Gene density

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In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million base pairs, or megabase (Mb). The human genome has a gene density of 11-15 genes/Mb, while the genome of the C. elegans roundworm is estimated to have 200. [1]

Contents

Seemingly simple organisms, such as bacteria and amoebas, have a much higher gene density than humans. Bacterial DNA has a gene density on the order of 500-1000 genes/Mb. This is due several factors, including that the fact that bacterial DNA has no introns. There are also fewer codons in bacterial genes. [2]

Species

protozoa

speciesnumber of genesbase pairs in genome (Mb)gene density
Babesia microti 3,685 [3] 6.4 [4] 575.8
Besnoitia besnoiti 8,546 [5] 58.8 [6] 145.3
Cryptosporidium parvum 3,887 [7] 9.1 [8] 427.1
Giardia intestinalis 5,388 [9] 11.5 [10] 468.5
Leishmania donovani 8,123 [11] 32.4 [12] 250.7
Plasmodium falciparum 5,683 [13] 23.5 [14] 241.8
Phytophthora infestans 19,344 [15] 203.2 [16] 95.2
Tetrahymena thermophila 26,996 [17] 130.4 [18] 207
Theileria parva 4,141 [19] 8.3 [20] 498.9
Toxoplasma gondii 8,925 [21] 64.5 [22] 138.4
Trypanosoma cruzi 25,183 [23] 32.5 [24] 774.9

fungi

speciesnumber of genesbase pairs in genome (Mb)gene density
Agaricus bisporus 11,459 [25] 30.7 [26] 373.3
Aspergillus nidulans 9,586 [27] 30.6 [28] 313.3
Aspergillus niger 10,828 [29] 35.6 [30] 304.2
Candida albicans 6,263 [31] 14.7 [32] 426.1
Cryptococcus neoformans 7,004 [33] 18.6 [34] 376.5
Debaryomyces hansenii 6,495 [35] 12.1 [36] 536.8
Encephalitozoon cuniculi 2,029 [37] 2.3 [38] 882.2
Eremothecium gossypii 5,356 [39] 9.1 [40] 588.6
Fusarium oxysporum 21,354 [41] 52.4 [42] 407.5
Kluyveromyces lactis 5,335 [43] 10.6 [44] 503.3
Lasiodiplodia theobromae 13,054 [45] 43.6 [46] 299.4
Neurospora crassa 10,590 [47] 41.3 [48] 256.4
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6,445 [49] 11.9 [50] 541.6
Saccharomyces paradoxus 5,840 [51] 12 [52] 486.6
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 6,974 [53] 12.8 [54] 544.8
Talaromyces marneffei 10,138 [55] 28.3 [56] 358.2
Tremella mesenterica 8,292 [57] 27.9 [58] 297.2
Trichoderma harzianum 14,294 [59] 40.7 [60] 351.2
Trichophyton rubrum 8,804 [61] 23.1 [62] 381.1
Ustilago maydis 6,909 [63] 19.9 [64] 347.2
Wallemia ichthyophaga 5,000 [65] 9.5 [66] 526.3
Yarrowia lipolytica 7,144 [67] 20.3 [68] 351.9

plants

speciescommon namenumber of genesbase pairs in genome (Mb)gene density
Ananas comosus pineapple25,758382 [69] 67.4
Arabidopsis thaliana thale cress38,311 [70] 119 [71] 321.9
Asparagus officinalis asparagus32,237 [72] 1,187 [73] 27.2
Brassica rapa field mustard51,592 [74] 333 [75] 154.9
Cannabis sativa cannabis31,170 [76] 876 [77] 35.6
Cajanus cajan pigeon pea33,495 [78] 593 [79] 56.5
Capsicum annuum pepper41,729 [80] 2,909 [81] 14.3
Coffea arabica coffee56,902 [82] 1,094 [83] 52
Glycine max soybean59,905 [84] 995.7 [85] 60.2
Juglans regia English walnut37,996 [86] 634.7 [87] 59.9
Nicotiana tabacum tobacco74,273 [88] 3,734.2 [89] 19.9
Olea europaea olive47,911 [90] 1,316.7 [91] 36.4
Oryza sativa rice35,223 [92] 385 [93] 91.5
Panicum hallii grass31,528 [94] 511.6 [95] 61.6
Physcomitrium patens spreading earthmoss23,747 [96] 472 [97] 50.3
Prunus dulcis almond26,936 [98] 236.9 [99] 113.7
Prunus persica peach26,412 [100] 214.2 [101] 123.3
Punica granatum pomegrante29,281 [102] 308.4 [103] 94.9
Rosa chinensis rose40,349 [104] 513.9 [105] 78.5
Solanum lycopersicum tomato31,263 [106] 813 [107] 38.5
Solanum tuberosum potato33,606 [108] 760 [109] 44.2
Theobroma cacao cocoa24,957 [110] 335 [111] 74.5
Zea mays corn49,796 [112] 2,197 [113] 22.7

invertebrate

invertebrate species
speciescommon namenumber of genesbase pairs in genome (Mb)gene density
Aedes aegypti yellow fever mosquito19,623 [114] 1,274 [115] 15.4
Anopheles gambiae African malaria mosquito13,247 [116] 250 [117] 53
Apis mellifera honey bee12,374 [118] 226 [119] 54.8
Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans47,632 [120] 102 [121] 467
Daphnia magna water flea21,549 [122] 126 [123] 171
Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly17,868 [124] 137 [125] 130.4
Hydra vulgaris hydra22,980 [126] 1,055 [127] 21.8
Limulus polyphemus horseshoe crab27,318 [128] 1,828 [129] 14.9
Octopus sinensis octopus29,784 [130] 2,719 [131] 11
Pediculus humanus human louse10,993 [132] 110 [133] 99.9
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus purple sea urchin33,504 [134] 921 [135] 36.4

vertebrate non-mammals

speciescommon namenumber of genesbase pairs in genome (Mb)gene density
Alligator mississippiensis American alligator25,279 [136] 2,161 [137] 11.7
Anolis carolinensis anole lizard22,293 [138] 1,799 [139] 12.4
Astyanax mexicanus Mexican tetra31,695 [140] 1,263 [141] 25.1
Columba livia pigeon26,679 [142] 1,063 [143] 25.1
Danio rerio zebrafish47,350 [144] 1,408 [145] 33.6
Gallus gallus chicken24,402 [146] 1,043 [147] 23.4
Nothobranchius furzeri turquoise killifish25,387 [148] 1,052 [149] 24.1
Oryzias latipes Japanese rice fish26,846 [150] 746 [151] 36
Petromyzon marinus sea lamprey22,167 [152] 987 [153] 22.5
Taeniopygia guttata zebra finch21,543 [154] 1,069 [155] 20.2
Takifugu rubripes Japanese puffer27,413 [156] 384 [157] 71.8
Xenopus tropicalis tropical clawed frog28,863 [158] 1,468 [159] 19.7
Xenopus laevis African clawed frog37,283 [160] 2,718 [161] 13.7

vertebrate mammals

speciescommon namenumber of genesbase pairs in genome (Mb)gene density
Acinonyx jubatus cheetah34,482 [162] 2,378 [163] 14.5
Ailuropoda melanoleuca giant panda32,950 [164] 2,371 [165] 13.9
Aotus nancymaae night monkey31,331 [166] 2,861 [167] 11
Artibeus jamaicensis Jamaican fruit-eating bat31,480 [168] 2,316 [169] 13.6
Arvicanthis niloticus African grass rat31,912 [170] 2,496 [171] 12.8
Balaenoptera acutorostrata minke whale26,805 [172] 2,431 [173] 11
Balaenoptera musculus blue whale27,194 [174] 2,105 [175] 12.9
Bison bison American bison27,488 [176] 2,828 [177] 9.7
Bos mutus wild yak26,159 [178] 2,703 [179] 9.7
Bos taurus cattle35,061 [180] 2,715 [181] 12.9
Canis lupus familiaris dog36,717 [182] 2,370 [183] 15.5
Chinchilla lanigera long-tailed chinchilla30,378 [184] 2,390 [185] 12.7
Felis catus cat35,521 [186] 2,521 [187] 14
Gorilla gorilla gorilla35,419 [188] 3,063 [189] 11.6
Homo sapiens human44,507 [190] 2,861 [191] 15.5
Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkey40,164 [192] 2,970 [193] 13.5
Mus musculus house mouse42,823 [194] 2,689 [195] 15.9
Pan troglodytes chimpanzee40,769 [196] 3,050 [197] 13.4
Rattus norvegicus brown rat38,371 [198] 2,743 [199] 14
Sus scrofa pig30,345 [200] 2,459 [201] 12.3

Gene count is calculated by the number of gene flags in the latest version of a given species gtf annotation file. Bear in mind that well studied organisms will probably have higher gene counts because these species have better annotation, therefore these numbers are estimates for comparison.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "Science Reference: Gene". Science Daily. Archived from the original on 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  2. ↑ Sands, Jeff. "Genomes of Bacteria". Lehigh University. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  3. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Babesia_microti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000691945.2_ASM69194v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  4. ↑ "Babesia microti (ID 11700) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  5. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Besnoitia_besnoiti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002563875.1_Bbes1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  6. ↑ "Besnoitia besnoiti (ID 62526) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  7. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Cryptosporidium_parvum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000165345.1_ASM16534v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  8. ↑ "Cryptosporidium parvum (ID 29) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  9. ↑ "Giardia intestinalis (ID 26) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  10. ↑ "Giardia intestinalis (ID 26) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  11. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Leishmania_donovani/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000227135.1_ASM22713v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  12. ↑ "Leishmania donovani (ID 3516) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  13. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Plasmodium_falciparum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002765.5_GCA_000002765". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  14. ↑ "Plasmodium falciparum (ID 33) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  15. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Phytophthora_infestans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000142945.1_ASM14294v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  16. ↑ "Phytophthora infestans (ID 293) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  17. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Tetrahymena_thermophila/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000189635.1_JCVI-TTA1-2.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  18. ↑ "Tetrahymena thermophila (ID 222) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  19. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Theileria_parva/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000165365.1_ASM16536v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  20. ↑ "Theileria parva (ID 38) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  21. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Toxoplasma_gondii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006565.2_TGA4". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  22. ↑ "Toxoplasma gondii (ID 30) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  23. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Trypanosoma_cruzi/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000209065.1_ASM20906v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  24. ↑ "Trypanosoma cruzi (ID 25) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  25. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Agaricus_bisporus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000300555.1_Agabi_varbur_1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  26. ↑ "Agaricus bisporus (ID 858) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  27. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Aspergillus_nidulans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000149205.2_ASM14920v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  28. ↑ "Aspergillus nidulans (ID 17) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  29. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Aspergillus_niger/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002855.3_ASM285v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  30. ↑ "Aspergillus niger (ID 429) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  31. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Candida_albicans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000182965.3_ASM18296v3". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  32. ↑ "Candida albicans (ID 21) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  33. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Cryptococcus_neoformans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000091045.1_ASM9104v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  34. ↑ "Cryptococcus neoformans (ID 61) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  35. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Debaryomyces_hansenii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006445.2_ASM644v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  36. ↑ "Debaryomyces hansenii (ID 195) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  37. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Encephalitozoon_cuniculi/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000091225.1_ASM9122v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  38. ↑ "Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ID 39) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  39. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Eremothecium_gossypii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000091025.4_ASM9102v4". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  40. ↑ "Eremothecium gossypii (ID 74) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  41. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Fusarium_oxysporum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000149955.1_ASM14995v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  42. ↑ "Fusarium oxysporum (ID 707) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  43. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Kluyveromyces_lactis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002515.2_ASM251v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  44. ↑ "Kluyveromyces lactis (ID 193) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  45. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_012971845.1_ASM1297184v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  46. ↑ "Lasiodiplodia theobromae (ID 54334) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  47. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Neurospora_crassa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000182925.2_NC12". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  48. ↑ "Neurospora crassa (ID 19) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  49. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000146045.2_R64". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  50. ↑ "Error encountered - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  51. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Saccharomyces_paradoxus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002079055.1_ASM207905v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  52. ↑ "Saccharomyces paradoxus (ID 66) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  53. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002945.1_ASM294v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  54. ↑ "Schizosaccharomyces pombe (ID 14) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  55. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Talaromyces_marneffei/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001985.1_JCVI-PMFA1-2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  56. ↑ "Talaromyces marneffei (ID 728) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  57. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Tremella_mesenterica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000271645.1_Treme1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  58. ↑ "Tremella mesenterica (ID 11041) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  59. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Trichoderma_harzianum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003025095.1_Triha_v1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  60. ↑ "Trichoderma harzianum (ID 2441) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  61. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Trichophyton_rubrum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000151425.1_ASM15142v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  62. ↑ "Trichophyton rubrum (ID 799) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  63. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Ustilago_maydis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000328475.2_Umaydis521_2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  64. ↑ "Ustilago maydis (ID 70) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  65. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Wallemia_ichthyophaga/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000400465.1_Wallemia_ichthyophaga_version_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  66. ↑ "Wallemia ichthyophaga (ID 17303) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  67. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Yarrowia_lipolytica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002525.2_ASM252v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  68. ↑ "Yarrowia lipolytica (ID 194) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  69. ↑ "Ananas comosus (ID 13945) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  70. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Arabidopsis_thaliana/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001735.4_TAIR10.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  71. ↑ "Arabidopsis thaliana (ID 4) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  72. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Asparagus_officinalis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001876935.1_Aspof.V1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  73. ↑ "Asparagus officinalis (ID 10978) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  74. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Brassica_rapa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000309985.2_CAAS_Brap_v3.01". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  75. ↑ "Brassica rapa (ID 229) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  76. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Cannabis_sativa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_900626175.2_cs10". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  77. ↑ "Cannabis sativa (ID 11681) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  78. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Cajanus_cajan/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000340665.1_C.cajan_V1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  79. ↑ "Cajanus cajan (ID 2878) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  80. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Capsicum_annuum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000710875.1_Pepper_Zunla_1_Ref_v1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  81. ↑ "Capsicum annuum (ID 10896) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  82. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Coffea_arabica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003713225.1_Cara_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  83. ↑ "Coffea arabica (ID 77) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  84. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Glycine_max/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004515.5_Glycine_max_v2.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  85. ↑ "Glycine max (ID 5) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  86. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Juglans_regia/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001411555.2_Walnut_2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  87. ↑ "Juglans regia (ID 17683) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  88. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Nicotiana_tabacum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000715135.1_Ntab-TN90". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  89. ↑ "Nicotiana tabacum (ID 425) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  90. ↑ "Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  91. ↑ "Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  92. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Oryza_sativa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001433935.1_IRGSP-1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  93. ↑ "Oryza sativa (ID 10) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  94. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Panicum_hallii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002211085.1_PHallii_v3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  95. ↑ "Panicum hallii (ID 12791) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  96. ↑ "Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  97. ↑ "Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  98. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_dulcis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902201215.1_ALMONDv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  99. ↑ "Prunus dulcis (ID 10947) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  100. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_persica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000346465.2_Prunus_persica_NCBIv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  101. ↑ "Prunus persica (ID 388) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  102. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Punica_granatum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_007655135.1_ASM765513v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  103. ↑ "Punica granatum (ID 13946) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  104. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Rosa_chinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002994745.1_RchiOBHm-V2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  105. ↑ "Rosa chinensis (ID 11715) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  106. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_lycopersicum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000188115.4_SL3.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  107. ↑ "Solanum lycopersicum (ID 7) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  108. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_tuberosum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000226075.1_SolTub_3.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  109. ↑ "Solanum tuberosum (ID 400) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  110. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Theobroma_cacao/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000208745.1_Criollo_cocoa_genome_V2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  111. ↑ "Theobroma cacao (ID 572) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  112. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Zea_mays/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902167145.1_Zm-B73-REFERENCE-NAM-5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  113. ↑ "Zea mays (ID 12) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  114. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Aedes_aegypti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002204515.2_AaegL5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  115. ↑ "Aedes aegypti (ID 44) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  116. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Anopheles_gambiae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000005575.2_AgamP3". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  117. ↑ "Anopheles gambiae (ID 46) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  118. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Apis_mellifera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003254395.2_Amel_HAv3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  119. ↑ "Apis mellifera (ID 48) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  120. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Caenorhabditis_elegans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002985.6_WBcel235". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  121. ↑ "Caenorhabditis elegans (ID 41) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  122. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Daphnia_magna/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003990815.1_ASM399081v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  123. ↑ "Daphnia magna (ID 10953) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  124. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Drosophila_melanogaster/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001215.4_Release_6_plus_ISO1_MT". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  125. ↑ "Drosophila melanogaster (ID 47) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  126. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Hydra_vulgaris/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004095.1_Hydra_RP_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  127. ↑ "Hydra vulgaris (ID 12836) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  128. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Limulus_polyphemus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000517525.1_Limulus_polyphemus-2.1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  129. ↑ "Limulus polyphemus (ID 787) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  130. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Octopus_sinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_006345805.1_ASM634580v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  131. ↑ "Octopus sinensis (ID 84214) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  132. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Pediculus_humanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006295.1_JCVI_LOUSE_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  133. ↑ "Pediculus humanus (ID 522) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  134. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002235.5_Spur_5.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  135. ↑ "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (ID 86) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  136. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Alligator_mississippiensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000281125.3_ASM28112v4". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  137. ↑ "Alligator mississippiensis (ID 13409) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  138. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Anolis_carolinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000090745.1_AnoCar2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  139. ↑ "Anolis carolinensis (ID 708) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  140. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Astyanax_mexicanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000372685.2_Astyanax_mexicanus-2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  141. ↑ "Astyanax mexicanus (ID 13073) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  142. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Columba_livia/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000337935.1_Cliv_1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  143. ↑ "Columba livia (ID 10719) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  144. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Danio_rerio/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002035.6_GRCz11". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  145. ↑ "Danio rerio (ID 50) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  146. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Gallus_gallus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002315.6_GRCg6a". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  147. ↑ "Gallus gallus (ID 111) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  148. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Nothobranchius_furzeri/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001465895.1_Nfu_20140520". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  149. ↑ "Nothobranchius furzeri (ID 2642) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  150. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Oryzias_latipes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002234675.1_ASM223467v1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  151. ↑ "Oryzias latipes (ID 542) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  152. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Petromyzon_marinus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_010993605.1_kPetMar1.pri". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  153. ↑ "Petromyzon marinus (ID 287) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  154. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Taeniopygia_guttata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008822105.2_bTaeGut2.pat.W.v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  155. ↑ "Taeniopygia guttata (ID 367) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  156. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Takifugu_rubripes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_901000725.2_fTakRub1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  157. ↑ "Takifugu rubripes (ID 63) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  158. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_tropicalis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004195.4_UCB_Xtro_10.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  159. ↑ "Xenopus tropicalis (ID 80) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  160. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_laevis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001663975.1_Xenopus_laevis_v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  161. ↑ "Xenopus laevis (ID 81) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  162. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Acinonyx_jubatus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003709585.1_Aci_jub_2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  163. ↑ "Acinonyx jubatus (ID 14623) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  164. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Ailuropoda_melanoleuca/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002007445.1_ASM200744v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  165. ↑ "Ailuropoda melanoleuca (ID 2702) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  166. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Aotus_nancymaae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000952055.2_Anan_2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  167. ↑ "Aotus nancymaae (ID 14430) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  168. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Artibeus_jamaicensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_014825515.1_WHU_Ajam_v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  169. ↑ "Artibeus jamaicensis (ID 12026) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  170. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Arvicanthis_niloticus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_011762505.1_mArvNil1.pat.X". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  171. ↑ "Arvicanthis niloticus (ID 88356) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  172. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_acutorostrata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000493695.1_BalAcu1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  173. ↑ "Balaenoptera acutorostrata (ID 10769) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  174. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_009873245.2_mBalMus1.pri.v3". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  175. ↑ "Balaenoptera musculus (ID 7017) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  176. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bison_bison/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000754665.1_Bison_UMD1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  177. ↑ "Bison bison (ID 8907) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  178. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_mutus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000298355.1_BosGru_v2.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  179. ↑ "Bos mutus (ID 23015) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  180. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_taurus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002263795.1_ARS-UCD1.2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  181. ↑ "Bos taurus (ID 82) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  182. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Canis_lupus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002285.3_CanFam3.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  183. ↑ "Canis lupus familiaris (ID 85) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  184. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Chinchilla_lanigera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000276665.1_ChiLan1.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  185. ↑ "Chinchilla lanigera (ID 10466) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  186. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Felis_catus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000181335.3_Felis_catus_9.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  187. ↑ "Felis catus (ID 78) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  188. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Gorilla_gorilla/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008122165.1_Kamilah_GGO_v0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  189. ↑ "Gorilla gorilla (ID 2156) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  190. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Homo_sapiens/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001405.39_GRCh38.p13". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  191. ↑ "Homo sapiens (ID 51) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  192. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Macaca_mulatta/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003339765.1_Mmul_10". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  193. ↑ "Macaca mulatta (ID 215) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  194. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Mus_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001635.27_GRCm39". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  195. ↑ "Mus musculus (ID 52) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  196. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Pan_troglodytes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002880755.1_Clint_PTRv2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  197. ↑ "Pan troglodytes (ID 202) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  198. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Rattus_norvegicus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001895.5_Rnor_6.0". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  199. ↑ "Rattus norvegicus (ID 73) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  200. ↑ "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Sus_scrofa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000003025.6_Sscrofa11.1". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  201. ↑ "Sus scrofa (ID 84) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
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