Kepler-1625b

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Kepler-1625b
Discovery
Discovery site Kepler Space Observatory
Discovery dateMay 10, 2016
Transit (Kepler Mission)
Orbital characteristics
0.98 ± 0.14 AU
Eccentricity -
287.378949 d
Inclination 89.97 ± 0.02
Star Kepler-1625
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
11.4 ± 1.6 R🜨
Mass ≤11.60 MJ [1]

    Kepler-1625b is a super-Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star Kepler-1625 about 2,500 parsecs (8,200 light-years ) away in the constellation of Cygnus. [2] The large gas giant is approximately the same radius as Jupiter, [3] and orbits its star every 287.4 days. [4] In 2017, hints of a Neptune-sized exomoon in orbit of the planet was found using photometric observations collected by the Kepler Mission. [5] [6] Further evidence for a Neptunian moon was found the following year using the Hubble Space Telescope, where two independent lines of evidence constrained the mass and radius to be Neptune-like. [3] The mass-signature has been independently recovered by two other teams. [7] [8] However, the radius-signature was independently recovered by one of the teams [8] but not the other. [7] The original discovery team later showed that this latter study appears affected by systematic error sources that may influence their findings. [9]

    Contents

    Characteristics

    Mass and radius

    Kepler-1625b is a Jovian-sized gas giant, a type of planet several times greater in radius than Earth and mostly composed of hydrogen and helium. It is 11.4 times Earth's radius, approximately equal to that of the planet Jupiter. However, it is up to 11.6 times more massive (about 3,700 Earth masses), based on radial velocity observations. [1] This puts it just below the deuterium-fusing limit, which is around 13 Jupiter masses. Any more massive and Kepler-1625b would be a brown dwarf. However, this mass value only corresponds to an 3-sigma upper limit and the mass of the planet remains undetected at this time. [1]

    Orbit and temperature

    Unlike the gas giants in our Solar System, Kepler-1625b orbits much closer, slightly closer than the orbital radius as the Earth around the Sun. [3] The planet takes 287 days (0.786 years ; 9.43 months ) to orbit Kepler-1625, as a result of the star's slightly greater mass than the Sun. Kepler-1625b receives 2.6 times more insolation than the Earth, [3] meaning it lies at the inner edge of the habitable zone. [10] However, as the planet has likely no solid surface, bodies of liquid water are impossible.

    Candidate exomoon

    Exomoon Kepler-1625b I orbiting Kepler-1625b (artist concept). Exomoon Kepler-1625b-I orbiting its planet (artist's impression).tiff
    Exomoon Kepler-1625b I orbiting Kepler-1625b (artist concept).

    In July 2017, researchers found signs of a Neptune-sized exomoon (a moon in another solar system) orbiting Kepler-1625b using archival Kepler Mission data. [5] [6]

    In October 2018, researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope published new observations of the star Kepler-1625 which revealed two independent lines of evidence indicative of a large exomoon Kepler-1625b I. [3] [12] These were a 20-minute Transit Timing Variation signature that indicated an approximately Neptune-mass moon, and an additional photometric dip that indicated a Neptune-radius moon. [3] The relative phasing of the two signatures was also consistent with that which a real moon would cause, with the effects in anti-phase. [3] The study concluded that the exomoon hypothesis is the simplest and best explanation for the available observations, though warned that it is difficult to assign a precise probability to its reality and urged follow-up analyses. [11] [3]

    In February 2019, a reanalysis of the combined Kepler and Hubble observations recovered both a moon-like dip and similar transit timing variation signal. [8] However, the authors suggested that the data could also be explained by an inclined hot-Jupiter in the same system that has gone previously undetected, which could be tested using future Doppler spectroscopy radial velocity measurements. A second independent reanalysis was published in April 2019, which recovered one of the two lines of evidence, the transit timing variation, but the not the second, the moon-like dip. [7] The original discovery team responded to this soon after, finding that this re-analysis exhibits stronger systematics in their reduction which may be responsible for their differing conclusion. [9]

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler</span> Space research project

    The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) is a project whose aim is to search for exomoons, natural satellites of exoplanets, using data collected by the Kepler space telescope. Founded by British exomoonologist David Kipping and affiliated with the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, HEK submitted its first paper on June 30, 2011. HEK has since submitted five more papers, finding some evidence for an exomoon around a planet orbiting Kepler-1625b in July 2017.

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    Kepler-1625 is a 14th-magnitude solar-mass star located in the constellation of Cygnus approximately 7,200 light-years away. Its mass is within 5% of that of the Sun, but its radius is approximately 70% larger reflecting its more evolved state. A candidate gas giant exoplanet was detected by the Kepler Mission around the star in 2015, which was later validated as a real planet to >99% confidence in 2016. In 2018, the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler project reported evidence for a Neptune-sized exomoon around this planet, based on observations from NASA’s Kepler mission and the Hubble Space Telescope. Subsequently, the evidence for and reality of this exomoon candidate has been subject to debate.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-1625b I</span> Possible exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b in the constellation of Cygnus

    Kepler-1625b I, a possible moon of exoplanet Kepler-1625b, may be the first exomoon ever discovered, and was first indicated after preliminary observations by the Kepler Space Telescope. A more thorough observing campaign by the Hubble Space Telescope took place in October 2017, ultimately leading to a discovery paper published in Science Advances in early October 2018. Studies related to the discovery of this moon suggest that the host exoplanet is up to several Jupiter masses in size, and the moon is thought to be approximately the mass of Neptune. Like several moons in the Solar System, the large exomoon would theoretically be able to host its own moon, called a subsatellite, in a stable orbit, although no evidence for such a subsatellite has been found.

    Kepler-1708b is a Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star Kepler-1708, located in the constellation of Cygnus approximately 5,600 light years away from Earth. It was first detected in 2011 by NASA's Kepler mission using the transit method, but was not identified as a candidate planet until 2019. In 2021, a candidate Neptune-sized exomoon in orbit around Kepler-1708b was found by astronomer David Kipping and colleagues in an analysis using Kepler transit data.

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    References

    1. 1 2 3 Timmermann, Anina; Heller, Rene; Reiner, Ansgar; Zechmeister, Mathias (2020). "Radial velocity constraints on the long-period transiting planet Kepler-1625 b with CARMENES". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 635: 59. arXiv: 2001.10867 . Bibcode:2020A&A...635A..59T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937325. S2CID   210942758.
    2. ↑ Luri, X.; Brown, A.; Sarro, L. (August 10, 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 616: 19. arXiv: 1804.09376 . Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...9L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832964. S2CID   244895570 . Retrieved April 1, 2022.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Teachey, Alex; et al. (October 3, 2018). "Evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b". Science Advances. 4 (10): eaav1784. arXiv: 1810.02362 . Bibcode:2018SciA....4.1784T. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav1784. PMC   6170104 . PMID   30306135.
    4. ↑ "Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018.
    5. 1 2 Crane, Leah (July 27, 2017). "First exomoon might have been spotted 4000 light years away". NewScientist. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
    6. 1 2 Teachey, Alex; et al. (December 22, 2017). "HEK. VI. On the Dearth of Galilean Analogs in Kepler, and the Exomoon Candidate Kepler-1625b I". The Astronomical Journal . 155 (1). 36. arXiv: 1707.08563 . Bibcode:2018AJ....155...36T. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa93f2 . S2CID   118911978.
    7. 1 2 3 Kreidberg, Laura; Luger, Rodrigo; Bedell, Megan (April 24, 2019). "No Evidence for Lunar Transit in New Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Kepler-1625 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 877 (2): L15. arXiv: 1904.10618 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...877L..15K. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab20c8 . S2CID   129945202.
    8. 1 2 3 Heller, Rene; Rodenbeck, Kai; Giovanni, Bruno (April 17, 2019). "An alternative interpretation of the exomoon candidate signal in the combined Kepler and Hubble data of Kepler-1625". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 624. 8. arXiv: 1902.06018 . Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..95H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834913. S2CID   119311103 . Retrieved April 1, 2022.
    9. 1 2 Teachey, Alex; Kipping, David M.; Burke, Christopher (March 5, 2020). "Loose Ends for the Exomoon Candidate Host Kepler-1625b". The Astronomical Journal. 159 (4): 142. arXiv: 1904.11896 . Bibcode:2020AJ....159..142T. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab7001 . S2CID   135465103.
    10. ↑ Zsom, Andras; Seager, Sara; et al. (2013). "Towards the Minimum Inner Edge Distance of the Habitable Zone". The Astrophysical Journal. 778 (2): 109. arXiv: 1304.3714 . Bibcode:2013ApJ...778..109Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/109. S2CID   27805994.
    11. 1 2 Drake, Nadia (3 October 2018). "Weird giant may be the first known alien moon - Evidence is mounting that a world the size of Neptune could be orbiting a giant planet far, far away". National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
    12. ↑ "Kelpler-1625b-I". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia . 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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