Evening bat

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Evening bat
Nycticeius humeralis Evening bat.JPG
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Nycticeius
Species:
N. humeralis
Binomial name
Nycticeius humeralis
(Rafinesque, 1818)
Nycticeius humeralis map.svg

The evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) is a species of bat in the vesper bat family that is native to North America. [2] Hunting at night, they eat beetles, moths, and other flying insects.

Contents

Description

Evening bat.jpg
An evening bat in the hands of a researcher

The evening bat is a small bat weighing 7–15 g (0.25–0.53 oz) [3] found throughout much of the midwestern and eastern United States. Their forearms are 34–38 mm (1.3–1.5 in) in length. [4] The tip of each dorsal hair is a light gray, and one to two-thirds of the basal is dark brown. Though there have been some cases of white pelage, the majority of the population is mostly brown in color. [4] They have wide, dog-like muzzles, pronounced facial glands, and disproportionately large bacula. [4] [5] Evening bats can be mistaken for juvenile big brown bats, due to their physical resemblance but smaller size.

Morphology

Evening bats have relatively robust jaws, compared to other insectivorous bats. [6] They have an unkeeled calcar and a short, round tragus. [7] The curvature of the tragus helps distinguish it from bats of the genus Myotis, which otherwise look very similar. [7] Their skull has one upper incisor on each side with 4 molariform teeth. [8]

Biology

The evening bat is a relatively short-lived, especially compared to other bats in its geographic range. [9] It has a maximum age of 6 years, though few individuals live past 4 years. [10] [9] Its short lifespan for a bat could be explained by its considerably higher reproductive output. Bats that only have one pup per year would need to live much longer to have the same fitness as a shorter-lived species with two or three pups per year. [9]

Reproduction

Evening bats mate in the fall and winter; the sperm is stored until the spring, when fertilization occurs. [11] Female bats form maternity colonies in May, [12] consisting of 15-300 individuals. [3] Of females that give birth, 90% have twins, but singletons and triplets are also possible. [11] [12] [13] Though it is more common for evening bats to nurse their own offspring, [3] a small proportion of offspring are nursed by unrelated females. The pups are capable of flight within a month of birth. [12] Pups are weaned within 42 days of birth. [3] Female pups exhibit natal philopatry, meaning that as adults, they return to the roost where they were born to give birth. [3]

Diet

These bats have varied diets. A majority of the bats' diet in Indiana and Illinois are beetles, including the spotted cucumber beetle, which is a serious agricultural pest. [14] In southern Illinois, the spotted cucumber beetle is almost 25% of the evening bats' diet. [15] Other beetles consumed include ground beetles and scarab beetles. [14] Moths are also a significant dietary component. [14] Bugs, winged ants, and flies are prey items of less significance. [15] [16] Evening bats partition resources with other insectivorous bats in their range, such as the eastern red bat and Seminole bat. [16] Despite foraging in the same areas at the same time, these three bat species choose different prey items at different points throughout the summer. [16]

Distribution

At first, the evening bat was thought of as a southeastern bat species. [17] However, breeding evening bats have been found as far north as Michigan and as far west as the 100th meridian. [13] Evening bats roost in a variety of structures, including Spanish moss, under bark, in tree cavities, and in buildings. [18] For foraging habitat, evening bats in Georgia prefer pine forest, riparian zones, and open fields. [19] Evening bats have home ranges of approximately 300 hectare (1.15 mi2). [19] Because the evening bat is not found in the northernmost extent of its range in the winter, it is likely that at least some evening bats are migratory. [4]

Conservation

While the evening bat is considered endangered in the state of Indiana, [20] it has a cosmopolitan distribution throughout the southeast and midwest. [18] Because evening bats do not enter or hibernate in caves, the species is not at-risk from white-nose syndrome, which has killed over six million bats in the United States since 2006. [21] The evening bat's avoidance of this disease, along with die-offs of many other species, is possibly responsible for the evening bat recently expanding its range into Wisconsin in 2015 and Minnesota in 2016. [21] [22]

StateConservation Status
AlabamaLowest Conservation Concern
ArkansasNot listed
FloridaNot listed
GeorgiaNot listed
IllinoisNot listed
IndianaState Endangered
IowaNot listed
KentuckyThreatened
KansasNot listed
LouisianaNot listed
MarylandNot listed
MichiganThreatened
MinnesotaNot listed
MississippiNot listed
MissouriNot listed
NebraskaNot listed
North CarolinaNot listed
OhioSpecies of Special Interest
OklahomaNot listed
PennsylvaniaNot listed
South CarolinaNot listed
TennesseeNot listed
TexasNot listed
VirginiaNot listed
West VirginiaNot listed
WisconsinNot listed

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vespertilionidae</span> Family of microbats

Vespertilionidae is a family of microbats, of the order Chiroptera, flying, insect-eating mammals variously described as the common, vesper, or simple nosed bats. The vespertilionid family is the most diverse and widely distributed of bat families, specialised in many forms to occupy a range of habitats and ecological circumstances, and it is frequently observed or the subject of research. The facial features of the species are often simple, as they mainly rely on vocally emitted echolocation. The tails of the species are enclosed by the lower flight membranes between the legs. Over 300 species are distributed all over the world, on every continent except Antarctica. It owes its name to the genus Vespertilio, which takes its name from a word for bat, vespertilio, derived from the Latin term vesper meaning 'evening'; they are termed "evening bats" and were once referred to as "evening birds".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tricolored bat</span> Species of bat

The tricolored bat is a species of microbat native to eastern North America. Formerly known as the eastern pipistrelle, based on the incorrect belief that it was closely related to European Pipistrellus species, the closest known relative of the tricolored bat is now recognized as the canyon bat. Its common name "tricolored bat" derives from the coloration of the hairs on its back, which have three distinct color bands. It is the smallest bat species in the eastern and midwestern US, with individuals weighing only 4.6–7.9 g (0.16–0.28 oz). This species mates in the fall before hibernation, though due to sperm storage, females do not become pregnant until the spring. Young are born helpless, though rapidly develop, flying and foraging for themselves by four weeks old. It has a relatively long lifespan, and can live nearly fifteen years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Big brown bat</span> Species of vesper bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

The big brown bat is a species of vesper bat distributed widely throughout North America, the Caribbean, and the northern portion of South America. It was first described as a species in 1796. Compared to other microbats, the big brown bat is relatively large, weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz) and possessing a wingspan of 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jamaican fruit bat</span> Species of bat

The Jamaican, common or Mexican fruit bat is a fruit-eating bat native to Mexico, through Central America to northwestern South America, as well as the Greater and many of the Lesser Antilles. It is also an uncommon resident of the Southern Bahamas. Populations east of the Andes in South America are now usually regarded a separate species, the flat-faced fruit-eating bat. The distinctive features of the Jamaican fruit bat include the absence of an external tail and a minimal, U-shaped interfemoral membrane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parnell's mustached bat</span> Species of bat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indiana bat</span> Species of bat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pallid bat</span> Species of bat

The pallid bat is a species of bat that ranges from western Canada to central Mexico. It is the sole species of its genus and is closely related to Van Gelder's bat, which is sometimes included in Antrozous. Although it has in the past been placed in its own subfamily (Antrozoinae) or even family (Antrozoidae), it is now considered part of the subfamily Vespertilioninae and the tribe Antrozoini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern red bat</span> Species of bat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawaiian hoary bat</span> Species of bat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Schlieffen's serotine</span> Species of bat

Schlieffen's serotine, also known as Schlieffen's bat or Schlieffen's twilight bat, is a species of vesper bat found in Africa. It has been placed in numerous genera since its first description in 1859, but morphological and genetic studies have confirmed it as the only species in the genus Nycticeinops. It is named for the collector of the original specimen, Wilhelm von Schlieffen-Schlieffiennburg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western broad-nosed bat</span> Species of bat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seminole bat</span> Species of bat

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern small-footed myotis</span> Species of bat

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References

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  2. Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilkinson, G.S. (1992). "Communal Nursing in the Evening Bat, Nycticeius humeralis". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 31 (4): 225–235. doi:10.1007/bf00171677. S2CID   15560376.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Watkins, L. C. (1972). Nycticeius humeralis. Mammalian species, (23), 1-4.
  5. Hamilton, W. J. (1949). "The bacula of some North American vespertilionid bats". Journal of Mammalogy. 30 (2): 97–102. doi:10.2307/1375254. JSTOR   1375254. PMID   18121317.
  6. Freeman, P. W. (1981). "Correspondence of food habits and morphology in insectivorous bats". Journal of Mammalogy. 62 (1): 166–173. doi:10.2307/1380489. JSTOR   1380489. S2CID   12934993.
  7. 1 2 Barbour, R., W. Davis. 1974. Mammals of Kentucky. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.
  8. Whitaker, John O. (2010). Mammals of Indiana. Bloomington, IA: Indiana University Press. pp. 118 & 119. ISBN   978-0-253-22213-8.
  9. 1 2 3 Austad, S. N. (2010). Cats,"rats," and bats: the comparative biology of aging in the 21st century. Integrative and comparative biology, icq131.
  10. Humphrey, S. R.; Cope, J. B. (1970). "Population samples of the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis". Journal of Mammalogy. 51 (2): 399–401. doi:10.2307/1378503. JSTOR   1378503.
  11. 1 2 Whitaker, J. O., Jr., J. B. Cope, D. W. Sparks, V. Brack, Jr., and S. Johnson. Bats of Indiana. Publication no. 1, ISU Center for North American Bat Research and Conservation. Indiana State University. 59 pp.
  12. 1 2 3 Watkins, L. C., & Shump Jr, K. A. (1981). Behavior of the evening bat Nycticeius humeralis at a nursery roost. American Midland Naturalist, 258-268.
  13. 1 2 Kurta, A., Foster, R., Hough, E., & Winhold, L. (2005). The evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) on the northern edge of its range—a maternity colony in Michigan. The American midland naturalist, 154(1), 264-267.
  14. 1 2 3 Whitaker Jr, J. O., & Clem, P. (1992). Food of the evening bat Nycticeius humeralis from Indiana. American Midland Naturalist, 211-214.
  15. 1 2 Feldhamer, G. A., Whitaker Jr, J. O., Krejca, J. K., & Taylor, S. J. (1995). Food of the evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) and red bat (Lasiurus borealis) from southern Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science, 88, 139-143.
  16. 1 2 3 Carter, T. C., Menzel, M. A., Chapman, B. R., & Miller, K. V. (2004). Partitioning of food resources by syntopic eastern red (Lasiurus borealis), Seminole (L. seminolus) and evening (Nycticeius humeralis) bats. The American midland naturalist, 151(1), 186-191.
  17. Baker, W. W.; Marshall, S. G.; Baker, V. B. (1968). "Autumn fat deposition in the evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis)". Journal of Mammalogy. 49 (2): 314–317. doi:10.2307/1377991. JSTOR   1377991.
  18. 1 2 Menzel, M. A., Carter, T. C., Ford, W. M., & Chapman, B. R. (2001). Tree-roost characteristics of subadult and female adult evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. The American Midland Naturalist, 145(1), 112-119.
  19. 1 2 Morris, A. D.; Miller, D. A.; Conner, L. M. (2011). "Home-range size of evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) in southwestern Georgia". Southeastern Naturalist. 10 (1): 85–94. doi:10.1656/058.010.0107. S2CID   84793982.
  20. "Bats in Indiana". Indiana Department of Natural Resources. IN.gov. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  21. 1 2 Bergquist, Lee (September 13, 2016). "First find of bat species in 60 years". Journal Sentinel. Milwaukee. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  22. "First new bat species discovered in Minnesota in more than a century". Minnesota DNR. Minnesota. August 1, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2017.

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