Iris korolkowii

Last updated

Iris korolkowii
Iris korolkowii var. violacea-IMG 6522.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Regelia
Species:
I. korolkowii
Binomial name
Iris korolkowii
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris korolkowii var. concolorFoster
  • Iris korolkowii var. leichtlinianaFoster
  • Iris korolkowii var. venosaFoster
  • Iris korolkowii var. violaceaFoster

Iris korolkowii is a plant species in the genus Iris . It is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Tien Shan, Pamir and Altai, in Afghanistan and Turkestan (now part of Uzbekistan). It is commonly known as the Redvein Iris. It has long, sword-shaped grey-green leaves, slender stem, and 2 to 3 white, cream, pale green or light purple flowers which are veined with maroon, chocolate brown or dark purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

It has thick or stout rhizomes, [2] [3] [4] that are short and compact. [5] [6] It also has long secondary roots, the fleshy, thin stolons, [2] [7] that penetrate into the ground for minerals to feed the plant. [8] They are shorter than Iris stolonifera and Iris hoogiana . [9] The top of the rhizome, has the fibrous remains of last seasons leaves. [2]

It has linear, [8] ensiform (sword-shaped), [5] [10] glaucous leaves [4] [5] [11] which are grey green, [7] and are slightly tinged with purple at the base. [2] They can grow up to between 30 cm (12 in) long, [5] and between 0.5 and 1 cm wide. [2] [12] They are shorter than the flowering stem, [7] [8] and fade soon after the blooming period time has ended. [8] [10]

It has a slender erect stem, [4] that can grow up to between 40–60 cm (16–24 in) tall. [13] [14] [15]

The stems also have 2 spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are membranous, green and ventricose (swollen or inflated), [4] [5] They can be 9–10 cm (4–4 in) long. [2] [5]

It has several short branches (or pedicels) near top of the plant. [4] [5]

The stems (and the branches) hold between 2 and 3 flowers, [3] [16] [17] blooming in late spring and early summer, [2] [3] [12] between April and May, [8] [16] [18] or between May and June. [7] [19] [20] In the United States, it flowers in mid to southern states between early April to early May and it also flowers in mid to northern states between late April to early June. [21]

The flowers are 6–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter. [2] [3] [13] They are creamy white, [2] [8] [17] ivory, [14] yellow-white, [5] or olive green, [5] [9] [22] or light purple. [3] [6] [14] They are veined with purple, [8] [13] chocolate brown, [5] [16] brown-purple, [7] or dark maroon. [2] [23] [24]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [18] The falls are 7–11 cm (3–4 in) long, with a deflexed, [25] and oblong blade. [2] [5] [11] They have a dark signal patch and beard. [2] [5] [9] The beard can be as dark as black, [9] or black-brown. [4] The oblong and erect, [5] [12] [25] standards are 7–11 cm (3–4 in) long, similar in colour to the falls. [2] It has a sparse beard. [2]

It has a 2.5–3 cm long perianth tube, [2] [5] which is sub-cylindrical in shape. [4] It has a brown, oblong and 4.5 cm (2 in) long style branch, which has scalloped lobes. [2] [4] [5] The style is smaller than the beard. [9]

After the iris has flowered, in August, [7] it produces an oblong seed capsule, which is 3.8–5 cm (1–2 in) long. It is narrowed to a point at one end. [5]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [18] It has been counted several times, 2n=22, by Mitra in 1956, 2n=22 by Zakharyeva & Makushenko in 1969, 2n=33 by Simonet, in 1928, 2n=44 by Simonet in 1928 and 2n=22 by Gustafsson & Wendelbo in 1975. [24] All known forms in cultivation are generally counted as 2n=22, [8] [25] [26] or 2n=22, 33, 44. [14]

Iris stolonifera and Iris hoogiana (other Regalia series irises) are tetraploid, 2n = 4x11 = 44. [26]

Taxonomy

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (korolkowii) kor-ol-KOV-ee-eye. [27]

It is occasionally known as Iris korolkowi (with 1 i at the end). [9] [28]

It is commonly known as the Redvein Iris. [16] [17] [22]

It is known in Uzbek and parts of Russia as Iris Korol'kova. [4] [19] [29]

It is known as stäppiris in Swedish. [30] Which translates as Steppe Iris. [20] [31]

The Latin specific epithet korolkowii refers to General N. J. Korolkow. [9] In 1872, he found the iris in Turkestan, in the mountains near Tashkent. [4] He then sent the specimens to St Petersburg. [5] [15] [24] In 1882, he also discovered Crocus korolkowii . [32]

It was first published and described by Regel in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada Vol.2 page 432 in 1873. [28] [30] It is also noted that it was published in 'Enum. Pl. nov. Turest.' in 'Act. Hort. Petrop'. Vol. 2 page 432 in 1873. [5] [24]

Regel reported that it was found in Turkmenia, this was incorrect, as Korolkov had never collected plants in Turkmenia, as the mountains were unpassable. [4]

The iris was also published with an illustration in 'Gartenflora' table 766 in 1873, [2] [4] [5] and later by John Gilbert Baker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine , vol. 114 [series. 3, vol. 44]: table7025 in 1888. [5] [33]

Iris korolkowii was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014. [30]

It is an accepted name by the RHS. [34]

Distribution and habitat

Iris korolkowii is native to temperate areas of central Asia. [23] [30] [34]

Range

It is found in north east Afghanistan, [8] [25] within the Badakhshan region. [35]

It is also found in the former USSR republic, [2] [12] of Turkestan. [6] [11] [17] [18] Turkestan now forms part of Uzbekistan. The iris has been found in Tashkent Province in Uzbekistan. [36]

It is found within the Tien Shan, [7] [12] [37] (including the valleys and gorges of the Talas Alatau, [19] ) Pamir and Altai mountain ranges. [2] [14] [15] [20]

Habitat

It grows on the dry rocky slopes [7] [12] of mountains. [4]

They can be found at an altitude of 1,600–3,900 m (5,200–12,800 ft) above sea level. [12]

Cultivation

It is hardy to USDA Zone 5, [7] [16] [17] although could be possibly between Zone 6 to Zone 9. [25] [27] It is hardy to European Zone H4. [2]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, [25] such as gritty and sandy but stiff loamy soil (suggested by Sir Michael Foster), [5] but can tolerate all garden soil types. [27]

It prefers positions in full sun, [7] with at least 3 or more hours of direct sunlight every day. [27]

It prefers average moisture needs during the growing period. [19] [27]

It needs a period of dryness and warmth during summer, [10] [22] between June and July. [5] If the plants are too long exposed to moisture, they are prone to viral diseases. [8]

It can be grown in garden borders, [13] especially at the front of a border. [27]

But it is best grown in a bulb frame, [3] [13] or in a hot sand bed. [20] In northern regions (including Russia), the iris will suffer from insufficient sun and warmth and from an excess of moisture, which means the plant dies within 2 or 3 years. [10]

It is rare in cultivation, [20] and only found in specialised bulb nurseries. [25]

It is best planted (within the garden) in October in UK. [9]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. [7]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris korolkowii has been crossed with Iris stolonifera, [2] it produces very richly coloured hybrids, of which have conspicuous beards that are either dark brown or deep blue. [9]

There are many collected forms. [6] [18] including forms found near Bokhara. [17]

The hybrids normally have two flowers per stem, (compared to the main form which has between 2 and 3 flowers). [5]

Sir Michael Foster published in the Gardeners' Chronicle 14 July, p36 in 1888, four varieties. 'Concolor', [5] which has bright lilac-purple flowers, [11] 'Leichtlini', [5] (or Leichtliniana, [24] ) which has creamy white flowers marked with a blackish purple blotch at the base of the falls, [11] 'Venosa', [5] which has greyish lilac flowers distinctly veined with purple, [11] and 'Violacea', [5] which has violet or puce coloured flowers with darker veins [11] These were later re-classified as synonyms of Iris korolkowii. [1]

Other known cultivars include; 'Korolkowii Atropurpurea', 'Korolkowii Brown And Green', 'Korolkowii Incarnata', 'Korolkowii Pink' and 'Korolkowii Polyploid Form'. [24]

Iris korolkowii 'Smidgen', was registered in 1933. [38]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Iris</i> Subgenus of flowering plants

Subgenus Iris is one subgenus of Iris.

<i>Iris rosenbachiana</i> Species of plant

Iris rosenbachiana, the spinster iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Scorpiris. It is a bulbous perennial from Central Asia, within Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It has long mid-green leaves, short flower stem, sweet scented flowers in early spring in shades of purple.

Iris falcifolia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Hexapogon. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. It is a small plant, with sickle-shaped greyish-green leaves, lilac-violet flowers and darker veining, and a white or yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in dry, temperate regions.

<i>Iris arenaria</i> Species of plant

Sandy iris, or sand iris, is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Central Europe, found in Hungary, Austria, Romania, Czech Republic and Ukraine. It has grass-like leaves, a short stem and pale yellow flowers. It has had a mixed origin and was once Iris humilis subsp. arenaria, a subspecies of Iris humilis, until it was reclassified as a separate species. But many sources still state that it is either a synonym or subspecies of Iris humilis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris darwasica</i> Species of plant

Iris darwasica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Tajikistan and northern Afghanistan. It has long and thin glaucous to grey-green leaves, slender stem and greenish cream or greenish yellow, to dark purple or lilac flowers.

Iris afghanica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan, with thin bluish-green leaves and creamy yellow or white flowers, that are veined with purple-brown. It has yellow-green or purple beards. Although, in the wild, it can vary in colour and size. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris heweri is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan. It has tall, green curved leaves, tall slender stems and purple blue or violet-blue flowers, with white and purple or lilac beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris hoogiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hoogiana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the grassy mountainsides of Turkestan. It has long green leaves, which are slightly purple at the base, and a long slender flowering stem. The flowers are blue, ranging from sky-blue to lavender blue and blue purple. It has orange or yellow beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris lineata is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It has tall slender stems, long leaves and greenish yellow flowers covered, with brown violet, or brown purple veining over the top. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris stolonifera</i> Species of plant

Iris stolonifera is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkestan, between Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. It has red-skinned stolon roots and rhizomes, glaucous, long, blue-grey leaves, and bi-coloured flowers, in various shades from milky white, to blue, purple, pale lilac, lavender and brown. It normally has blue to yellow beards on all the petals.

<i>Iris hookeriana</i> Species of plant

Iris hookeriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Himalayan mountains of India and Pakistan. It has long pale green or yellow green leaves, long slender stem and fragrant blue, purple or lilac flowers, that are mottled with a darker colour. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris schachtii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Anatolia, in Turkey. It has small, thin grey-green leaves, a short stem with 1–3 branches, which are normally, covered with a green leaf with purple staining. It has 2 or more fragrant flowers in late spring, which come in shades of yellow or purple, or violet and yellow,. It has a yellow or white with yellow-tips beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but prefers regions with dry, hot summers.

<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris atropurpurea, the coastal iris is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Israel. It has glaucous (blue-green), linear, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves. Between February and March, it has between 1 and 2 flowers, in dark shades from red-brown, burgundy, dark purple to blackish purple. They have a darker signal patch and yellow beard tipped with purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to it needing very dry conditions.

<i>Iris bismarckiana</i> Species of plant

Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. It has stoloniferous, spreading rhizomes, long, sword shaped, bright green leaves, long slender stem and 1 flower in Spring. The large flower is pale yellow, creamy-white, or white background. Which is covered with reddish-brown, maroon brown, purple-brown, purple, blue-purple, or blue veins, markings or spots. It has a dark signal patch and dark purple to black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris mariae</i> Species of plant

Iris mariae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel and Egypt. It is fairly tall, with long and slender glaucous leaves, and in late spring, lilac-purple to pinkish or violet flowers with deeper veining and blackish-violet signal and dark purple beard.

<i>Iris paradoxa</i> Species of plant

Iris paradoxa is a species of flowering plant native to western Asia. It has large upright petals and smaller lower petals, which is unique amongst most iris forms. They come in various shades from white, lavender, mauve, medium purple, violet, dark purple to black. It has a black or purplish black beard on the lower petals. It comes from the region of Transcaucasia, and is found in the countries of Iran, Turkey, Armenia and in Azerbaijan.

References

  1. 1 2 "Iris korolkowii Regel is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 343, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Christopher Bricknell, ed. (1994) [1st. pub.=1989]. Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (Revised ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 522. ISBN   978-0751301472.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV" . Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Richard Lynch and Henry Ewbank The Book of the Iris at Google Books
  6. 1 2 3 4 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 124. ISBN   0-88192-089-4.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Russian Ornamental". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Chapitre I (partie 8) Les Regelia". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Regelia iris". flowerlib.ru. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 John Weathers The Bulb Book , p. 304, at Google Books
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iris korolkowii". alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  71. ISBN   0715305395.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 "Iris hoogiana". hillkeep.ca. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris with Arils". plantsgalore.com. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia , p. 576, at Google Books
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   0881927309.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Rainbow". wdtns.ru. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris korolkowii". gerbianska.com. Retrieved 23 May 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  21. ↑ Allan M. Armitage Herbaceous Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture and Garden Attributes , p. 1452, at Google Books
  22. 1 2 3 "Manual 30, Irises for the home gardener, Agricultural Sciences, Copy 2". California Agricultural Experiment Station Extension Service. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  23. 1 2 "Aril Irises". pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Higgins, Betsy (7 July 2015). "(SPEC) Iris korolkowii Regel". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hensler, C. (28 January 2009). "Iris korolkowii". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  26. 1 2 "Aril-Iris". gds-iris-fachgruppe.homepage.t-online.de. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iris korolkowii". gardenaway.com. Retrieved 23 May 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  28. 1 2 "Iridaceae Iris korolkowi Regel". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  29. ↑ "List of plants referred to in the book". ecologylib.ru. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Iris korolkowii". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  31. ↑ "Classification". hih-gruppen.se. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  32. ↑ Elizabeth Lawrence The Little Bulbs: A Tale of Two Gardens , p. 116, at Google Books
  33. ↑ "Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. 114 (1888–1920)". plantillustrations.org. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  34. 1 2 "Iris korolkowii". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  35. ↑ Podlech, D. (2012). "Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Afghanistan" (PDF). sysbot.biologie.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  36. ↑ "Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016". viranatura. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  37. ↑ "Tien Shan Endemic Plants". terrestrial-biozones.net. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  38. ↑ "Arilbred Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 13 June 2015.

Sources

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Iris korolkowii at Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies-logo.svg Data related to Iris korolkowii at Wikispecies

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.