Kepler-10

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Kepler-10
Kepler-10 star system.jpg
An artist's depiction of the Kepler-10 system. Kepler-10c is in the foreground.
Observation data
Epoch J2000       Equinox J2000
Constellation Draco
Right ascension 19h 02m 43.06139s [1]
Declination +50° 14′ 28.7016″ [1]
Apparent magnitude  (V)11.157 [2]
Characteristics
Spectral type G2V [3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−98.44±0.24 [1]  km/s
Proper motion (μ)RA: −18.483  mas/yr [1]
Dec.: 41.382  mas/yr [1]
Parallax (π)5.3698 ± 0.0103  mas [1]
Distance 607 ± 1  ly
(186.2 ± 0.4  pc)
Details
Mass 0.910±0.021 [2]   M☉
Radius 1.065±0.009 [2]   R☉
Temperature 5708±28 [2]   K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.15±0.04 [4]   dex
Age 10.6+1.5
−1.3 [2]   Gyr
Other designations
KOI-72, KIC  11904151, GSC  03549-00354, 2MASS J19024305+5014286 [3]
Database references
SIMBAD data
KIC data

Kepler-10, formerly known as KOI-72, is a Sun-like star in the constellation of Draco that lies 607 light-years (186 parsecs ) from Earth. [5] [6] Kepler-10 was targeted by NASA's Kepler spacecraft, as it was seen as the first star identified by the Kepler mission that could be a possible host to a small, transiting exoplanet. [7] The star is slightly less massive, slightly larger, and slightly cooler than the Sun; at an estimated 11.9 billion years in age, Kepler-10 is 2.3 times the age of the Sun. [2]

Contents

Kepler-10 is host to a planetary system made up of at least three planets. Kepler-10b, the first undeniably rocky planet, [7] was discovered in its orbit after eight months of observation and announced on January 10, 2011. The planet orbits its star closely, completing an orbit every 0.8 days, [8] and has a density similar to that of iron. [7] The second planet, Kepler-10c, was confirmed on May 23, 2011, based on follow-up observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The data shows it has an orbital period of 42.3 days and has a radius more than double that of Earth, but it was initially thought to have a higher density, making it the largest and most massive rocky planet discovered as of June 2014. [2] [9] [10] However, refined mass measurements have shown it to be a more typical volatile-rich planet. [11] A third planet, Kepler-10d, was discovered in 2023 by radial velocity observations. [4]

Nomenclature and history

Kepler-10 was named because it was the tenth planetary system observed by the Kepler spacecraft, a NASA satellite designed to search for Earth-like planets that transit, or cross in front of, their host stars with respect to Earth. The transit slightly dims the host star; this periodic dimming effect is then noted by Kepler. [12] After eight months of observation ranging from May 2009 to January 2010, the Kepler team established Kepler-10b as the first rocky exoplanet discovered by the Kepler satellite. Kepler-10 was the first Kepler-targeted star suspected of having a small planet in orbit. Because of that, verifying Kepler's discovery was prioritized by telescopes at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. The discovery was successfully verified. [7] Although there had been many potentially rocky exoplanets discovered in the past, Kepler-10b was the first definitively rocky planet to have been discovered. [13]

The discovery of Kepler-10b was announced to the public at a winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society on January 10, 2011 in Seattle. [13] On May 23, 2011, the existence of Kepler-10c was confirmed at the 218th AAS meeting in Boston. [14]

Characteristics

Kepler-10 is a G-type star, like the Sun. With a mass of 0.895 (± 0.06) Msun and a radius of 1.056 (± 0.021) Rsun, the star is approximately 10% less massive than and 5% wider than the Sun. The metallicity of Kepler-10, as measured in [Fe/H] (the amount of iron in the star), is -0.15 (± 0.04); this means that Kepler-10 is about 70% as metal-rich as the Sun. Metallicity tends to play a large role in the formation of planets, determining if they form, and what kind of planet they will form. [15] In addition, Kepler-10 is estimated to be 11.9 billion years old and to have an effective temperature of 5627 (± 44) K; [5] To compare, the Sun is younger and hotter, with an age of 4.6 billion years [16] and an effective temperature of 5778 K. [17]

Kepler-10 is located at a distance of 186 parsecs from the Earth, which equates to approximately 607 light years. Also, Kepler-10's apparent magnitude, or brightness as seen from Earth, is 10.96; it therefore cannot be seen with the naked eye. [5]

An artist's impression of planet Kepler-10b. Kepler10b artist.jpg
An artist's impression of planet Kepler-10b.

Planetary system

Per the usual exoplanet nomenclature, the first planet discovered to be orbiting Kepler-10 is called Kepler-10b. Announced in 2011, it was the first definitely rocky planet identified outside the Solar system. The planet has a mass that is 3.33±0.49 times that of Earth's and a radius that is 1.47+0.03
−0.02 times that of Earth. [2] The planet orbits Kepler-10 at a distance of 0.01684 AU every 0.8375 days; this can be compared to the orbit and orbital period of planet Mercury, which circles the Sun at a distance of 0.3871 AU every 87.97 days. [18] Because the planet orbits so closely to its star, its eccentricity is virtually zero. It, thus, has an extremely circular orbit. [8]

Kepler-10c [9] was also discovered by NASA's Kepler Mission, [19] the second exoplanet found to orbit Kepler-10. Radial-velocity measurements of the body initially suggested that it has a mass of 17.2±1.9 Earth masses and a radius of 2.35 Earth radii, which would have made it the largest known rocky planet as of 2014. Kepler-10c would orbit Kepler-10 at a distance of 0.24 AU every 45.29 days. [2] However, in July 2017, more careful analysis of HARPS-N and HIRES data showed that Kepler-10c was much less massive than originally thought, instead around 7.37+1.32
−1.19ME with a mean density of 3.14 g/cm3. Instead of a primarily rocky composition, the more accurately determined mass of Kepler-10c suggests a world made almost entirely of volatiles, mainly water. [11]

A candidate third planet with an orbital period of about 102 days, given the provisional designation KOI-72.X, was identified in 2016 based on transit-timing variations. [20] [11] In 2023, the presence of a third planet, Kepler-10d, was confirmed by radial velocity observations. It has an orbital period of 151 days and a minimum mass about 13 times that of Earth. [4]

The Kepler-10 planetary system [4]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 3.26±0.30  M🜨 0.01685±0.000130.8374907±0.0000002084.8+3.2
−3.9 ° 		1.470+0.030
−0.020  R🜨
c 11.4±1.3  M🜨 0.2410±0.001945.294301±0.0000480.130±0.05089.623±0.011 ° 2.355±0.022  R🜨
d≥12.68±2.24  M🜨 0.5379±0.0044151.04±0.45<0.26——

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-10c</span> Exoplanet in the constellation Draco

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-37</span> G-type main-sequence star in the constellation Lyra

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-37b</span> Sub-Earth orbiting Kepler-37, currently the smallest known exoplanet

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-1229b</span> Super-Earth orbiting Kepler-1229

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K2-141b is a massive rocky exoplanet orbiting extremely close to a K Type orange main-sequence star K2-141. The planet was first discovered by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 “Second Light” mission and later observed by the HARPS-N spectrograph. It is classified as an Ultra-short Period (USP) and is confirmed to be terrestrial in nature. Its high density implies a massive iron core taking up between 30% and 50% of the planet's total mass.

References

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