Education in Ontario

Last updated

Education in Ontario
Educational oversight
Minister of Education Stephen Lecce
National education budget (2024–2025)
Budget CAN$ 35.4 billion [1]
General details
Primary languagesEnglish, French
System typeRegional school boards shares power with provincial government
Literacy
Male99% [2]
Female99% [2]
Secondary645,945 (2022–2023) [3]
Post secondary920,145 (2021–2022) [4]
Attainment
Secondary diploma 84.9% (2022) [5]
Post-secondary diploma 31.9% (2016) [6]

Education in Ontario comprises public and private primary schools, secondary schools and post-secondary institutions. Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Education, while colleges and universities are administered by the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. The current respective Ministers for each are Stephen Lecce and Ross Romano. The province's public education system is primarily funded by the Government of Ontario, with education in Canada falling almost entirely under provincial jurisdiction. There is no federal government department or agency involved in the formation or analysis of policy regarding education for most Canadians. Schools for Indigenous people in Canada with Indian status are the only schools that are funded federally, and although the schools receive more money per individual student than certain provinces, the amount also includes the operation and maintenance of school facilities, instructional services, students supports and staff. [7] Most provincial allocations per students do not include the maintenance and operation of buildings, as most provincial governments offer additional grants. [8]

Contents

Several publicly funded school systems provide elementary and secondary schooling to Canadian residents of the province from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12. The school systems operate as public or separate, in either the English or French language. The overlapping publicly funded school systems is organized into a number of school boards: 31 English secular, 29 English Roman Catholics, eight French Catholic, four French secular, and one Protestant separate school board. [9] [10] French-language school boards are guaranteed under Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . [11]

History

Timeline

St. Johns Common School is the oldest extant public school in Ontario St. Johns Common School, St. Johns, Ontario (2017).jpg
St. Johns Common School is the oldest extant public school in Ontario

Upper Canada's Grammar School Act of 1807 provided the first public funds for schools in what would become Ontario. 8 schools were opened. [12]

Racially segregated schools

An amendment to the 1850 Common School Act allowed for the creation of racially segregated schools. [27] This was because the Common School Act included the Separate School Clause that allowed for the separation between different religions and races. However, it was taken advantage of and quickly became problematic as school trustees supported racial segregation towards non-White students. [28] Racial segregation looked different depending on where it took place in Canada. Many of these schools were located in southwestern Ontario where Black individuals and families settled looking for freedom. [27] Some schools in Ontario had separate school buildings, while others attended the same school but at different times. [28] Those schools that were for Black students were characterized by markedly poorer conditions and little concern was shown for their education. [27] Scholars identify this as a suppressed history because it contradicts narratives of Ontario and Canada as places of justice and equality. [29] However, this history includes a legacy of slavery in Canada that lasted for over 200 years as well as acts of terror perpetuated by white Ontarians such as burning the barns of Black families to the ground. [30] The last racially segregated school in Ontario did not close until 1965. [31]

Residential schools in Ontario

Residential schools in Ontario were part of the larger Canadian Indian residential school system which spanned the country. The Mohawk Institute Residential School in Brantford, Ontario was the oldest continually-operating residential school in Canada. [32] Other residential schools also existed across the province. Egerton Ryerson was a key architect of the residential school system in Ontario. Residential schools were federally administered, meaning that the provincial government was not required to meet treaty obligations to Ontario First Nations for education. Reserve schools continue to be funded by the federal government today under a different funding model than provincially funded schools. [33] The curriculum in Ontario now includes the culture of Indigenous people, and the topic of maltreatment of Indigenous people in residential schools. [34]

Primary and secondary education

Ontario operates four publicly funded school systems, with there being both English and French equivalents of the public school system and the Catholic school system. [35] About half of Ontario's government-funded District School Boards are Catholic (37 out of 72). [36] There are some publicly funded schools with non-Catholic religious affiliation: these include Eden High School (under the District School Board of Niagara) [37] and the Burkevale Protestant Separate School (under the Penetanguishene Protestant Separate School Board). [38] Legislation regarding primary and secondary level education in Ontario is outlined in the Education Act. [39] As of 2021, two million children were enrolled as students within the province. [40] Elementary schools teach children enrolled in kindergarden and grades 1–8, while secondary schools teach adolescents in grades 9–12. Four and five year olds may enter kindergarten programs but are not required by law to do so until they turn six that calender year. [41]

Separate school systems

In 1867, the Constitution of Canada outlined protections for educating both Protestant and Catholic students. [42] As a result of legislative developments, only Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan continue to keep these separate school systems; [43] although Ontario is the only province that fully funds such schools. [44] Public debate regarding whether to dissolve Catholic school funding has existed since the 1980s, [45] as Catholic schools started receiving full public funding in 1985. [46] Catholic individuals can choose whether to direct their property taxes to Catholic or public school boards. [47]

In 1996, Adler v Ontario determined that provinces could choose how to direct their funding to religious schools. [48] In 1999, the United Nations concluded that Ontario's funding of Catholic schools is a form of religious discrimination, as other religions do not receive such funding for their schools. Possible solutions presented by the United Nations for remedying the matter were either removing faith-based funded entirely or extending such funding to other religious schools. [49] Non-Catholic teachers cannot apply for an estimated third of total available teaching jobs in the province, as being Catholic is a requirement to work for a Catholic school board. [50] A 2018 Ipsos poll concluded that 60% were in favour of a single school system that was publically funded. Proponents argue that defunding the Catholic school system would be more fair to people with different religious backgrounds and save an estimated $1.2 to $1.5 billion annually. [45]

Secondary schools

Once a student has met the requirements to graduate, they will receive an Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD). In addition to completed credits, graduation requirements include 40 hours of volunteer service [51] and a passing grade on the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT). [52] Students typically take four classes in a semester, unless the school has a multiple subject instructional period (MSIP), where students will take five classes instead. [53] [54] Individuals that do not graduate may enroll as 12B students, which allows for an extra year of schooling to graduate. 12B students might have already earned their OSSD and use the program for victory lapping. There is no legal age or time constraint against attending secondary school longer than 4 years, although a limit on course credit exists. [55] Students who graduate with an 80% average earn an Ontario Scholar certificate. [56] Before the discontinuation of the program in 2024, adult learners who had not earned their Ontario Secondary School Diploma could earn an equivalent certification through General Education Development (GED). [57] There is no replacement program for GED. [58]

Private schools

Under the Education Act, private schools in Ontario are required to offer the Ontario curriculum or a program not of lesser educational value than it. [59] It must also submit a notice of intention to legally operate within the province. [60] A private institution is considered a school if "instruction is provided at any time between the hours of 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. on any school day for five or more pupils who are of or over compulsory school age in any of the subjects of the elementary or secondary school courses of study." [61] Private schools that meet provincial standards may offer the Ontario Secondary School Diploma. [62]

Higher education

Higher education in Ontario includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the Ministry of Colleges and Universities, whose current minister is Jill Dunlop. [63] Recognized institutions include universities, colleges of applied arts and technology, and private career colleges. [64] While there is some overlap between the purpose of universities and colleges in Canada, they generally serve different purposes. Universities place greater emphasis on academics while colleges place greater emphasis on work-integrated learning. Both colleges and universities can offer undergraduate degree programs. [65] There are also programs that involve a partnership between a college and a university. Some students choose to attend college over university because it is the more affordable option. [66]

In 2021, international students represented a sixth of the total student population in Ontario. [67] Both public and private postsecondary institutions have had dramatic spikes in their international student population in the past decade, as regulation prevents these inflated costs from being passed on to domestic students. In 2024, a federal cap on international student visas was introduced to ease the national housing crisis. [68]

See also

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References

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  21. 1 2 Hardy, Edwin Austen (1950). Cochrane, Honora M. (ed.). Centennial Story: The Board of Education for the City of Toronto 1850–1950. Toronto, ON: Thomas Nelson and Sons (Canada) Limited.
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  27. 1 2 3 McLaren, Kristin (1 May 2004). ""We had no desire to be set apart": Forced Segregation of Black Students in Canada West Public Schools and Myths of British Egalitarianism". Histoire sociale / Social History. ISSN   1918-6576.
  28. 1 2 "Racial Segregation of Black People in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  29. ↑ Reynolds, Graham; Robson, Wanda (2016). Viola Desmond's Canada: A History of Blacks and racial segregation in the promised land. Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing.
  30. ↑ Smardz Frost, K.; Walls, B.; Bates Neary, H.; Armstrong, F.H. (2009). Ontario's African-Canadian Heritage: Collected writings by Fred Landon, 1918–1967. Toronto, ON: Natural Heritage Books.
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  32. ↑ Miller, J. R. (10 October 2012). "Residential Schools in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada . Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  33. ↑ "History of Residential Schools". indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  34. ↑ Ontario Curriculum. "First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Connections" (PDF). The Ontario Curriculum Grades 1-8 and the Kindergarten Program.
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  37. ↑ "LaFleche: Eden High not a religious bogey man". Niagara This Week. Fort Erie Times. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  38. ↑ Phillips, Kim. "Hundreds protest for a new school in Penetanguishene". CTV News. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
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  42. ↑ Mascio, Anthony. "Why Canada divides children into separate schools". The Conversation. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  43. ↑ Fletcher, Robson. "Why does Alberta still have a separate Catholic school system? Here's a 2-minute explanation". CBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  44. ↑ Smith, Jenna. "The Constitutional Catholic Schools Issue in Ontario: How the Province of Ontario Could Remove its Obligations to Fully Fund Catholic Schools by Way of a Constitutional Amendment". Ottawa Law Review. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  45. 1 2 Chong, Joshua. "Debate over defunding Ontario's Catholic schools is raging again. Experts say doing it is actually quite simple". Toronto Star. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  46. ↑ Urquhart, Ian. "Catholic school funding at issue again". Toronto Star. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  47. ↑ Wilson, J. "Separate School". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  48. ↑ Corbett, Stan (1997). "Adler v. Ontario: The Troubling Legacy of a Compromise". Constitutional Forum. 8 (3): 64.
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  50. ↑ "'I don't think it's fair': Ontario group pushing to end government funding for Catholic schools One". CBC News. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  51. ↑ Kalinowski, Tess. "Does mandatory volunteering build better citizens? Not necessarily, says expert". Toronto Star. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  52. ↑ Jalaluddin, Uzma. "Ontario's standardized high school literacy test is back. But to teachers and students the new online format is 'clear as mud'". Toronto Star. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
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  54. ↑ Potl, Bethany. "Life in high school, university during pandemic". Niagara On The Lake Local. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
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  56. ↑ Jerema, Carson. "Your grades will drop". Maclean's. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  57. ↑ Hristova, Bobby. "Canada's GED high school equivalency test ends after March, leaving adult students in limbo". CBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  58. ↑ Teotonio, Isabel. "Demand for the GED high school equivalency test has 'skyrocketed' in Ontario. Now that it's ending, adult learners are uneasy without an alternative". Toronto Star. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  59. ↑ Sections 21.2 and 8(2) of the Education Act
  60. ↑ "Private schools: Notice of intention to operate a private school". Ontario.ca. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  61. ↑ Definition of "private school" in section 1.1 of the Education Act
  62. ↑ Helmer, Aedan. "Chinese school challenges Ontario move to revoke credit-granting authority". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  63. ↑ Callan, Isaac; D'Mello, Colin. "Ontario unveils $1B-plus in colleges, universities funding and new legislation". Global News. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
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