,374	14.4%	522,204	13.1%	531,842	12.2%
H: Transport and storage	–	–	29,760	9.7%	25,056	8.9%	270,358	8.1%	200,336		205,733	4.7%
J: Information and communication	–	–	–	–	–	–			276,355	6.9%	332,394	7.6%
I: Accommodation and food service activities (Distribution or catering; 1981 + 1991)	213,766 (Services)	56.9%	58,778	19.2%	54,123	19.1%	153,357	4.6%	251,574		237,887	5.5%
K: Financial and insurance activities			–	–	57,672	20.4%	937,377	28.3%	306,443		288,113	6.6%
L: Real estate activities			–	–					79,520		92,403	2.1%
M: Professional, scientific and technical activities			–	–					434,405		456,965	10.5%
N: Administrative and support service activities			–	–					234,191		262,952	6.0%
P: Education			–	–	–	–	247,767	7.5%	384,156		418,765	9.6%
Q: Human health and social work activities			–	–	–	–	334,783	10.1%	428,586		563,238	12.9%
O: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security	4,795	1.3%	–	–	–	–	178,261	5.4%	201,545		209,607	4.8%
R, S, T, U: Other and not stated	–	–	131,194	42.6%	90,740	32.1%	264,213	8.0%	255,787		251,958	5.8%
Total	375,664	100%	307,857	100%	282,644	100%	3,319,134	100%	3,998,897	100%	4,360,079	100%

Method of transportation to work

Method of transportation	London (aged 16 and over in employment)
	1981 (10% sample) [69]		1991 (10% sample) [70]		2001 [71]		2011 [72]		2021 [73]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Work mainly at or from home	9,593	3.1%	12,433	4.4%	285,935	7.5%	202,679	5.1%	1,836,823	42.1%
Underground, metro, light rail, tram	39,035	12.7%	–	–	642,476	16.9%	902,263	22.6%	431,842	9.9%
Train	32,638	10.6%	74,262	26.3%	661,166	17.4%	532,720	13.3%	231,074	5.3%
Bus, minibus or coach	51,409	16.7%	32,131	11.4%	376,926	9.9%	561,605	14.0%	386,068	8.9%
Taxi	–	–	–	–	21,962	0.6%	20,314	0.5%	22,544	0.5%
Motorcycle, scooter or moped	6,481	2.1%	3,239	1.1%	55,752	1.5%	45,976	1.1%	30,404	0.7%
Driving a car or van	90,522	29.4%	108,546	38.4%	1,294,081	34.0%	1,120,826	28.0%	897,111	20.6%
Passenger in a car or van	22,903	7.4%	10,068	3.6%	92,819	2.4%	69,659	1.7%	63,883	1.5%
Bicycle	7,308	2.4%	5,783	2.0%	78,804	2.1%	161,705	4.0%	128,833	3.0%
On foot	40,563	13.2%	27,523	9.7%	281,338	7.4%	352,612	8.8%	279,453	6.4%
Other method of travel to work (or Not stated)	7,405	2.4%	8,659	3.1%	14,396	0.4%	28,538	0.7%	52,040	1.2%
Total	307,857	100%	282,644	100%	3,805,655	100%	3,998,897	100%	4,360,075	100%

Hours worked weekly

Hours worked weekly	London (aged 16 and over in employment)
	1991 (10% sample) [74]		2001 [75]		2011 [76]		2021 [77]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Full-time	224,494	79.4%	2,651,793	79.9%	2,973,844	74.4%	3,137,424	72%
Full-time: 31 to 48 hours worked	224,494	79.4%	2,063,598	62.2%	2,338,716	58.4%	2,555,494	58.6%
Full-time: 49 or more hours worked			588,195	17.7%	635,128	15.9%	581,930	13.3%
Part-time	46,319	16.4%	667,341	20.1%	1,025,053	25.6%	1,222,653	28%
Part-time: 15 hours or less worked	15,812	5.6%	224,349	6.8%	346,106	8.7%	464,497	10.7%
Part-time: 16 to 30 hours worked	30,507	10.8%	442,992	13.3%	678,947	17%	758,156	17.3%
Not stated	11,831	4.1%	–	–	–	–	–	–
Total	282,644	100%	3,319,134	100%	3,998,897	100%	4,360,077	100%

Distance to travel to work

Distance to travel to work	2001 [78]		2011 [79]		2021 [80]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Less than 2 km	475,102	14.3%	474,585	11.9%	331,191	7.6%
2 km to less than 5 km	659,230	19.9%	715,936	17.9%	484,894	11.1%
5 km to less than 10 km	803,143	24.2%	926,646	23.2%	533,671	12.2%
10 km to less than 20 km	686,960	20.7%	795,833	19.9%	409,530	9.4%
20 km to less than 30 km	128,560	3.9%	154,589	3.9%	79,897	1.8%
30 km to less than 40 km	32,812	1.0%	38,310	1.0%	23,145	0.5%
40 km to less than 60 km	25,001	0.8%	28,294	0.7%	15,808	0.4%
60 km and over	36,282	1.1%	52,083	1.3%	29,917	0.7%
Works mainly from home	285,935	8.6%	380,665	9.5%	1,836,823	42.1%
Works mainly at an offshore installation, in no fixed place, or outside the UK	186,109	5.6%	–	–	615,201	14.1%
Other	–	–	431,956	10.8%	–	–
Total	3,319,134	100%	3,998,897	100%	4,360,077	100%

National identity

National identity makeup of London by single year ages in 2021

National identity	2011 [81]		2021 [82]
	Number	%	Number	%
British only	2,526,808	30.9%	5,011,396	56.9%
English only	3,035,090	37.1%	717,894	8.2%
Welsh only	31,952	0.4%	19,167	0.2%
Scottish only	53,531	0.7%	29,943	0.3%
Northern Irish only	19,943	0.2%	13,917	0.2%
Any combination of UK only identities	–	–	14,484	0.2%
English and British only	444,115	5.4%	594,149	6.8%
Welsh and British only	7,081	0.1%	10,161	0.1%
Scottish and British only	11,344	0.1%	15,665	0.2%
Northern Irish and British only	2,530	0.0%	4,504	0.1%
Irish only	125,733	1.5%	99,780	1.1%
Irish and at least one UK identity	7,169	0.1%	16,941	0.2%
Other identity only	1,830,912	22.4%	1,878,830	21.4%
Other identity and at least one UK identity	191,771	2.3%	372,898	4.2%
Total	8,173,941	100%	8,799,729	100%

Note: The order of options for the census question on national identity was changed between 2011 and 2021. In 2011 "English only" was the first group listed whereas in 2021 "British only" was first instead. ^[83]

• Population pyramids of identity groupings in 2021
• 
  English only identity
• 
  English and British identity
• 
  British only identity
• 
  UK and non-UK identity
• 
  Non-UK only identity

Housing

Tenure in London according to the 2021 census

Owned household: Total (46.8%)

Privately rented (30%)

Socially rented (23.1%)

Tenure	1981 [84]		1991 [85]		2001 [86]		2011 [87]		2021 [88]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Owned	1,217,525		1,579,177		1,704,719		1,618,315		1,601,042
Owned: outright			491,232		665,061		689,898		710,052
Owned: with a mortgage or loan			1,087,945		1,010,629		886,309		838,494
Shared ownership					29,029		42,108		52,496
Privately renting	415,247		382,785		520,907		819,085		1,025,533
Lives rent free							42,780		6,356
Social renting	872,449		799,167		790,371		785,993		790,958
Total	2,505,221	100%	2,761,129	100%	3,015,997	100%	3,266,173	100%	3,423,889	100%

Education

Level of qualification

Level of qualification	London (aged 16 and over, not in education)
	2001 [89]		2011 [90]		2021 [91]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
No qualifications	1,257,929	23.7%	1,152,517	17.6%	1,151,250	16.2%
Level 1 and entry level qualifications	689,228	13.0%	702,687	10.7%	545,269	7.7%
Level 2 qualifications	904,205	17.1%	775,928	11.8%	707,518	10.0%
Apprenticeship	–	–	107,665	1.6%	227,622	3.2%
Level 3 qualifications	518,624	9.8%	685,508	10.5%	937,875	13.2%
Level 4 qualifications or above	1,642,467	31.0%	2,470,225	37.7%	3,316,829	46.7%
Other qualifications	287,879	5.4%	654,643	10.0%	217,622	3.1%
Total	5,300,332	100%	6,549,173	100%	7,103,985	100%

See also

• England portal
• London portal

• Demographics of the United Kingdom
• Demographics of England
• Demographics of Birmingham
• Demographics of Greater Manchester
• Religion in London
• Religion in England
• List of English cities by population
• List of English districts by population
• List of English districts and their ethnic composition
• List of English districts by area
• List of English districts by population density

References

1. "Land Area and Population Density, Ward and Borough – London Datastore" . Retrieved 13 December 2022.
2. "Population and household estimates, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
3. "Life expectancy for local areas of the UK - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
4. "Births and Fertility Rates, Borough – London Datastore" . Retrieved 10 December 2022.
5. "Infant mortality". Trust for London. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
6. "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021 - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
7. "A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2021) v1.0". geoportal.statistics.gov.uk. p. 12. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
8. "Why have the white British left London?". BBC News. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
9. "London through time: Population Statistics: Total Population". A vision of Britain through time. Great Britain Historical GIS . Retrieved 19 November 2009.
10. "Outer London through time: Population Statistics: Total Population". A vision of Britain through time. Great Britain Historical GIS . Retrieved 19 November 2009.
11. "Inner London through time: Population Statistics: Total Population". A vision of Britain through time. Great Britain Historical GIS . Retrieved 19 November 2009.
12. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
13. "Births in England and Wales: summary tables - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
14. "Demography, London's Population & Geography - Trust For London". Trust for London. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
15. "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 11 March 2005.
16. Mayor of London. "The London Plan". Greater London Authority.
17. "British urban pattern: population data" (PDF). ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions. European Spatial Planning Observation Network. March 2007. p. 119. Archived from the original (pdf) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
18. Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul (2018), "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, pp. 3–38, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1, ISBN   9781351167765, S2CID   240171114 , retrieved 4 December 2022
19. Benedictus, Leo (25 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
20. Lee, Trevor R. (30 June 2010). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/1369183x.1973.9975191. ISSN   1369-183X.
21. Collins, Charles (1971). "Distribution of Commonwealth immigrants in Greater London". Ekistics. 32 (188): 12–21. ISSN   0013-2942. JSTOR   43617773.
22. Jones, P. N. (1978). "The Distribution and Diffusion of the Coloured Population in England and Wales, 1961-71". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 3 (4): 515–532. Bibcode:1978TrIBG...3..515J. doi:10.2307/622127. ISSN   0020-2754. JSTOR   622127. PMID   12157820.
23. Surveys, Great Britain Office of Population Censuses and (1996). Ethnicity in the 1991 Census: Demographic characteristics of the ethnic minority populations. H.M. Stationery Office. ISBN   978-0-11-691655-6.
24. "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
25. "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
26. "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
27. "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
28. "School and pupil characteristics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
29. "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic Year 2021/22". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
30. "Births and infant mortality by ethnicity, England and Wales" . Retrieved 31 January 2022.
31. Coleman, David (1 January 1983). "Some problems of data for the demographic study of immigration and of immigrant and minority populations in Britain". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 6 (1): 103–110. doi:10.1080/01419870.1983.9993401. ISSN   0141-9870.
32. "Live births by ethnicity and local authority, 2020 to 2021 - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
33. "Demography and migration data, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
34. As UK Census data past 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been recommended to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1971 UK wide Census. SAS08 of Country of Birth of England > Greater London.
35. Registrar General for England and Wales; General Register Office Scotland (2002): 1971 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1971-1 This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence
36. As UK Census data past 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been recommended to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1981 UK wide Census. Table 4 of Country of Birth in England > Inner and Outer London.
37. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; Registrar General for Scotland (2000): 1981 Census aggregate data (Edition: 2000). UK Data Service. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1981-1 This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence
38. Data taken from 1991 census data query on NOMIS
39. "Table Finder - 2001 Census - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
40. "Table Finder - 2011 Census - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
41. "Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
42. "Proficiency in English, 2011 (QS205EW)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
43. "Main Language (detailed), 2011 (QS204EW)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
44. "Download:local authorities: county / unitary". NOMIS. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
45. "QS205EW (Proficiency in English) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
46. "TS029 - Proficiency in English - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
47. "2001 census – theme tables" . Retrieved 5 September 2014.
48. "Religion by measures". NOMIS. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
49. "Religion". Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 30 November 2022.
50. "Marriages in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
51. "Conceptions in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
52. "TS077 - Sexual orientation - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
53. "TS078 - Gender identity - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
54. "Suicides in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
55. "KS008 - Health and provision of unpaid care - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
56. "QS302EW (General health) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
57. "TS037 - General health - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
58. "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
59. "KS008 - Health and provision of unpaid care - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
60. "QS303EW (Long-term health problem or disability) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
61. "TS038 - Disability - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
62. "Five facts about... The UK service sector - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
63. "ST05 (Industry (10% Sample) [1961 census]) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
64. "1981 census - small area statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
65. "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
66. "KS011a - Industry of employment - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
67. "QS605EW (Industry) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
68. "TS060 - Industry - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
69. "1981 census - small area statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
70. "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
71. "UV037 - Method of travel to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
72. "QS701EW (Method of travel to work) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
73. "TS061 - Method used to travel to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
74. "1991 census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
75. "UV041 - Hours Worked - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
76. "QS604EW (Hours worked) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
77. "TS059 - Hours worked - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
78. "UV035 - Distance travelled to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
79. "QS702EW (Distance travelled to work) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
80. "TS058 - Distance travelled to work - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
81. "KS202EW (National identity) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
82. "TS027 - National identity - UK - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
83. "Ethnic group, national identity, language, and religion quality information for Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
84. "1981 census - small area statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
85. "1991 census - local base statistics".
86. "KS018 - Tenure - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
87. "KS402EW (Tenure) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
88. "TS054 - Tenure - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
89. "KS013 - Qualifications and students - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
90. "KS501UK - Qualifications and students". NOMIS.
91. "TS067 - Highest level of qualification - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2023.