Iris tigridia

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Iris tigridia
Iris tigridia.JPG
From Altai, Russia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Pseudoregelia
Species:
I. tigridia
Binomial name
Iris tigridia
Synonyms
  • Iris pandurataMaxim.
  • Iris tigridia var. tigridia (Unknown) [1]
  • Iris pygmaea Pallas
  • Iris pumilae affinis Pallas
  • Iris praecox Pallas. [2]

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris ; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single (or rarely 2) flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

It has small compact rhizomes. [3] [4] Which are brown, [5] yellow or white, fibrous. [6] Underneath the rhizome are numerous fleshy, secondary roots, [3] which are between 3 and 4 mm wide. [6] On top of the rhizome are the dense, brown, [7] [8] [9] or dark brown, [10] fibrous remains of last seasons leaves. [11] [12] It creates small tufted plants. [8] [12]

It has dark green [6] or greyish green leaves [4] [5] [12] that can grow up to between 5 and 30 cm (2 and 12 in) long, and between 1.5 and 6 mm wide. [4] [10] [13] At the time of flowering, they are 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long, [3] and between 1.5 and 2 mm wide. [6] They then elongate to the final height of up to 30 cm tall. [5] [6] They are grass-like, and they can be erect and linear [3] [4] or slightly curved. [8] [10] They do not have a midvein, [4] [6] but have an acuminate apex (pointed) tip. [4] [6] [8] This form separates them from Iris potaninii . [11] In mild temperate areas, they are evergreen (lasting through the winter). [9]

It has a slender stem, [4] [6] that can grow up to between 3 and 15 cm (1 and 6 in) tall. [14] [15] [16] Sometimes, the stem seems to only just appear above ground. [3] [4] [6]

The stem has 2 [10] yellow-green (scarious) membranous spathes (leaves of the flower bud). [3] [4] They are lanceolate and between 3 and 4 cm (1 and 2 in) long, [8] with a pointed tip. [6]

The stems hold 1 (or rarely 2 [13] ) terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming between April and May [7] [11] (normally in May). [3] [4] [5]

The flowers are 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter, [3] [5] [6] come in shades of violet, [3] [5] dark blue, [5] [13] [17] blue-purple, [9] [10] [11] dark purple, [12] mauve, [2] [18] lilac, [2] [13] lavender, [5] [14] [17] or light purple. [4] The flowers have darker spots, veining or mottling. [10] [12] [13]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [19] The falls are obovate, and 3–4 cm (1–2 in) long, [3] [4] [8] and 1–1.5 cm wide. [3] [4] [6] In the centre of the petal, it has a white patch [13] and a beard, [7] [9] [10] with blue-white [3] or white hairs [17] tipped with yellow [2] [5] [13] or yellow hairs. [4] [6] The erect, [3] or tilting outwards, [6] standards are oblanceolate, [4] [6] and 2.5–3 cm (1–1 in) long and 0.4–0.7 cm wide. [3] [4] [6] They are darker shade than the falls. [3]

It has a 5 mm long pedicel, [4] [6] and 2 cm long perianth tube, [4] [5] [11] that widens out at the top. [3] [6]

It has 2.3–2.5 cm long styles, [3] [4] [6] that have triangular crests. [3] [6] It has blue pollen, [3] and a long, green ovary, that is up to 1.2 cm long. [3] [4] [6] It has 1.5 cm long stamens. [4] [6]

After the iris has flowered, between June and July, [9] or up to August, [4] [6] it produces an ovoid, [4] [6] or fusiform (spindle shaped), [9] [12] seed capsule. That is between 2.5 and 4 cm (1 and 2 in) long, [3] [6] [8] and between 1.5 and 2 cm in diameter. [6] It has a beak like top attached to the remains of the perianth tube. [3] [4] [6] Inside the capsule are roundish [3] or pear shaped (pyriform) seeds. [4] [6] They have a creamy [3] or yellowish white aril (appendage). [4] [6]

Biochemistry

In 2003, a study was carried out on the chromosome sequencing of various Irises from the Siberian region of central Asia. They sequenced the rbcL gene from some Siberian iris species belonging to different subgenera, including Iris halophila , Iris ludwigii , Iris uniflora , Iris pseudacorus and Iris laevigata . Their results supported Brian Mathew's classification from 1989 that Iris bloudowii , Iris humilis , Iris ivanovae , Iris tigridia, and Iris glaucescens form a cluster. [20]

In 2011, a chromosome and karyotype analysis study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris tigridia. It found that the chromosome number of Iris tigridia was 2n=18. [21]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [19] It has been counted several times. Including by Doronkin in 1984. [2] It has been counted as 2n=18, [21] 20, [2] [16] 22, [5] [14] [16] 24, [2] [16] 28, [16] 32, [16] 34, [2] 38, [3] [16] and 40. [2] [16]

Taxonomy

It is written as 粗根鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as cu gen yuan wei in Pidgin. [4] [22]

It is also commonly known as 'thick-root iris' in China. [22] or 'coarse roots iris'. [6] In Russia, it is commonly known as 'tiger Iris'. [6] [23] [24]

It is known as 'Bartsooxor tsaxildag' in Mongolian. [25]

The Latin specific epithet tigridia refers to 'tigris' or tiger-like. This refers to the colour marking of the perianth, [26] [27] or the rather motley coloured flower of the iris. [10]

It was first published and described (written in Latin) by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour and Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge in 'Flora Altaica' Vol.1 on page 60 in 1829. [28] [29] [30]

It was then published by Ledebour in 'Icones Plantarum novarum vel imperfecte cognitarum Floram rossicam' (Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross.) tab. 342. in 1830 (or 1833, [6] ) with a colour illustration, [2] then by Karl Maximovich in the 'Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences St Petersburg' (Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.) Vol.26 on page530 in 1880 and by C.H. Wright in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany' (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.) Vol.36 on page 85 in 1903.

It was once placed with Iris potaninii and Iris pumila in the Pogoniris group, [11] before being re-classified as in the Pseudoregelia section.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 19 May 1999, then updated on 1 December 2004. [22]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life . [31]

Iris tigridia is an accepted name by the RHS, it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2014. [32]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia. [17] [22] [31]

It is endemic to the north-east Asia, [12] from the Altai mountain range and Siberia to Manchuria in China. [11] [15] [30]

Range

It is found in Russia, [6] [14] [16] within the Russian states of Aga-Buryat, Buryatia, [9] Chita, [9] Chukchi, Gorno-Altay, Irkutsk, Magadan, Tuva, [7] [9] [12] and Yakutia (Sakha). [22] Including the Altai mountains, [7] [29] [33] Altai Republic, [7] [12] and Trans-Baikal region (Khentei-Daur Highlands). [9]

Within middle Asia, it is found in Mongolia, [6] [18] [34] (in the territories of Khubsugul, Khentei, Khangai, Mongol-Daurian and Middle Khalkha, [8] ) and in Kazakhstan. [4] [5] [22]

It is also found in China, [9] [14] [16] within the provinces of Gansu, Heilongjiang, [6] Jilin, [6] Liaoning, [6] Nei Monggol, [6] Qinghai, Shanxi, [6] and Sichuan. [5] [22] [31]

It is listed with Iris bloudowii , Iris glaucescens , Iris ruthenica , Iris sibirica , Iris tenuifolia and Iris psammocola (another Pseudoregelia Iris) as being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together). [35]

Habitat

It grows in (rocky or gravelly) screes, [7] [9] [36] on the dry hillsides (or slopes), [7] [8] [12] in dunes, [31] in sandy meadows or grasslands, [6] [10] [31] in steppes, [8] [9] [36] and beside forest margins. [4] [5]

They can be found at an altitude of 0–2,000 m (0–6,562 ft) above sea level. [9] [12]

Conservation

It is listed as 'rare' in Russia. [37] It is also rare in Mongolia. [8]

It is listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, [12] [23] the Data Book of the Altai Republic [23] (or Territory), [7] [12] of USSR, [12] [23] of the Tuva Republic, [12] [23] and the Republic of Khakassia, [12] [23] and of Kazakhstan. [24]

It is found in Dauria and Sokhondinsky State Biosphere Reserve (in Chita). [23]

Cultivation

It is hardy to Zone H3 in Europe, [13] meaning that it is hardy to −10 to −15 °C (14 to 5 °F). [38] In non-hardy areas, it can be grown in an alpine house or bulb frame [15] due to the fact that the plant needs to be protected from winter moisture. [9]

It has been tested for hardiness in Russia, in the botanical gardens of Barnaul (the South-Siberian Botanical Garden), Novosibirsk (Central Siberian Botanical Garden), Chita (Trans-Baikal Botanical Garden) and Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden. Only in St. Petersburg, it was found to be not hardy. [9]

It can be grown in well-drained soils, in a sunny position. [9] [15]

It can be grown in a rock garden. [9] [11]

It is thought best planted between August and September. [11]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. It can only be divided, when the plant makes new side-shoots. [7]

Hybrids and cultivars

Several cultivars have been introduced including;

All four cultivars are between 12 cm and 14 cm tall, flower between April and May, are hardy, drought tolerant and salt tolerant. [39] [40]

Iris tigridia var. fortis (Y. T. Zhao) is listed as a variant from (Jilin, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi) in China. It grows 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tall, with violet flowers. [14] [16]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [41]

Uses

It is used in gardens, also in herbal medicines, [8] and as a fodder plant for farm animals. [8] [25]

It has been eaten by cattle and horses, at most times of the year. It is also consumed by goats but it is thought to be an undesirable food source. [25]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris sibirica</i> Species of plant

Iris sibirica, commonly known as Siberian iris or Siberian flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Europe and Central Asia. It has long green grass-like leaves, tall stem, 2–5 violet-blue, to blue, and occasionally white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris japonica, commonly known as fringed iris, shaga and butterfly flower, is a native of China and Japan. It is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and within the Lophiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with pale blue, lavender or white flowers with an orange or yellow crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and is the only species in the series Ensatae. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris ruthenica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris ruthenica, sometimes called ever blooming iris, Russian iris, pilgrim iris and Hungarian iris, is a species in the genus Iris- subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution, ranging from eastern Europe to Central Asia. It has grass-like leaves, thick stem and violet or bluish lavender flowers which are marked with violet veining.

Iris bungei is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has green leaves, short stem and 2 violet, purple, lavender or blue flowers.

Iris loczyi is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide area of Asia, including Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has long thin grey green leaves, long stems and 1 flower in pale violet, blue violet, lavender or light blue.

<i>Iris tenuifolia</i> Species of plant

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide region over central Asia, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, ; Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia and in China. It has long greyish-green leaves, short stem and pale violet, lilac, pale blue, or purple flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

Iris ludwigii, with the common name Ludwig iris, is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris bloudowii is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem and 2 bright or pale yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris potaninii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris potaninii is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Siberia in Russia, Mongolia and China. It is a dwarf plant, having either subterranean or very small stems, long thin leaves and yellow, or dark violet to purplish blue flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris cuniculiformis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, it has long and thin green leaves, and 1 lilac large flowers, that have yellow or grey beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

Iris goniocarpa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, India, Burma and Bhutan. It has yellow green to dark green, long leaves, slender stem and, one flower between blue, lavender-blue, lilac, blue-violet or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris ivanovae is a plant species in the genus Iris and part of the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from eastern Russia, China, and Mongolia.

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris glaucescens</i> Species of plant

Iris glaucescens is a plant species in the genus Iris and subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has blue-grey sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem, and spring flowers in blue-violet, pale violet, lilac-purple, to deep purple, to light bluish, and almost white shades. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again, although some sources still call it a synonym of Iris scariosa.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

References

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  40. ↑ Murrain, Jim (12 August 2013). "Perks of the "job"". theamericanirissociety.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  41. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants , p. 236, at Google Books

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