Iron oxide red is a generic name of a ferric oxide pigment of reddish colors. Multiple shades based on both anhydrous Fe
2O
3 and its hydrates were known to painters since prehistory. The pigments were originally obtained from natural sources, since the 20th century they are mostly synthetic. These substances form one of the most commercially important groups of pigments, and their names sometimes reflect the location of a natural source, later transferred to the synthetic analog. Well-known examples include the Persian Gulf Oxide with 75% Fe
2O
3 and 25% silica, Spanish red with 85% of oxide, Tuscan red. [1]
The anhydrous pigment has a dark purple-red or maroon color, hydrates' colors vary from dull yellow (yellow ochre) to warm red. [1]
The iron oxide red is extremely stable: it is not affected by light and most chemicals (soluble in hot concentrated acids); heat only affects the hydrated variants (the water is removed, and the color darkens). [1]
Indian Red | |
---|---|
Color coordinates | |
Hex triplet | #CD5C5C |
sRGB B (r, g, b) | (205, 92, 92) |
HSV (h, s, v) | (0°, 55%, 80%) |
CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (53, 85, 12°) |
Source | X11 |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Moderate red |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Indian red is a pigment, a variety of ocher, which gets its colour from ferric oxide, used to be sourced in India, [2] now made artificially. [3] Other shades of iron oxides include Venetian Red, English Red, and Kobe, all shown below.
Chestnut is a colour similar to but separate and distinct from Indian red.
The name Indian red derives from the red laterite soil found in India, which is composed of naturally occurring iron oxides.[ citation needed ] The first recorded use of Indian red as a color term in English was in 1672. [4]
Deep Indian Red | |
---|---|
Color coordinates | |
Hex triplet | #B94E48 |
sRGB B (r, g, b) | (185, 78, 72) |
HSV (h, s, v) | (3°, 61%, 73%) |
CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (47, 83, 14°) |
Source | Crayola |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Dark reddish orange |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
Deep Indian red is the colour originally called Indian red from its formulation in 1903 until 1999, but now called chestnut, in Crayola crayons. This colour was also produced in a special limited edition in which it was called Vermont maple syrup.
At the request of educators worried that children (mistakenly; see Etymology) believed the name represented the skin color of Native Americans, Crayola changed the name of their crayon color Indian Red to Chestnut in 1999. [5]
Venetian Red | |
---|---|
Color coordinates | |
Hex triplet | #C80815 |
sRGB B (r, g, b) | (200, 8, 21) |
HSV (h, s, v) | (356°, 96%, 78%) |
CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (42, 136, 12°) |
Source | Internet |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid red |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
At right is displayed the colour Venetian red.
Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet, derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (Fe2O3) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide.
The first recorded use of Venetian red as a colour name in English was in 1753. [7]
English Red | |
---|---|
Color coordinates | |
Hex triplet | #AB4E52 |
sRGB B (r, g, b) | (171, 78, 82) |
HSV (h, s, v) | (357°, 54%, 67%) |
CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (45, 67, 10°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Moderate red |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
At right is displayed the colour English red.
This red is a tone of Indian red, made like Indian red with pigment made from iron oxide.
The first recorded use of English red as a color name in English was in the 1700s (exact year uncertain). [8] In the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot in 1765, alternate names for Indian red included "what one also calls, however improperly, English Red." [9]
Kobe | |
---|---|
Color coordinates | |
Hex triplet | #882D17 |
sRGB B (r, g, b) | (136, 45, 23) |
HSV (h, s, v) | (12°, 83%, 53%) |
CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (32, 73, 18°) |
Source | ISCC-NBS |
ISCC–NBS descriptor | Strong reddish brown |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) |
At right is displayed color kobe.
The color kobe is a dark tone of Indian red, made like Indian red from iron oxide pigment.
The first recorded use of Kobe as a colour name in English was in 1924. [10]
The normalized colour coordinates for Kobe are identical to sienna, first recorded as a color name in English in 1760. [11]
Sienna is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state, it is yellowish brown, and it is called raw sienna. When heated, it becomes a reddish brown, and it is called burnt sienna. It takes its name from the city-state of Siena, where it was produced during the Renaissance. Along with ochre and umber, it was one of the first pigments to be used by humans, and is found in many cave paintings. Since the Renaissance, it has been one of the brown pigments most widely used by artists.
Vermilion is a color family and pigment most often used between antiquity and the 19th century from the powdered mineral cinnabar. It is synonymous with red orange, which often takes a modern form, but is 11% brighter.
Fuchsia is a vivid pinkish-purplish-red color, named after the color of the flower of the fuchsia plant, which was named by a French botanist, Charles Plumier, after the 16th-century German botanist Leonhart Fuchs.
Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of red. The composition of Venetian red changed over time. Originally it consisted of natural ferric oxide (Fe2O3, partially hydrated) obtained from the red hematite. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide produced via calcination of green vitriol (a.k.a. copperas) mixed with white chalk. The pigment contains up to 50% of the ferric oxide.
Copper is a reddish brown color that resembles the metal copper.
Sepia is a reddish-brown color, named after the rich brown pigment derived from the ink sac of the common cuttlefish Sepia. The word sepia is the Latinized form of the Greek σηπία, sēpía, cuttlefish.
Red-violet refers to a rich color of high medium saturation about 3/4 of the way between red and magenta, closer to magenta than to red. In American English, this color term is sometimes used in color theory as one of the purple colors—a non-spectral color between red and violet that is a deep version of a color on the line of purples on the CIE chromaticity diagram.
Spring green is a color that was traditionally considered to be on the yellow side of green, but in modern computer systems based on the RGB color model is halfway between cyan and green on the color wheel.
Blue-green is the color between blue and green. It belongs to the cyan family.
Amaranth is a reddish-rose color that is a representation of the color of the flower of the amaranth plant. The color shown is the color of the red amaranth flower, but there are other varieties of amaranth that have other colors of amaranth flowers; these colors are also shown below.
In optics, orange has a wavelength between approximately 585 and 620 nm and a hue of 30° in HSV color space. In the RGB color space it is a secondary color numerically halfway between gamma-compressed red and yellow, as can be seen in the RGB color wheel. The complementary color of orange is azure. Orange pigments are largely in the ochre or cadmium families, and absorb mostly blue light.
Varieties of the color green may differ in hue, chroma or lightness, or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below.
Varieties of the color red may differ in hue, chroma or lightness, or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a red or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors are shown below.
Bronze is a metallic brown color which resembles the metal alloy bronze.
The color magenta has notable tints and shades. These various colors are shown below.
Stil de grain yellow or sap green is a pigment derived from berries of the buckthorn species Rhamnus saxatilis, which are commonly called Avignon berries or Persian berries after two historical areas of supply; latterly Italy was a major source. The color, whose principal chemical component is rhamnetin, was formerly called pink ; latterly, to distinguish it from light red "pink", the yellow "pink" was qualified as Dutch pink, brown pink, English pink, Italian pink, or French pink — the first three also applied to similar quercitron dyes from the American eastern black oak, Quercus velutina. Other names are Persian berries lake, yellow berries and buckthorn berries.
Variations of gray or grey include achromatic grayscale shades, which lie exactly between white and black, and nearby colors with low colorfulness. A selection of a number of these various colors is shown below.
The color cyan, a greenish-blue, has notable tints and shades. It is one of the subtractive primary colors along with magenta, and yellow.
Violet is a color term derived from the flower of the same name. There are numerous variations of the color violet, a sampling of which are shown below.
There are numerous variations of the color purple, a sampling of which is shown below.