This article needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's Manual of Style.(October 2020) |
Central Dusun | |
---|---|
Boros Dusun | |
Bunduliwan | |
Native to | Malaysia, Brunei |
Region | Sabah and Federal Territory of Labuan |
Ethnicity | Dusun people, Kadazan people Ethnic population: 600,000 (2010) [1] |
Native speakers | 260,000 Central Dusun (2010) [1] |
Austronesian
| |
Standard forms | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Malaysia (as Kadazandusun) |
Regulated by | Multiple (?): [2] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | dtp |
Glottolog | cent2100 |
Central Dusun, also known as Bunduliwan (Dusun: Boros Dusun), is an Austronesian language and one of the more widespread languages spoken by the Dusun (including Kadazan) peoples of Sabah, Malaysia.
What is termed as Central Dusun (or simply Dusun) and Coastal Kadazan (or simply Kadazan) are deemed to be highly mutually intelligible to one other; many consider these to be part of a single language.
The language was among many other Sabahan vernacular languages suppressed under Mustapha Harun's assimilationist enforcement of Bahasa Malaysia across the state. [3] Under the efforts of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, in 1995, the central Bundu-Liwan dialect was selected to serve as the basis for a standardised "Kadazandusun" language. [4] [5] This dialect, spoken in the Bundu and Liwan valleys of the Croker-Trusmadi ranges (now parts of the present-day districts of Ranau, Tambunan and Keningau), was selected as it was deemed to be the most mutually intelligible when conversing with other "Dusun" or "Kadazan" dialects.
Dusun is written using the Latin alphabet using 21 characters (the letters C, E, F, Q, and X are used in loanwords):
A B D G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
These characters together are called Pimato.
Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ |
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
Fricative | s | h | |||
Rhotic | r | ||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Semivowels /wj/ and rhotic /r/ only occur in most of the other dialects of the Dusun/Kadazan languages. Forschner (1978) and Antonissen (1958) list two fricatives /vz/ for the Rungus and Penampang Kadazan dialects. [x] is also listed as an allophone of /k/ in word-medial position. [6]
The vowels are divided into:
Simple vowels: /iuao/
Diphthongs: ⟨aa⟩⟨ai⟩ (sometimes pronounced /e/) ⟨ii⟩⟨oi⟩⟨uu⟩
Some combinations of vowels do not form diphthongs and each vowel retains its separate sound: ⟨ao⟩⟨ia⟩⟨iu⟩⟨ui⟩⟨ue⟩. In some words ⟨aa⟩ is not a diphthong, and this is indicated by an apostrophe between the two vowels: a'a.
Tindal Dusun [7] has a Philippine-type focus system of syntax that makes one particular noun phrase in a sentence the most prominent. This prominent, focused noun phrase does not need to be the subject or the agent of the clause. In clauses with pronouns, the verbal morphology and the pronoun both indicate focus. If the verb carries actor focus morphology, the actor of the clause will therefore be a nominative pronoun (or, rarely, an emphatic pronoun). Any other noun phrase in the clause will necessarily take pronouns from a different set, as only one noun phrase can be in focus in any given clause.
Gloss | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique | Emphatic |
---|---|---|---|---|
1sg | oku | ku | doho | joho |
2sg | ko | nu | diaʔ | jaʔ |
3sg | isio | disio~dow | isio | |
1in | toko | jatiʔ | ||
1ex | jahaj~jahɛː | dahɛː | jahɛː | |
2pl | jokow | dokow | jokow | |
3pl | joloʔ | dioloʔ | joloʔ |
Gloss | Emphatic | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique |
---|---|---|---|---|
1sg | yoku | oku | ku | doho |
1du | yato/iyahai | kito/iyahai/ikoi | dato/dahai | |
1pl | yotokou | tokou | dotokou | |
2sg | ika/ia' | ko/ika/ia' | nu | dia'/dika |
2pl | ikoyu | kou | dikoyu | |
3sg.m | isio | disido/dau | ||
3sg.f | isido | dosido/dau | ||
3pl | yolo | diolo |
"The "emphatic" pronouns are used alone or preposedly, either as answers or to stress the pronoun. [9] This function is similar to Tagalog's "ikaw" vs "ka", and Paiwan's "ti-" pronoun series.
Ika
You(emph)
i
[personal]
Kinomulok?
Kinomulok
Are you Kinomulok?
I
[personal]
Kinomulok
Kinomulok
oku
I
I am Kinomulok.
Isai
Who
ko?
you(non-emph)
Who are you?
I
[personal]
Tolimu
Batholomew
oku
I
I am Bartholomew.
Ika
You
mongoi.
go
You go.
A typical Dusun sentence is VSO. [10]
Poposidang
dry
oku
I
parai.
rice
I dry rice.
It is, however, possible for a grammatically correct Dusun sentence to be SVO.
Oinsanan
all
tangaanak
children
sikul
school
nonuan
given
do uniform.
uniform
All students have been given uniforms.
English | Dusun |
---|---|
one | iso |
two | duo |
three | tolu |
four | apat |
five | limo |
six | onom |
seven | turu |
eight | walu |
nine | siam |
ten | hopod |
hundred | hatus |
thousand | soriong |
To form numbers such as fifty or sixty, a multiplier is combined with a positional unit (tens, hundreds, thousands etc.), using no.
tolu
three
no
already
hopod
ten
thirty
Separate units are combined with om.
soriong
1000
om
and
turu
seven
no
already
hatus
100
om
and
duo
two
no
already
hopod
ten
om
and
siam
nine
one thousand, seven hundred and twenty nine
English | Dusun |
---|---|
January | Milatok |
February | Mansak |
March | Gomot |
April | Ngiop |
May | Mikat |
June | Lumahas |
July | Madas |
August | Magus |
September | Manom |
October | Gumas |
November | Milau |
December | Momuhau |
The Dusun name of the months derive from the traditional cycle of paddy harvesting.
English | Dusun | |
---|---|---|
Dusun name | Numerical[ citation needed ] | |
Monday | Tontolu | Tadau koiso |
Tuesday | Mirod | Tadau koduo |
Wednesday | Madsa | Tadau kotolu |
Thursday | Tadtaru | Tadau kaapat |
Friday | Kurudu | Tadau kolimo |
Saturday | Kukuak | Tadau koonom |
Sunday | Tiwang | Tadau koturu/minggu |
The names for the days of the week are mostly based on a simple numerical sequence, which is commonly used for media and newspapers.[ citation needed ] The names of Dusun days as part of the seven-day week derive from the life cycle of a butterfly.
English | Dusun |
---|---|
what | nunu/onu |
who | isai |
where | hombo/nonggo |
when | soira |
why | okuro |
how | poingkuro |
how many | piro/songkuro |
Central Dusun language survived by three main dialect groups.
Liwanic : Liwan, Inobong Dusun
Bunduic : Tindal, Bundu, Sinulihan, Tagahas-Tibabar, Gobukon-Luba
Ulu Sugut Dusun : Tinagas, Talantang, Tuhawon
All Central Dusun dialects are 100% mutually intelligible when conversing.
1 1Tontok di timpuun i' om wonsoyo' nod Kinorohingan o tawan om pomogunan.2Aiso' po suang do pomogunan, om aiso' o poimpasi; om noolitan di rahat dot opuhod, om odondom o kotuongo'. Nga' mintongkop i' i Rusod do Kinorohingan do hiri'd soibau di waig.3Om pomoros no o Kinorohingan do poingkaa, "Nawau no," ka – om haro noddi o tanawau.4Om kokito nod Kinorohingan dot osonong i tanawau, om potongkiado' no dau i tanawau do mantad id totuong.5Om pungaranai nod Kinorohingan do "Dangadau" i tanawau, om "Dongotuong" i totuong. Om korikot no sosodopon om korikot nogiddi kosuabon – iri no tadau do koiso'. [13]
Old Javanese or Kawi is the oldest attested phase of the Javanese language. It was spoken in the eastern part of what is now Central Java and the whole of East Java, Indonesia. As a literary language, Kawi was used across Java and on the islands of Madura, Bali, and Lombok. It had a sizable vocabulary of Sanskrit loanwords but had not yet developed the formal krama language register, to be used with one's social superiors that is characteristic of modern Javanese.
Tokelauan is a Polynesian language spoken in Tokelau and historically by the small population of Swains Island in American Samoa. It is closely related to Tuvaluan and is related to Samoan and other Polynesian languages. Tokelauan has a co-official status with English in Tokelau. There are approximately 4,260 speakers of Tokelauan, of whom 2,100 live in New Zealand, 1,400 in Tokelau, and 17 in Swains Island. "Tokelau" means "north-northeast".
Rapa Nui or Rapanui, also known as Pascuan or Pascuense, is an Eastern Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family. It is spoken on Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui.
Dusun is the collective name of an indigenous ethnic group to the Malaysian state of Sabah of North Borneo. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic group in Sabah. The Dusun people have been internationally recognised as indigenous to Borneo since 2004 as per the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
The Kadazans are an ethnic group indigenous to the state of Sabah in Malaysia. They are found mainly in Penampang on the west coast of Sabah, the surrounding locales, and various locations in the interior.
Kadazan-Dusun are the largest ethnic group in Sabah, Malaysia, an amalgamation of the closely related indigenous Kadazan and Dusun peoples. They are also known as Mamasok Sabah, meaning "indigenous people of Sabah". Kadazan-Dusun tradition holds that they are the descendants of Nunuk Ragang. Kadazan-Dusun is recognised as an indigenous nation of Borneo with documented heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) since 2004. Kadazan-Dusun is part of bumiputera group in Malaysia and has special rights concerning land, rivers, education and maintaining their own customs.
Karajá, also known as Iny rybè, is spoken by the Karajá people in some thirty villages in central Brazil.
Nunuk Ragang is a site traditionally considered as the location of the original home of the ancestors of the Kadazan-Dusun natives who inhabit most of northern Borneo. The site, nearby a village named Tampias, is located at the intersection of the left and right branches of the Liwagu River to the east of Ranau and Tambunan in Sabah. The two river branches joined up to flow into the Labuk river and drain out into the Sulu Sea. At the site, and under a giant banyan tree, a settlement referred to as Nunuk Ragang was founded. The giant banyan tree was said to be able to give shade to a longhouse sheltering 10 families in it. The legend about Nunuk Ragang had been passed down via oral traditions to the younger generations. No archaeological dig has been carried out to establish the veracity of the legend.
Coastal Kadazan, also known as Dusun Tangara, is a dialect of the Central Dusun as well as a minority language primarily spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. It is the primary dialect spoken by the Kadazan people in the west coast of Sabah especially in the districts of Penampang, Papar and Membakut.
Abui is a non-Austronesian language of the Alor Archipelago. It is spoken in the central part of Alor Island in Eastern Indonesia, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) province by the Abui people. The native name in the Takalelang dialect is Abui tanga which literally translates as 'mountain language'.
Maliseet-Passamaquoddy is an endangered Algonquian language spoken by the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy peoples along both sides of the border between Maine in the United States and New Brunswick, Canada. The language consists of two major dialects: Maliseet, which is mainly spoken in the Saint John River Valley in New Brunswick; and Passamaquoddy, spoken mostly in the St. Croix River Valley of eastern Maine. However, the two dialects differ only slightly, mainly in their phonology. The indigenous people widely spoke Maliseet-Passamaquoddy in these areas until around the post-World War II era when changes in the education system and increased marriage outside of the speech community caused a large decrease in the number of children who learned or regularly used the language. As a result, in both Canada and the U.S. today, there are only 600 speakers of both dialects, and most speakers are older adults. Although the majority of younger people cannot speak the language, there is growing interest in teaching the language in community classes and in some schools.
The Sama–Bajaw languages are a well-established group of languages spoken by the Sama-Bajau peoples of the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.
The Dusunic languages are a group of languages spoken by the Bisaya and Dusun, and related peoples in the Malaysian province of Sabah on Borneo.
The Sabahan languages are a group of Austronesian languages centered on the Bornean province of Sabah.
Farefare or Frafra, also known by the regional name of Gurenne (Gurene), is a Niger–Congo language spoken by the Frafra people of northern Ghana, particularly the Upper East Region, and southern Burkina Faso. It is a national language of Ghana, and is closely related to Dagbani and other languages of Northern Ghana, and also related to Mossi, also known as Mooré, the national language of Burkina Faso.
Lala, Nara, or Pokau is an Austronesian language of the central southern coast of the Papuan Peninsula in Papua New Guinea. This language is spoken in the villages of Oloi, Diumana, Ala'ala, Tubu, Kaiau and Vanuamae. A count in 2017 showed there to be about 3000 speakers with a current language status of developing, meaning that the language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some.
A Bobohizan or Bobolian is a high priestess, a ritual specialist and a spirit medium in Kadazan-Dusun pagan rites. The office of Bobohizan or Bobolian, is also the chief preserver of Momolianism, i.e. the philosophy and way of life of the Kadazan-Dusun people.
Momolianism is a belief system of the Kadazan-Dusun people of Sabah.
Sabah is the third most populous state in Malaysia, with a population of 3,418,785 according to the 2020 Malaysian census. It also has the highest non-citizen population, at 810,443. Although Malaysia is one of the least densely populated countries in Asia, Sabah is particularly sparsely populated. Most of the population is concentrated along coastal areas, with towns and urban centers seeing the most population growth.
Tenghilan is a small town and mukim under the administration of the Tamparuli minor district office. It is located in the Tuaran District of the West Coast Division of Sabah, Malaysia. The Tenghilan area is centered around a small town of the same name located near the road that connects Kota Kinabalu and Kota Belud. In 2010, its population was estimated at 203 inhabitants, mostly of Kadazan-Dusun origin. The town, which covers about 400 hectares of land, is located about 17 km northeast of Tuaran, and 25 km southwest of Kota Belud.